Physics project on cyclotron class 12th
- 2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I undertook this Project work , as the part of my XII-Physics project .I had tried to apply my best of knowledge and experience gained during study and class work experience. I would like to extend my sincere thanks and gratitude to my teachers Mrs. MAHAK AHUJA and Mr. S.V. YADAV I am very much thankful to our principal Dr. RAJESH SHARMA for giving valuable time and moral support to develop this project. I would like to take the opportunity to extend my sincere thanks and gratitude to our parents for being a source of inspiration and providing time and freedom to develop this project.
- 3. CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the project / Dissertation entitled CYCLOTRON is a bonafide work done by Master EKANSH WAGADARE of class XII Session 2016-17 in partial fulfillment of CBSE’s AISSCE Examination 2016-17 and has been carried out under my direct supervision and guidance . This report or a similar report on the topic has not been submitted for any other examination and does not form a part of any other course undergone by the candidate. EXTERNAL PRINCIPAL INTERNAL
- 4. • Cyclotrons accelerate charged particles using a high-frequency, alternating voltage (potential difference). • The cyclotron was invented by Leo Szilárd and first manufactured by Ernest Lawrence .
- 5. • A cyclotron is used for accelerating positive ions, so that they acquire energy large enough to carry out nuclear reactions. • Cyclotron was designed by Lawrence and living stone in order to overcome the drawbacks of the linear accelerator at the drawbacks of the linear accelerator at the University of California, Berkley, in the early 1930’s and is used to accelerate charged particles like protons and deuterons. • This results in the production of high energy beam which is then used for artificial disintegration, etc. • These type of particle accelerator were among the first devised and have several advantages over early linear accelerators, such as smaller size requirements. • Particle acceleration typically requires a fairly great distance to allow the particles to come to sufficient speed for use in experiments. • The design of a cyclotron, however, allows for smaller accelerators to be used to great effect, since the particle moves in a circular motion and travels a great distance without requiring a long straight corridor for passage.
- 6. PRINCIPLE • A cyclotron accelerates a charged particle beam using a high frequency alternating voltage which is applied between two hollow "D"-shaped sheet metal electrodes called "dees" inside a vacuum chamber. • The dees are placed face to face with a narrow gap between them, creating a cylindrical space within them for the particles to move. The particles are injected into the center of this space. The dees are located between the poles of a large electromagnet which applies a static magnetic field ”B” perpendicular to the electrode plane. • The magnetic field causes the particles path to bend in a circle due to the Lorentz force perpendicular to their direction of motion. • If the particles' speed were constant, they would travel in a circular path within the dees under the influence of the magnetic field. However a radio frequency (RF) alternating voltage of several thousand volts is applied between the dees. The frequency is set so that the particles make one circuit during a single cycle of the voltage.
- 7. • Each time after the particles pass to the other dee electrode the polarity of the RF voltage reverses. Therefore, each time the particles cross the gap from one dee electrode to the other, the electric field is in the correct direction to accelerate them. • The particles' increasing speed due to these pushes causes them to move in a larger radius circle with each rotation, so the particles move in a spiral path outward from the center to the rim of the dees. When they reach the rim the particles exit the dees through a small gap between them, and hit a target located at the exit point at the rim of the chamber, or leave the cyclotron through an evacuated beam tube to hit a remote target. • Various materials may be used for the target, and the nuclear reactions due to the collisions will create secondary particles which may be guided outside of the cyclotron and into instruments for analysis. • In the cyclotron, in contrast, the particles encounter the accelerating voltage many times during their spiral path, and so are accelerated many times, so the output energy can be many times the accelerating voltage.
- 9. CONSTRUCTION • D1 and D2 are hollow evacuated metal chambers called dees . The dees are connected to a high frequency oscillator. The two dees are enclosed in a evacuated steel box. • The box is placed in a strong magnetic field produced by two pole pieces of electromagnet.
- 10. WORKING • The positive ion to be accelerated is placed in between the dees. Let D1 is at negative potential and D2 is at positive potential. The ion will be accelerated towards D1 • On reaching inside D1 the ion will be in field free space(electric field is zero).Due to perpendicular magnetic field it describes a semi circular path inside D1 of radius r=mv/Bq. • Time taken by the ion to cover semi circular path is t= πm/Bq. This time is independent of speed of the ion and radius of its path. • The time during which positive ion describe a semi circular path is equal to the time of half cycle of electric oscillator and at the same instant polarity of the dees are reversed. • Now D1 becomes positive and D2 becomes negative. • The ion is accelerated towards D2. It enters D2 by crossing electric field between D1 and D2 therefore inside D2 it describes semi circular path of greater radius (velocity increases due to electric field).
