PIC based automatic fire fighting robot

1
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction:
Robotics is considered the World's future as nowadays the robot's world population is
exceeding 8.6 million according to the last edition of world robotics and the number was not
even close from two years. The Fire Fighting Robot Competition is an international competition
where the challenge is to design and construct a Fire-Fighting Robot which would find its way
through an Arena that represent a model house, and find a lit candle that represents fire in the
house, and extinguish the fire in the shortest time whilst avoiding any obstacles in the robots
path.
Nowadays, machinery and robotic design become important in helping human. This Fire
Protection Robot was design to help people in any destructive burnt situation where this robot
can extinguish burnt area immediately using autonomous system. This autonomous system will
be designed using programming in PIC18F452 and others additional circuit.
In real life, destructive burnt area often happens without our realization. Therefore, this type
of robot will require a high demands in the market because of its usefulness to the human as well
as the environment transmit fire information to cell phone using GSM modern.
1.2 Project Objectives:
The objectives for this project are:
i. To study a robot which can search, detect and extinguish burnt area immediately and
develop a program using PIC18F452 to control the movement of the robot. Besides, learn
how to connect microcontroller and GSM modem.
ii. To design the robot that includes the fire sensor to detect the fire, obstacle sensor to
detect any obstacles in path of robot and then send notification of fire by Short Message
Service (SMS) by using GSM model.
iii. To analyze how the robot performance to detect the angle of burnt area in front of the
robot and detecting burnt area in 0m ~ 2m in radius.

2
1.3 Problem Statement:
The security of home, laboratory, office, factory and building is important to human life.
We develop security system that contains a fire protection robot using sensor. The security
system can detect abnormal and dangerous situation and notify us. First, we design a fire
protection robot with extinguisher for the intelligent building. Besides, Human had difficulties to
detect the small burnt cause by electrical appliances. The late time user takes to extinguish the
fire. User may take a late time to extinguish fire like finding the water source to extinguish fire
when want to extinguish the fire. The fire difficulties to detect the small burnt area and location
that is hard to be reach by the user. Sometimes tough fire extinguished for example spaces are
hard to see. Besides is cost the loss suffered in the event of fire slow to act.
1.4 Expected Results
The goals of this project are listed below:
 It must run automatically.
 It must avoid any obstacles present in the path of robot.
 It must track and find flames (candle lights) in the path of robot and extinguish them
without making direct contact.
 Send notification by Short Message Service (SMS) using GSM modem.
 The robot can turn 360°.
 The entire project must not exceed a budget.

3
Chapter 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
The first step in this project was an extensive study of up-to-date relevant literature and
background material. This was necessary in order to deepen our understanding of the topic and
highlight any new interesting or useful facts. For the purposes of this project mainly available
reports on fire fighting robot were read and consulted. Out of vast literature survey that has
been referred, few important ones are noted below which are worth in the project report.
Kiranmai, Kishore Kumar. “Design And Implementation Of Supervising Robot By Using
SMS”,Vol. 2, Issue 11, November 2013. International Journal Of Advanced Research In
Electrical, Electronics And Instrumentation Engineering:
In this paper they have proposed a model of supervising the robot for fire extinguishing by
using a GSM/GPRS system. They have also used an obstacle sensor for detecting the obstacles.
The robot is mainly moved, on the directions given by the user through SMS. The power
consumed by the robot in this model will be very low because of the usage of wireless remote
control. The future scopes of this paper are the robot can be moved much efficiently if CC
cameras are fixed and The robot can also be monitored and moved through internet also i.e., by
Using WIFI instead of using a GPS.
Manish Kumbhare, S.S.Kumbhalkar, Ratnesh Malik. “Fire Fighting Robot:An Approach”
Vol.2,Issue.II,March 12,pp.1-4 ,Indian Streams Research Journal.
This paper covers the design and construction of a robot that is able to extinguish a fire. This
robot is fully autonomous and implements the following concepts: environmental sensing and
awareness, proportional motor control. This robot processes information from its various sensors
and key hardware elements via SMCL microcontroller. It uses Ultraviolet, Infrared and visible
light to detect various components of its environment. A robot capable of fighting a simulated
tunnel fire, industry fire and military applications are designed and built.

