Phrase Structure Rules for English 103
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This document provides an overview of phrase structure rules in English morphology. It discusses: 1. Phrase structure rules that generate the basic underlying structure of sentences, such as S → NUC and NUC → NP AUX VP. 2. The structure of noun phrases, verb phrases, auxiliaries, modals, perfective and progressive forms, and imperatives. 3. Examples are given to illustrate each rule, such as "The boys left before the rain fell" and how it follows the rule S → NUC and NUC → NP AUX VP Advl.
Phrase Structure Rules for English 103
- 1. Objectives: Cognitive: Understand the different structure rules in morphology. Affective: Appreciate the effectiveness in comprehensible structural rules in English language. Psychomotor: Apply proper and correct rules in constructing sentences in English language.
- 2. Review of the past Lesson GAME: The Chalkboard Baseball
- 4. Are rules which generate the basic underlying structure of the sentence The rules are arranged in a hierarchy so that the first rule tells us the largest unit. 1. S NUC The arrow means that the notion of S sentence is expanded (or rewritten to include an obligatory sentence Nucleus (NUC) S NUC Jun works here
- 5. 2. NUC NP AUX VP(Advl) Jun works here. S NUC NP AUX VP Advl Jun works here
- 6. 3. The Noun Phrase NP (det) N (pl) pro The braces to the right of the arrow indicate that either “(det) N (pl) or (pro)” must be chosen, but not both.
- 7. The boys work here. S NUC NP AUX VP Advl det N pl work here the boy
- 8. NUC NP pro they If the sentence were “They work here.” the NP slot would be filled by a pronoun.
- 9. She plays in the garden. S NUC NP AUX VP Advl pro plays in the garden she
- 10. These relationship can be summed up in the following rule: 4. T AUX M (PM) (perf) (prog) IMPER Auxiliary is AUX. it is made up of tense (T) or a modal(M) followed by the other optional auxiliary elements: periphrastic modal(PM), and the perfective(perf) and progressive(prog) aspects. (IMPER) stands for imperative, a tenseless verb form in English. Se have already knew that grammatical tense in English is either past or present. This choice is stated in phrase structure rule 5. 5. T past present
- 11. 6. perf HAVE…EN 7. prog BE…ING Leah is writing a story. S NUC NP AUX VP N T prog Leah pres BE … ING write a story
- 12. Modals or Modal verbs • An auxiliary verbs that expresses necessity or possibility. • English modal verbs includes: May, might, must, shall, should, will, would, can, could • Periphrastic Modal – modals that composed of several words. It is always preceded by LV or verb BE. - be going to, be able to, be allowed to or be permitted to, have to Structure: be…going to
- 13. Modal: Jane should bought a bag. S NUC NP AUX VP N T M V NP Jane past should buy det N a bag
- 14. Periphrastic Modal: be…going to S NP AUX VP det N pl T PM V NP The boy pres be…going to buy det N a food
- 15. Perf or Perfective • Also referred to perfect tenses of the verb. This is a grammatical form used to describe a past event with present relevance or a present state resulting to past situation eg. I have taken it on the table, The girl has bought a pencil. Structure: have…en
- 16. perf • The students have taken the examination. S NUC NP AUX VP det N T perf V NP The student pl pres have…en take det N the examination
- 17. Prog or Progressive verb • A from of a verb tense used to show an ongoing action in progress at some point in time. It shows an action still in progress. Three progressive tenses: 1. Present progressive. The cake is baking slowly. 2. Past progressive. The trees were waving back and forth. 3. Future Progressive. The students will be taking the exam. Structure: be + -ing verb
- 18. prog Leo is eating an apple. S NUC NP AUX VP N T prog V NP Leo pres be…ing eat det N an apple
- 19. Imper or imperative verb • An imperative verb that creates an imperative sentence that gives an order or command. Eg. Buy a bag. Take a medicine. Give me the book.
- 20. Imper eg. Buy a bag. S NUC NP AUX VP ɸ imper V NP buy det N a bag
- 21. The girls danced tinikling. S NUC NP AUX VP det N pl T V NP N the girl past dance tinikling
- 22. He is going to paint a picture. S NUC NP AUX VP pro T PM V NP he pres be… going to det N a picture
- 23. A phrase structure rule that would allow us to account for all such structural possibilities follows: 8. NP AP NP BE PP V (NP) (PP) The first three sentences could be accounted for by the following sub rules contained within rule 8: a. VP BE NP John is a teacher. b. VP BE AP Alice is very pretty. c. VP BE PP The students are here. (where P=0)
- 24. Phrase Structure Rules for Adverbial Rule 9 provides us with three syntactic possibilities for each sentences. Advl Cl 9. Advl PP Advl P An adverbial clause gets expanded to include an adverbial subordinator followed by a new sentence. 10. Advl.Cl. Sub S
- 25. The boys left before the rain fell. S NUC NP AUX VP Advl Det N pl T V Advl Cl The boy past leave Adv Sub S before NUC NP AUX VP det N T V the rain past fall
- 26. If a prepositional phrase had been selected instead of an adverbial clause, the following rule would be applied. 11. PP P NP
- 27. The girl works in the city. S NUC NP AUX VP Advl det N T V PP the girl pres work P NP in det N the city
- 28. • The other possible expansion of the adverbial is an adverbial phrase Advl P, which is rewritten as follows: 12. Advl P (intents)ɳ Advl
- 29. The boys work very fast. S NUC NP AUX VP Advl det N pl T V Advl P the boy pres work Intens Advl very fast
- 30. Assignment: • Take time for advance reading about CHINESE BOX, this is another grammatical structure analysis.