Physiological needs

1
Motivation & Emotion
James Neill
Centre for Applied Psychology
University of Canberra
2017
Physiological needs
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https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Apple_bitten.svg

2
Physiological
needs
Reading:
Reeve (2015), Ch 4

3
Outline
Based on Reeve (2015, Ch 3, p. 51)
 Need
 Regulation
● Physiological need
● Psychological drive
● Homeostasis
● Negative feedback
● Multiple inputs/Multiple outputs
● Intraorganismic mechanisms
● Extraorganismic mechanisms
● Homeostatic mechanism
 Thirst
● Physiological regulations
● Environmental influences
 Hunger
● Short-term appetite
● Long-term energy balance
● Environmental influences
● Self-regulatory influences
● Weight gain and obesity
● Comprehensive model of hunger
 Sex
● Physiological regulation
● Facial metrics
● Sexual scripts
● Sexual orientation
● Evolutionary basis of sexual
motivation

4
Need:
When needs are nurtured
and satisfied, well-being is
maintained and enhanced.
Motivational
states provide
the impetus to
act before
damage
occurs to
psychological
and bodily
well-being.
If neglected or frustrated,
the need’s thwarting will
produce damage that
disrupts biological or
psychological well-being.
Any condition within a person that is
essential and necessary for life, growth,
and well-being.
Based on Reeve (2015, p.85)

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Need structure:
Types of needs
Needs
Physiological
needs
(Chapter 4)
• Thirst
• Hunger
• Sex
Psychological
needs
(Chapter 6)
• Autonomy
• Competence
• Relatedness
Implicit motives
(Chapter 7)
• Achievement
• Affiliation
• Power
internalised or learned
from our emotional and
socialisation histories
inherent within the
workings of biological
systems
Based on Reeve (2015, p. 86)
inherent within the strivings
of human nature and
healthy development

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 Abraham Maslow (1970)
suggested that human
needs can be organised
hierarchically.
 Abraham Maslow (1970)
suggested that human
needs can be organised
hierarchically.
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
 Physiological needs (e.g.,
breathing, hunger) come first
 Then psychological needs
(e.g., self-esteem) are pursued.
 Physiological needs (e.g.,
breathing, hunger) come first
 Then psychological needs
(e.g., self-esteem) are pursued.
Image source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abraham_Maslow.jpg

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Image source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Maslow%27s_Hierarchy_of_Needs.svg
This exact order and essentiality of
needs are not well supported by
research.
However, simplified models e.g.,
Alderfer's ERG: Existence,
Relatedness, Growth, are better
supported.

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Physiological needs
Thirst Hunger Sex
Consciously
experienced
motivational state that
readies the person to
perform behaviours
necessary to
replenish a water
deficit.
Sexual motivation rises
and falls in response to
hormones, external
stimulation, external
cues (facial metrics),
cognitive scripts, sexual
schemas, and
evolutionary process.
Involves a complex
regulatory system of
short-term (glucostatic
hypothesis) & long-
term (lipostatic
hypothesis, including
set-point theory)
regulation.
Inherent within the workings of biological systems.Inherent within the workings of biological systems.
Based on Reeve (2015, Ch 4)

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*
1
Satiated state
2
Physiological
deprivation
develops
gradually
3
Prolonged phys.
deprivation
produces bodily
need
4
Need intensifies;
gives rise to
psychological
drive
5
Goal-directed
motivated
behaviour occurs
as attempt to
gratify drive
6
Consummatory
behaviour
occurs
7
Drive is reduced
Physiological need →
psychological drive →
behavioural action
process
Based on Reeve (2015, Figure 4.3 Model of Need-Drive-Behaviour Sequence

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Processes
involved in the
cyclical rise and
fall of
psychological
drives
Need (Physiological)
Drive (Psychological)
Homeostasis
Negative feedback
Multiple inputs/outputs
Intra-organismic mechanisms
Extra-organismic mechanisms
Based on Reeve (2009), Figure 4.3