4
U.Jyostna, Sai Prasanna, M.V.D.Prasad, “Automatic Fire Sensing And Extinguishing
Robot Embedded With GSM Modem”, International Journal Of Engineering And
Advanced Technology (IJEAT) ISSN: 2249 – 8958, Volume-2, Issue-4, April 2013.
This paper gives a detailed mechanism about the robot that continuously monitors, intimates
the respective personnel and extinguishes the fire. In the industry if any fire accident occurs,
there is a need of person to monitor continuously and rectify it. In this process if any time delay
takes place irreparable loss occurs since it is a cotton industry.
Anand Mohan Misra, Mohd. Maroof Siddiqui, Priya Gupta, Pameer Singh, “Application
of Mechatronics Alpha I (Fire Fighting Robot)”, International Journal Of Engineering
Science and Advanced Technology, Volume-2, Issue-4, July-Aug 2012.
This paper is designed to introduce the reader to the concept of “The application of
Mechatronics”. Human error is still one of the most frequent causes of catastrophe and
ecological disasters. The main reason is that the monitoring systems concern only the state of the
processes where as human contribution to the overall performance of the system is left
unsupervised. Since the control instruments are automated to a large extent, a human operator
becomes a passive observer of the supervised system, which results in weariness and vigilance
drop. The ALPHA-I technology Fire-fighting is an important but dangerous occupation. A fire-
fighter must be able to get to a fire quickly and safely extinguish the fire preventing further
damage and reduce fatalities. Technology has finally bridged the gap between fire-fighting and
machines allowing for a more efficient and effective method of fire-fighting. Robots designed to
find a fire, before it rages out of control, can one day work with fire-fighters greatly reducing the
risk of injury to victims. This project involves designing a project which can locate and
extinguish a fire. This paper is about the hardware, software, benefits and interconnection of
various parts involved in this very technology.
H. P.Singh, Akanshu Mahajan, N. Sukavanam, Veena Budhraja, Swarn Singh, Amit
Kumar and Anadi Vashisht, “Control Of An Autonomous Industrial Fire Fighting Mobile
Robot” , DU Journal of Undergraduate Researchand Innovation

5
This paper describes the construction and design of a fire fighting mobile robot (FFMR).
The system controls two optically isolated D.C. geared motors. The robot performs analog to
digital conversion on 5 infrared sensors: two to control the motion of robot and three for candle
detection. The extinguishing system is comprised of a D.C. water pump and a water container.
The experimental results are included to illustrate the detailed operational mode of the FFMR.
This paper gives a detailed mechanism about the real time industrial fir fighting mobile robot
that can move through a model structure, find a candle and then extinguish it with the help of
pumping mechanism. The movement of the robot is controlled by the sensors which are fixed on
the mobile platform. Experimental results are carried out for a four wheel mobile robot to
illustrate the proposed methodology. The results show that the proposed robot model is
successfully implemented.
Sahil S.Shah, Vaibhav K.Shah, Prithvish Mamtora And Mohit Hapani, “Fire Fighting
Robot”, International Journal Of Emerging Trends & Technology In Computer Science
(IJETTCS), Volume 2, Issue 4, July – August 2013
This paper has presented a unique vision of the concepts which are used in this particular
field. It aims to promote technology innovation to achieve a reliable and efficient outcome from
the various instruments. Experimental work has been carried out carefully. The result shows that
higher efficiency is indeed achieved using the embedded system. With a common digitalized
platform, these latest instruments will enable increased flexibility in control, operation, and
expansion; allow for embedded intelligence, essentially foster the resilience of the instruments;
and eventually benefit the customers with improved services, reliability and increased
convenience. The day is not far when this technology will push its way into your house hold,
making you more lazy. This paper presents the major features and functions of the various
concepts that could be used in this field in detail through various categories. Since this initial
work cannot address everything within the proposed framework and vision, more research and
development efforts are needed to fully implement the proposed framework through a joint effort
of various entities.

6
Chapter 3
INTRODUCTION TO ROBOTICS AND EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
3.1 Robotics Background:
Relaxing, enjoying arts and music and playing sports; that could be our life in the next
decades with the tremendous progress in the field of robotics. An American science fiction
movie is the thought which comes to mind once the word ‘robot’ or anything related to it like
‘robotics’ heard While actually robots are just like humans; every one of them have his own task
'role' to do in this world before getting old and dying. Nowadays, the robot's world population is
exceeding 8.6 million according to the last edition of world robotics. And those 8.6 million are
doing remarkable jobs in order to make humans life easier and happier. Robots achievements
can't be easily counted; Industrial robots are working in automotive, agriculture, construction,
assembling, entertainment, cleaning industry, science and engineering laboratories, military,
mining and exploration, food industry, transportations, and even health care where saving human
lives by helping doctors and doing surgeries in the medical industry, walking into live volcanoes
and earth quakes saving people, and defusing bombs. Robots are a must nowadays in every
industrial field in the world. Can you imagine that without robots human could have never solved
the mysterious Titanic crash? Nor have been able to get the black box of a decent number of
airplanes that crashes in oceans and settle somewhere deeper than divers' ability which helps a
lot in knowing the mistakes done by the airplane crew in order to save humans from the danger
of the same mistake happening again.
3.2 What is a Robot?
There is no a particular definition on what exactly is a robot, but according to an industrial
robotics group called the Robot Institute of America: "A robot is a re programmable, multi
functional manipulator designed to move material, parts, tools, or specialized devices through
variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks" this definition is one of
the most definitions used nowadays but unfortunately it could be only applied on Robots that
perform manufacturing tasks. So if we look to another definition, we could find Webster's
definition stating that robot could be considered as any anthropomorphic mechanical being built