- 11. • As time period is independent of speed and radius therefore the ion will arrive in the gap when the polarity of the dees is reversed. therefore, positive ion will go on accelerating every time it comes in the gap between the dees. • The accelerated ion can be removed out of the dees from window , by applying electric field.
- 12. CYCLOTRON RADIATION • Cyclotron radiation is electromagnetic radiation emitted by moving charge d particles deflected by a magnetic field. The Lorentz force on the particles acts perpendicular to both the magnetic field lines and the particles' motion through them, creating an acceleration of charged particles.
- 14. ADVANTAGES OF CYCLOTRON • Cyclotron has a single electrical driver, which saves both money and power, since more expense may be allocated to increasing efficiency. • Cyclotrons produce a continuous stream of particles at the target, so the average power is relatively high. • The compactness of the device reduces other cost as its foundations, radiation shielding, and the enclosing building. • In the medical area we are developing the cyclotron as a proton treatment source. More medical facilities are being set up with the cyclotron providing accelerated protons to irradiate tissue. The proton, unlike gamma rays, has a depth of penetration that can be finely tuned (by ”turning” the cyclotron) to limit damage to other tissues. • The cyclotron is also used to create radioactive materials that are used as radiation sources which can be implanted. The radioactive materials can also be used as tracers in medical work ups and in research, and also to provide “luminosity” in some imaging because of the way tissue takes up these selected materials.
- 15. USES OF CYCLOTRON • For several decades, cyclotrons were the best source of high-energy beams for nuclear physics experiments; several cyclotrons are still in use for this type of research. • Cyclotrons can be used to treat cancer. Ion beams from cyclotrons can be used, as in proton therapy, to penetrate the body and kill tumors by radiation damage, while minimizing damage to healthy tissue along their path. • Cyclotron beams can be used to bombard other atoms to produce short-lived positron-emitting isotopes suitable for PET imaging • There are basically two applications for the cyclotron. It's a particle accelerator, and, though it can be adapted to accelerate any charged particle, it is most frequently applied to accelerate positive charges. Protons are frequently the choice. We use the cyclotron in the physics lab, and in medicine.
- 16. • In the medical area we are developing the cyclotron as a proton treatment source. More medical facilities are being set up with the cyclotron providing accelerated protons to irradiate tissue. The proton, unlike gamma rays, has a depth of penetration that can be finely tuned (by "tuning" the cyclotron) to limit damage to other tissues. • The cyclotron is also used to create radioactive materials that are used as radiation sources which can be implanted. The radioactive materials can also be used as tracers in medical work ups and in research, and also to provide "luminosity" in some imaging because of the way tissue takes up these selected materials. These mostly short-lived radionuclide's are "big business" in medical and biophysics. • In the physics laboratory, we use the cyclotron to create particle streams that we then slam into targets. This is the continuation of research to investigate the quantum mechanical world. The cyclotron can be used to "feed" another or other accelerators to get higher energies and a "bigger bang" in the world of collisions.
- 17. THEY WORK ON THE PRINCIPLE OF CYCLOTRON
- 18. WORLD’S LARGEST CYCLOTRON • The world’s largest cyclotron built and commissioned in 1947 in 1974 at Canada’s National Laboratory for particle and Nuclear Physics, known as the TRIUMF Laboratory, in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, reached energies of 500 MeV .Thirty six years later, it is still world’s largest and one of the crowning achievements of modern engineering. • Through subsequent modifications, the TRIUMF cyclotron is now producing three times the beam intensity it was designed for. • This was a unique accelerator, the only one in its energy range that accelerated H-ions instead of protons. • The huge cyclotron has a 4000-ton main magnet 18 meters (59feet) in diameter and a main RF amplifier that delivers almost 1 million watts of power.
- 19. • Because the TRIUMF cyclotron can provide very intense beams of protons, it’s been able to perform some of most detailed science experiments in particle and nuclear physics, enabling researchers to examine hundreds or millions of reactions and look for deviations and extremely rare reactions.
- 20. CYCLOTRON IN INDIA • Variable Energy cyclotron centre (VECC) is located in Calcutta, India. The centre building itself houses a 224cm cyclotron, was the first of its kind in India, having been operational since 1977-06-16 .It provides proton, deuteron, alpha particle and heavy ion beams of various energies to other institutes.
- 21. • www.wikipedia.com • S.L. Arora • Google Images