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Drive as an intervening variable
Antecedent
condition 1
Antecedent
condition 2
Antecedent
condition 3
Behavioural
consequence 1
Behavioural
consequence 2
Behavioural
consequence 3
Drive
Based on Reeve (2015), Figure 4.4

The homeostatic mechanism
Overview of the
homeostatic
mechanism and
interrelationship
s between the
seven core
processes that
constitute the
fundamentals of
regulation.
Based on
Reeve (2015),
Figure 4.5

13
Thirst
Based on Reeve (2015, pp. 92-94)
Thirst
Processes
●
Physiological regulation
●
Thirst activation
●
Thirst satiety
●
Hypothalamus and kidneys
●
Environmental influences

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Hunger
Based on Reeve (2015, pp. 96-103)
Hunger
Processes
●
Short-term appetite
●
Long-term energy balance
●
Comprehensive model of hunger
regulation
●
●
Restraint-release situations
●
Cognitively-regulated eating style
●
Weight gain & obesity
●
Set point or settling points?

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Comprehensive model of hunger regulation
Based on Reeve (2015, Figure 4.7, p. 103)
Hunger
(Appetite)
Eating
(Energy intake)
Fat stores
(Body weight)
Physical
activity
(Energy expenditure)
Environmental Influences
•Food variety, appearance
•Situational pressures
Exercise motivation
Self-regulation
motivation
when
too high
when
too low
Glucostatic hypothesis

Relative pleasantness of four taste solutions
Based on Reeve
(2015), Figure 4.6, p. 95
The incentive
values for four
tastes:
§ sweet,
§ sour,
§ salty,
§ bitter,
represented at
various stimulus
intensities.

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Based on Reeve (2015, Table 4.2)
Ice-Cream Intake (grams) for Students Alone vs. in Group and with One vs. Three Flavours by Gender
Environmental influences that affect eating
behaviour: time of day, stress, and the sight,
smell, appearance, and taste of food. e.g.,
eating behaviour increases when an individual confronts a
variety of foods, a variety of nutrients, and a variety of tastes.
Environmental influences that affect eating
behaviour: time of day, stress, and the sight,
smell, appearance, and taste of food. e.g.,
eating behaviour increases when an individual confronts a
variety of foods, a variety of nutrients, and a variety of tastes.
S o u r c e : F r o m “ S e n s o r y a n d s o c i a l i n f l u e n c e s o n i c e c r e a m c o n s u m p t i o n b y m a l e s a n d f e m a l e s i n a l a b o r a t o r y s e t t i n g , ” b y S .
L . B e r r y , W . W . B e a t t y , a n d R . C . K l e s g e s , 1 9 8 5 , A p p e t i t e , 6 , p p . 4 1 – 4 5 .

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Overweight and obesity
prevalence
Australian Bureau of Statistics
based on BMI (w/h2
):
● Underweight: 2%
● Normal: 35%
● Overweight (25-30): 35%
● Obese (> 30): 28%
Overweight/obesity increases with
age but drops off in elderly
Australian Bureau of Statistics
based on BMI (w/h2
):
● Underweight: 2%
● Normal: 35%
● Overweight (25-30): 35%
● Obese (> 30): 28%
Overweight/obesity increases with
age but drops off in elderly
http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/4338.0~2011-13~Main%20Features~Overweight%20and%20obesity~10007
63%63%}}

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Other than surgery, three ways people can prevent or
reverse weight gain and obesity:
Three motivations
Mindfulness
over one’s
environmental
influences
Mindfulness
over one’s
environmental
influences
Self-regulation
of food intake
Self-regulation
of food intake Exercise
motivation
Exercise
motivation
Decreasing eating
through self-regulatory
strategies
(e.g., goals,
monitoring one’s
behavior)
Increasing physical activity
to expend calories and fat
stores
Becoming aware of and
monitoring the environmental
influences that affect eating