7
to do routine manual work for human beings, or any mechanical device operated automatically,
especially by remote control, to perform in a seemingly human way. Also we could say that a
robot is a programmable machine that imitates the actions or appearance of an intelligent
creature- usually human. There are two types of robots; Remote controlled robot is a robot that
receives instructions from a human operator, while the other type is the autonomous robot where
no interference is done from humans. Till these days, some people working in the robotics field
still argue about what is to be called Robot, some claim that a machine without some sort of
intelligence cannot be considered a robot, so it is now generally agreed that a robot has to be able
to get information from surroundings and do anything physical in order to be called a Robot.
3.3 Origins of Robots
Fig.3.1 The first robot
The word "Robot" was first used in the 1920s by a Czech playwright by the name of Karek
Capek in his play Rossum's Universal Robots where he used the word Robot to be the name of
the artificial workers he had in his play. And that name came from a Czech word robota which
means servant or slave. Then in Runaround, a short story published by Isaac Asimov in 1942, the
word 'robotics' was first used and robotics refers to the study and use of robots. Furthermore,
Isaac proposed Laws of Robotics:
 Law Zero: A robot may not injure humanity, or, through inaction, allow humanity to
come to harm.

8
 Law One: A robot may not injure a human being, or, through inaction, allow a human
being to come to harm, unless this would violate a higher order law.
 Law Two: A robot must obey orders given it by human beings, except where such orders
would conflict with a higher order law.
 Law Three: A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not
conflict with a higher order laws.
In 1910, the first robot was a soldier with an automatic bellows blowing a trumpet, see
figure 2.1. It was done by Fredrich Kaufman of Dresden, Germany and now it is present in the
Munich museum. Afterwards, a robot was constructed in 1927 in the United States and it was a
humanoid named Televox which operated through telephone systems. And from that day,
robotics took the interest of scientists and engineers and they started to think about how to make
robots and what they could do. In the late 50's, Joe Engelberger and George Devol discussed the
concept of Robotics which was proposed by Isaac and the first industrial modern robot was
released in the name of 'Unimate' by a manufacturing company of universal automation
established by Engelberger. And from that time, Engelberger was considered the father of
robotics. While the Unimate (the first working robot) was installed at a General Motors plant to
work with heated die-casting machines. In 1963, the first artificial robotic arm was designed as a
tool for handicapped people and it had six joints which gave them the flexibility of a real arm
while being controlled by a computer. Moreover, the population of robots increased gradually till
it reached 8.7 millions in 2009. And this number will increase in a sharper way in the following
years as the earth is ready to be controlled by robots.
3.4 Embedded System
An embedded system is a special-purpose computer system designed to perform one
or a few dedicated functions, sometimes with real-time computing constraints. It is usually
embedded as part of a complete device including hardware and mechanical parts. In

9
contrast, a general-purpose computer, such as a personal computer, can do many different
tasks depending on programming. Embedded systems have become very important today
as they control many of the common devices we use.
Since the embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can optimize
it, reducing the size and cost of the product, or increasing the reliability and performance.
Some embedded systems are mass-produced, benefiting from economies of scale.
Physically, embedded systems range from portable devices such as digital watches and
MP3 players, to large stationary installations like traffic lights, factory controllers, or the
systems controlling nuclear power plants. Complexity varies from low, with a single
microcontroller chip, to very high with multiple units, peripherals and networks mounted
inside a large chassis or enclosure.
In general, "embedded system" is not an exactly defined term, as many systems have
some element of programmability. For example, handheld computers share some elements
with embedded systems - such as the operating systems and microprocessors which power
them - but are not truly embedded systems, because they allow different applications to be
loaded and peripherals to be connected.
An embedded system is some combination of computer hardware and software, either
fixed in capability or programmable, that is specifically designed for a particular kind of
application device. Industrial machines, automobiles, medical equipment, cameras,
household appliances, airplanes, vending machines, and toys (as well as the more obvious
cellular phone and PDA) are among the myriad possible hosts of an embedded system.
Embedded systems that are programmable are provided with a programming interface, and
embedded systems programming is a specialized occupation.
Certain operating systems or language platforms are tailored for the embedded market,
such as Embedded Java and Windows XP Embedded. However, some low-end consumer
products use very inexpensive microprocessors and limited storage, with the application
and operating system both part of a single program. The program is written permanently
into the system's memory in this case, rather than being loaded into RAM (random access
memory), as programs on a personal computer are.

