Phrase structure
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1) The document defines a phrase as a group of words that does not contain a subject or verb. It provides examples of phrases. 2) Phrases are analyzed using Universal Grammar and native speaker intuitions. This results in a theory of grammar that includes words, phrases, and categories like nouns and verbs. 3) Phrase structure rules determine what elements can go into a phrase and their ordering. Phrases are formed by heads like nouns and verbs combined with other constituents.
Phrase structure
- 2. Presented to: Madam Amna Shahid Presented by: Ammara Ahsan Ayesha Amjad Najia Majid Rashda Meraj & Zeshan Shaukat
- 3. DEFINITION A phrase is a group of words that does not have a subject or a verb. For example: Eating a peach Under the teacher‟s desk After seeing the Taj Mahal To buy a new phone
- 4. General Approach Universal Grammar (UG) / Language Instinct Data Native speakers‟ intuitions (acceptability judgments) Resulting Theory of Grammar Words, phrases, categories for words and phrases (e.g. nouns, verbs, noun phrases, verb phrases) (basic concepts any theory of grammar must have in order to capture the data)
- 5. 1) Every word belongs to a lexical category 2) Lexical categories forms heads of phrases 3) How phrases are formed is governed by rules (= „phrase structure rules‟)
- 6. Rules that determine… what goes into a phrase („constituents‟) how the constituents are ordered Constituent: a word or group of words that function as a unit and can make up larger grammatical units The component that determines the properties of the constituent is the head, and the constituent can be referred to as a phrase: e.g. noun phrase “noun phrases have a Det and a N” NP Det N
- 7. 1. S NP VP 2. NP {Det N, Pro, PN} 3. VP V (NP) (PP) (Adv) 4. PP P NP 5. AP A (PP)
- 8. • NP (Det) N • PP P NP The boy (NP) The NDet boy the boy in the yard NP The NDet boy PP in NPP the Det N yard
- 9. In P from a boy in a bubble P NP Phrase structure rule for PPs: PP P (NP)
- 10. PP P in PP P NP from Det PPN NPPa boy in Det N a bubble
- 11. “Verb phrases have a V, (sometimes) an NP, and (sometimes) a PP” VP -> V (NP) (PP) sang ate the cake ate the cake hungrily sang a song in the shower fell into the pond slowly Phrase structure rule for VPs: VP V (NP) (PP) (Adv)
- 12. VP V sang VP V ate NP Det the N cake VP V sang NP PP Adv Det a song in badlyNPPN Det N showerthe
- 13. Thank You