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Sex
Based on Reeve (2015, Ch 4)
Sex
Processes
●
Physiological regulation
●
Facial metrics
●
Sexual scripts
●
Sexual orientation
●
Evolutionary basis of
sexual motivation

Traditional sex response cycle
The triphasic sexual response cycle describes men’s sexual motivation.
Based on Reeve (2015, Figure 4.8 (upper))

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Alternative sex response cycle
Intimacy
needs
Sexual
stimuli
Sexual
arousal
Sexual
desire to
continue
Enhanced
intimacy
Seeking out &
being receptive to
Biological &
psychological factors
affect processing
of stimuli
More arousal &
pleasure & positive
outcome emotionally
and physically
Based on Reeve (2015, Figure 4.8 (lower))
Intimacy-
based model
of sexual
desire

Gender differences in
mate preferences
Based on Reeve (2015, Table 4.3)
Source: From “Mate selection preferences: Gender differences examined in a national sample,” by S. Sprecher, Q. Sullivan, and E. Hatfield, 1994, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,
66, pp. 1074–1080. Copyright 1994 by the American Psychological Association. Adapted with permission.

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Failures to self-regulate
physiological needs
People fail at self-regulation for three primary reasons
1
People routinely
underestimate how
powerful a
motivational force
biological urges
can be when they
are not currently
experiencing them.
2
People can lack
standards, or they
have inconsistent,
conflicting,
unrealistic, or
inappropriate
standards.
3
People fail to
monitor what they
are doing as they
become
distracted,
preoccupied,
overwhelmed, or
intoxicated.

25
Compatabilism:
Crash Course Philosophy #25
Youtube (~11 mins)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KETTtiprINU&t=10
Youtube (~11 mins)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KETTtiprINU&t=10

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Summary
 Satisfaction of needs is required to
prevent harm and enhance well-being.
 Needs can be hierarchically arranged
as existence, relatedness, and growth.
 Example physiological needs: thirst,
hunger, sex, sleep, oxygen, and
excretion.
 Satisfaction of needs is required to
prevent harm and enhance well-being.
 Needs can be hierarchically arranged
as existence, relatedness, and growth.
 Example physiological needs: thirst,
hunger, sex, sleep, oxygen, and
excretion.

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Summary
 Physiological needs → psychological
drive →
behavioural action
 Comprehensive model of hunger and
eating considers short-term
(glucostatic) and long-term (lipostatic)
regulation.
 Sexual motivation has multiple
mechanisms but key models are
based on evolution and intimacy
 Physiological needs → psychological
drive →
behavioural action
 Comprehensive model of hunger and
eating considers short-term
(glucostatic) and long-term (lipostatic)
regulation.
 Sexual motivation has multiple
mechanisms but key models are
based on evolution and intimacy

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Summary
 We tend to underestimate the power of
biological forces and our consumptory
behaviours are particularly difficult to
regulate when we were are under
physiological and/or psychological
stress
 We tend to underestimate the power of
biological forces and our consumptory
behaviours are particularly difficult to
regulate when we were are under
physiological and/or psychological
stress

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Next lecture
 Extrinsic motivation (Ch 05)
 Psychological needs (Ch 06)
 Extrinsic motivation (Ch 05)
 Psychological needs (Ch 06)

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References
 Gerrig, R. J., Zimbardo, P. G., Campbell, A.
J., Cumming, S. R., & Wilkes, F. J. (2008).
Psychology and life (Australian edition).
Sydney: Pearson Education Australia.
 Reeve, J. (2009). Understanding motivation
and emotion (5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
 Gerrig, R. J., Zimbardo, P. G., Campbell, A.
J., Cumming, S. R., & Wilkes, F. J. (2008).
Psychology and life (Australian edition).
Sydney: Pearson Education Australia.

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Physiological needs

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