10
3.5 Applications of Embedded System
We are living in the Embedded World. You are surrounded with many embedded
products and your daily life largely depends on the proper functioning of these gadgets.
Television, Radio, CD player of your living room, Washing Machine or Microwave Oven
in your kitchen, Card readers, Access Controllers, Palm devices of your work space enable
you to do many of your tasks very effectively. Apart from all these, many controllers
embedded in your car take care of car operations between the bumpers and most of the
times you tend to ignore all these controllers.
In recent days, you are showered with variety of information about these embedded
controllers in many places. All kinds of magazines and journals regularly dish out details
about latest technologies, new devices; fast applications which make you believe that your
basic survival is controlled by these embedded products. Now you can agree to the fact that
these embedded products have successfully invaded into our world. You must be
wondering about these embedded controllers or systems. What is this Embedded System?
The computer you use to compose your mails, or create a document or analyze the
database is known as the standard desktop computer. These desktop computers are
manufactured to serve many purposes and applications.
You need to install the relevant software to get the required processing facility. So,
these desktop computers can do many things. In contrast, embedded controllers carryout a
specific work for which they are designed. Most of the time, engineers design these
embedded controllers with a specific goal in mind. So these controllers cannot be used in
any other place.
Theoretically, an embedded controller is a combination of a piece of microprocessor
based hardware and the suitable software to undertake a specific task.
These days designers have many choices in microprocessors/microcontrollers.
Especially, in 8 bit and 32 bit, the available variety really may overwhelm even an
experienced designer. Selecting a right microprocessor may turn out as a most difficult
first step and it is getting complicated as new devices continue to pop-up very often.

11
3.6 Microcontrollers for Embedded Systems:
Microprocessors and Microcontrollers are widely used in embedded system products.
An embedded system product uses a microprocessor (or Microcontroller) to do one task
only. A printer is an example of embedded system since the processor inside it performs
one task only; namely getting the data and printing it. Contrast this with a Pentium based
PC. A PC can be used for any number of applications such as word processor, print-server,
bank teller terminal, Video game, network server, or Internet terminal. Software for a
variety of applications can be loaded and run. Of course the reason a pc can perform
myriad tasks is that it has RAM memory and an operating system that loads the application
software into RAM memory and lets the CPU run it.
In an Embedded system, there is only one application software that is typically burned
into ROM. An x86 PC contains or is connected to various embedded products such as
keyboard, printer, modem, disk controller, sound card, CD-ROM drives, mouse, and so on.
Each one of these peripherals has a Microcontroller inside it that performs only one task.
For example, inside every mouse there is a Microcontroller to perform the task of finding
the mouse position and sending it to the PC.

12
Chapter 4
PROJECT DEVELOPEMENT
4.1 Block Diagram:
Fig.4.1 Overall Block Diagram
The block diagram and its brief description of the project work are explained in block wise
and this block diagram consists the following blocks.
1. PIC18F452 Microcontroller.
2. L293D Motor Driver Circuit.
3. DC Motors.
4. IR Fire Sensor.
5. Obstacle Sensor.
6. GSM Module.

13
7. Relay.
8. Water Spraying Unit.
9. Buzzer.
10. Power Supply/Battery.
4.2 Microcontroller (PIC18F452):
4.2.1 Pin Configuration:
Fig.4.2 Pin Diagram of PIC18F452 ( DIP Package)
4.2.2 Features of PIC18F452:
4.2.2.1 Peripheral Features:
 High current sink/source 25 mA/25 mA

14
 Three external interrupt pins
 Timer0 module: 8-bit/16-bit timer/counter with 8-bit programmable prescaler
 Timer1 module: 16-bit timer/counter
 Timer2 module: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit period register (time-base for PWM)
 Timer3 module: 16-bit timer/counter
 Compatible 10-bit Analog-to-Digital Converter module (A/D) with: Fast sampling rate
 Two Capture/Compare/PWM (CCP) modules.
 16-bit wide instructions, 8-bit wide data path
 Priority levels for interrupts
 Addressable USART module: Supports RS-485 and RS-232
4.2.2.2 Device features:
 Operating Frequency DC - 40 MHz
 Program Memory (Bytes) - 32K
 Program Memory (Instructions) - 16384
 Data Memory (Bytes) - 1536
 Data EEPROM Memory (Bytes) - 256
 Interrupt Sources - 18
 I/O Ports - Ports A, B, C, D, E
 Timers - 4
 Capture/Compare/PWM Modules - 2
4.2.2.3 Crystal oscillator:
The clock circuit is an important element that is required in the system board. This is
because the microcontroller works digitally based on generated clock. The rate of the clock is
determined by a crystal oscillator that is connected to the clock logic pins. A high speed crystal
of 12 MHz is used in this project in order to avoid any delay in terms of relay tripping ON and
OFF, and monitoring of the transformer parameters through the ADC of the microcontroller.
Because the monitoring of transformer parameters and tripping off the relay has to be very fast to
avoid failure of the entire protection system. Crystal is inscribed into the microcontroller, with
two 33 pF capacitors used to filter out external noise.

15
4.2.3 Pin Description Of PIC18F452:
Pin Number Description
1 MCLR/VPP - Master Clear Reset
2 RA0/AN0 - Port A
3 RA1/AN1 - Port A
4 RA2/AN2/VREF- - Port A
5 RA3/AN3/VREF+ - Port A
6 RA4/T0CKI - Port A
7 RA5/AN4/SS/LVDIN - Port A
8 RE0/RD/AN5 - Port E
9 RE1/WR/AN6 - Port E
10 RE2/CS/AN7 - Port E
11 VDD - Positive Power Supply
12 VSS – Ground
13 OSC1/CLKI – Oscillator
14 OSC2/CLKO/RA6 - Port A
15 RC0/T1OSO/T1CKI - Port C
16 RC1/T1OSI/CCP2 - Port C
17 RC2/CCP1 - Port C
18 RC3/SCK/SCL - Port C
19 RD0/PSP0 - Port D

16
Table 4.2 Pin Description of PIC18F452
23 RC4/SDI/SDA - Port C
24 RC5/SDO - Port C
25 RC6/TX/CK - Port C
26 RC7/RX/DT - Port C
31 VSS – Ground
32 VDD - Positive Power Supply
33 RB0/INT0 - Port B
36 RB3/CCP2 - Port B
37 RB4 - Port B
38 RB5/PGM - Port B
39 RB6/PGC - Port B
40 RB7/PGD - Port B

17
4.2.4 Connection Diagram:
Fig 4.3 Connection Diagram Of PIC18F452
4.3 MotorDriver (L293D):
Fig 4.4 Motor Driver Circuit

18
L293D is a typical motor driver which allows DC motor to drive in both clock wise and anti-
clockwise direction. L293D is a 16-pin IC which can control a set of two DC motors
simultaneously in any direction. It is a dual H-bridge motor driver integrated circuit. L293D has
an output current capability limited to 600mA per channel with peak output current limited to
1.2A, sufficient enough to drive a 100rpm motor. An internal sensor senses its internal
temperature and stops driving the motor the motor if the temperature crosses a set point which
implies that the over temperature protection also built into the IC. Zener diode is used to protect
the driver IC from the voltage spikes that occur when the motor is turned on and/or off.
The L293D H-Bridge is a dual H-Bridge and each one of its H-Bridges is a set of 2 push-pull
drivers that use a total of 3 I/O lines. The L293D H-Bridge requires a power supply that is
capable of handling enough current to dive the attached DC motor.
Fig4.5 L293D Connection with motor
4.3.1 Pin Description:
L293D pin Name Description
1 Enable 1 Output enable for output 1&2
2 Input 1 Control line for output 1
3 Output 1 Output 1
4 Gnd Gnd
5 Gnd Gnd
6 Output 2 Output 2

19
8 Vs Supply voltage of up to 36
9 Enable 2 Output enable for output 3&4
11 Output 3 Output 3
12 Gnd Gnd
13 Gnd Gnd
14 Output 4 Output 4
16 Vss Logic supply voltage volts
Table 4.2 Pin Description of L293D
4.3.2 Actual Connection Diagram:
Fig 4.6 Actual Connection Diagram of L293D

20
4.4 DC Motors:
A DC motor is any of a class of electrical machines that converts direct current electrical
power into mechanical power. The most common types rely on the forces produced by magnetic
fields. Nearly all types of DC motors have some internal mechanism, either electromechanical or
electronic; to periodically change the direction of current flow in part of the motor. Most types
produce rotary motion; a linear motor directly produces force and motion in a straight line.
Fig 4.7 30 RPM DC Motor
We had used 30 Rpm motor for this project. This gives high torque for this motor.30 RPM
Side Shaft 37mm Diameter Compact DC Gear Motor is suitable for small robots / automation
systems. It has sturdy construction with gear box built to handle stall torque produced by the
motor. Drive shaft is supported from both sides with metal bushes. Motor runs smoothly from
4V to 12V and gives 30 RPM at 12V. Motor has 6mm diameter, 22mm length drive shaft with D
shape for excellent coupling.
We had used brushed DC motor. The brushed DC electric motor generates torque directly
from DC power supplied to the motor by using internal commutation, stationary magnets
(permanent or electromagnets), and rotating electrical magnets. Advantages of a brushed DC
motor include low initial cost, high reliability, and simple control of motor speed. Disadvantages
are high maintenance and low life-span for high intensity uses. Maintenance involves regularly
replacing the carbon brushes and springs which carry the electric current, as well as cleaning or
replacing the commutator. These components are necessary for transferring electrical power
from outside the motor to the spinning wire windings of the rotor inside the motor. Brushes
consist of conductors. We used two DC motors to drive the vehicle.

21
4.4.1 Specifications:
 RPM: 30 at 12V
 Voltage: 4V to 12V
 Shaft diameter: 6mm
 Shaft length: 22mm
 Gear assembly: Spur
 Brush type: Carbon
 Motor weight: 143gms
4.4.2 Robot Movement:
Table 4.3 Robot Movement w.r.t Motors
4.5 IR Fire Sensors:
Fig 4.8 IR Fire Sensor

22
The Fire sensor, as the name suggests, is used as a simple and compact device for protection
against fire. The module makes use of IR sensor and comparator to detect fire up to a range of 1 -
2 meters depending on fire density.
4.5.1 Features:
• Allows your robot to detect flames from 2m away.
• Fire indicator led.
• Calibration preset for range adjustment.
4.5.2 Application:
 Industrial heating and drying systems.
• Domestic heating systems.
• Industrial gas turbines.
4.5.3 Specification:
Parameter Value
Operating Voltage +5V
Range 2m
Fire Detection Active high output
Table4.4 Specification of Fire Sensor
4.5.4 Pin Details:
Pin Name Details
1 OUT Active High Output
2 +5V Power Supply Input
3 GND Power Supply Ground
Table 4.5 Pin Details of Fire Sensor

23
4.5.5 Using the Sensor:
 Connect ground and VCC pin to +5V and GND.
 Connect out pin to port pin of controller for interfacing with applications.
4.5.6 Working:
The fire sensor circuit is too sensitive and can detect a rise in temperature in its vicinity. The
fire sensor module consists of IR sensor, comparator and LED. It has got three pins GND, VCC
and out. Whenever fire is detected by IR sensor LED glows, and out pin is set high. The out pin
can be given as input to the microcontroller and can be used for any fire detection applications.
Whenever the LED is ON it indicates that fire is detected. For example you can connect it to a
buzzer via microcontroller and when out pin of fire sensor module is set high the buzzer 4is ON.
And the range of the sensor is 2 meters.
4.6 Power Supply:
Fig 4.9 Power Supply

24
4.6.1 Transformer:
Transformer is directly connected to ac supply line to step down the voltage (23017 volts).
Voltage across the transformer secondary is sinusoidal and its secondary is connected to rectifier.
4.6.2 Rectifier and Filter:
Rectifier is used to convert the alternating voltage into pulsating dc voltage. The pulsating dc
voltage is converted to pure dc voltage with the help of filter. But if the supply voltage is
fluctuates then the output voltage of filter is also varies to avoid this we have to use the regulator.
4.6.3 Voltage Regulator:
We use the LM7805 voltage regulator. We have made use of LM7805 voltage regulator
coupled with a heat sink to remove the excess heat generated by the power supply unit.
Advantages of LM7805 is that if supply voltage is fluctuates but it keep output voltage constant.
LM7805 has three terminal input, output and ground. Heat sink is coupled at top to remove the
excess heat.
Fig 3.1.3 depicts the pin out of LM7805.
Fig. 4.10 Pin Diagram of LM7805
The input terminal is connected to a power supply of greater than 5V (generally 12V supply),
second terminal is connected to ground and third (output) terminal gives output of 5V. The 5V
output is used to power on the IC’s by connecting it to VCC terminal.

25
4.7 Buzzer:
Fig 4.11 Buzzer Sound
Buzzer Sound is used for alerting the personnel when fire is detected. It turns on when it
receives high signal from controller.
4.8 PCB Layout:
A Printed Circuit Board or PCB is used to mechanically support and electrically connect
electronic components using conductive pathways, tracks or traces etched from copper sheets
laminated onto a non-conductive substrate. It is also referred to as Printed wiring board(PWD).
PCB plays a vital role in determining the overall performance of the electronic equipment.
Advantages of PCB over common wiring are
1. PCBs are necessary for connecting a large number of electronic components in a very small
area with minimum parasitic effects.
2. PCBs are simulated with mass production with less chance of wiring error.
3. Small components are easily mounted.
4. Servicing is simplified.
The PCB layout can be done either by hand or by using PCB designing Software mentioned
below:
 DIP TRACE by Novarm

26
 CADSTAR by Zuken
 TARGET 3001
 ORCAD by Cadence
 ALLEGRO by Cadence
 PROTEUS
 EAGLE by Cadsoft
Design of PCB layout in this project was carried out by using EAGLE software. Below Fig
shows the PCB layout of overall control circuit.
Fig.4.12 PCB Layout

27
Chapter 5
OPERATING PRINCIPLE AND PROGRAMMING
5.1 Working Principle:
In this system microcontroller is interfaced with two dc motors with driver circuit, IR fire
sensor is mounted on the robot. When fire occurs it generates IR waves which are detected by IR
sensor on the robot and stops the vehicle and starts the buzzer. Then relay gets actuated and it
starts the DC pump & water spraying unit. Also SMS is sent to the predefined numbers by using
GSM model. IR receiver and a transmitter is put on the robot behind the receiver. On robot, IR
transmitter which continuously emits IR signals of 38 KHz. Those IR signals whenever they fall
on objects are reflected back. The IR receiver which is placed on the robot which receives
signals of 38 KHz.
Initially on power on reset of the circuit robot moves in its path. On robot, IR transmitter of
38 KHz is present which continuously sends IR signals modulated at 38 KHz in the direction of
robot, and also 38 KHz IR receiver which receives IR signals is placed behind the transmitter.
Whenever a obstacle occurs the IR signals are reflected back from the obstacle and these signals
are sensed by the IR receiver and it generates an hardware interrupt to the microcontroller. The
microcontroller which is interface to dc geared motors changes the moving direction of the robot
in such a way to avoid the clash with obstacle and there by avoids the obstacle.
5.2 Programming:
Programming of PIC18F458 is done with MPLAB IDE software. We have programmed the
movement of vehicle by microcontroller after detecting the fire to stop the robotic vehicle and to
turn on the buzzer sound also shutoff the supply of motor by microcontroller and stop the robot.
5.2.1 Program:
#include <p18f452.h>
#pragma config WDT = OFF

28
#pragma config OSC = HS
#pragma config OSCS= OFF
#pragma config DEBUG= OFF
#pragma config LVP= OFF
#pragma config BOR = OFF
#define fire PORTCbits.RC1
#define buzzer PORTDbits.RD2
#define A PORTDbits.RD4
#define B PORTDbits.RD5
#define C PORTDbits.RD6
#define D PORTDbits.RD7
unsigned int i,j,s,p;
void delay(unsigned int msec)
{
int i,j;
for(i=0;i<msec;i++)
for(j=0;j<=144;j++);
}
void main()
{
TRISD=0;
TRISC=0xff;
A=0;
B=0;
C=0;
D=0;
s=0;
p=0;
while(1)
{
if(fire==1 && s==0)

29
{
s=1;
p=0;
A=0;
B=0;
C=0;
D=0;
buzzer=1;
delay(1000);
buzzer=0;
}
if(fire==0 && p==0)
{
p=1;
s=0;
A=1;
B=0;
C=1;
D=0;
delay(5000);
A=0;
B=0;
C=1;
D=0;
delay(3000);
A=1;
B=0;
C=1;
D=0;
delay(5000);
A=0;

30
B=0;
C=1;
D=0;
delay(3000);
A=1;
B=0;
C=1;
D=0;
delay(5000);
A=0;
B=0;
C=1;
D=0;
delay(3000);
A=1;
B=0;
C=1;
D=0;
delay(5000);
}
}
}
5.3 Advantages:
1. Can be used as a mobile surveillance system.
2. Can be used as a fire extinguisher at places out of human reach.
3. Can be used in security system.
4. Can be used in chemical and oil industry, nuclear plants, mine fields and dangerous
substance transport.
5. Prevention from dangerous events.

31
6. Minimization of:
 Ecological Consequences
 Financial Loss
 A threat to human life
7. Used in Remote Areas.
8. Works for a continuous time till the water tank becomes empty.
9. Used in congested areas where normal fire vehicle will not work.
10. It automatically senses the fire and extinguishes it.
11. It alerts the respective personnel about fire by buzzer.
12. It also alerts the near fire station about fire by sending SMS.
5.4 Applications:
1. Can be used in record maintaining rooms where fire can cause lose of valuable data.
2. Can be used in Server rooms for immediate action in case of fire.
3. Can be used in extinguishing fire where probability of explosion is high. For eg. Hotel
kitchens, LPG/CNG gas stores, etc.
4. Every working environment requiring permanent operator's attention.
 At power plant control rooms.
 At captain bridges.
 At flight control centers.
5. This Type of Robots are Suitable For:
 Fire department.
 Factories.
 High explosion area.
 Chemical industries.
 Petrol station.

32
Chapter 6
FUTURE WORK
In Phase-I we have designed the chassis of the robotic vehicle with two DC motors mounted
on the chassis. We have also designed the driving circuit for the DC motors and designed the IR
fire Sensor circuit. We have connected buzzer sound to the system. We also designed the
microcontroller circuit for the system and programmed the microcontroller by using MPLAB
software.
In Phase-II we have to do the following work:
 Mount the three fire sensors on the chassis and connect it to the microcontroller.
 Design the three obstacle sensors and mount them on the chassis and connect it to the
microcontroller.
 Connecting the GSM module to circuit.
 Connect the actuating pump and water spraying unit through relay.
 To develop the program for automatic operation of fire fighting robot.

33
REFERENCES:
[1] Kiranmai, Kishore Kumar. “Design And Implementation of Supervising Robot by Using
SMS”.Vol. 2, Issue 11, November 2013. International Journal Of Advanced Research In
Electrical, Electronics And Instrumentation Engineering.
[2] Manish Kumbhare, S S Kumbhalkar, Ratnesh Malik. “FIRE FIGHTING ROBOT: AN
APPROACH”,Vol.2,Issue.II/March 12, pp.1-4, Indian Streams Research Journal
[3] Abhilash Dhumatkar, Sumit Bhiogade, Shashank Rajpal, Datta Renge, Prof. V. Kale,
“International Journal Of Recent Research In Mathematics Computer Science And Information
Technology”, Vol. 2, Issue 1, Pp: (42-46), Month: April 2015 – September 2015.
[4] U.Jyostna Sai Prasanna, M.V.D.Prasad, “Automatic Fire Sensing and Extinguishig Robot
Embedded With GSM Modem”, International Journal of Engineering And Advanced
Technology (IJEAT) ISSN: 2249 – 8958, Volume-2, Issue-4, April 2013.
[5] Anand Mohan Misra, Mohd. Maroof Siddiqui, Priya Gupta, Pameer Singh, “Application of
Mechatronics Alpha I (Fire Fighting Robot)”, International Journal Of Engineering Science and
Advanced Technology, Volume-2, Issue-4, July-Aug 2012.
[6] Sahil S.Shah, Vaibhav K.Shah, Prithvish Mamtora And Mohit Hapani, “Fire Fighting
Robot”, International Journal Of Emerging Trends & Technology In Computer Science
(IJETTCS), Volume 2, Issue 4, July – August 2013
[7] Swati A. Deshmukh, Karishma A. Matte And Rashmi A. Pandhare, “Wireless Fire Fighting
Robot”, International Journal For Research In Emerging Science And Technology, Volume-2,
Special Issue-1, March-2015

34
[8] H. P.Singh, Akanshu Mahajan, N. Sukavanam, Veena Budhraja, Swarn Singh, Amit Kumar
and Anadi Vashisht, “Control Of An Autonomous Industrial Fire Fighting Mobile Robot” , DU
Journal of Undergraduate Research and Innovation
[9] Rohith Punuganti, Anusha Srinivas, Lakshmi F Savanoor, Divya Shree R, “PIC Based Fire
Sensing and Extinguishing Robot”, Proceedings Of IRF International Conference, 30th March-
2014, Pune, India, ISBN: 978-93-82702-69-6.
[10]PIC Microcontroller and Embedded Systems: Using Assembly and C for PIC18 -
Muhammad Ali Mazidi, Rolin D. McKinlay, Danny Causey, Pearson Education, Limited, 2008

PIC based automatic fire fighting robot

More Related Content

What's hot (20)

Viewers also liked (20)

Similar to PIC based automatic fire fighting robot (20)

Recently uploaded (20)

PIC based automatic fire fighting robot