Pillars Of Representativeness

Pillars Of Representativeness
The Six Pillars of Public Administration Essay:
Representativeness
When considering the "Six Pillars of Public Administration" as identified by Dr. Beaumaster it is my opinion that
representativeness is the most significant and vital for a functioning administration. It seems representativeness is normally
viewed as a matter of diversity or aspects of the race, religion, and ethnicity of the community an administration serves. I
feel this is not an adequate view. A truly representative administration reflects the views and interests of the community it
serves. The benefits of a government agency reflecting the demographics of the community are undeniable, but
demographics do not guarantee an administration will serve in the public's best ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Constitution provided policy, but no real means of conducting the business of government (Wilson 1887, 16). George
Washington's initial claim was to hire the "best qualified" to perform the tasks of running the government, however, most
of his employees belonged to the budding Federalist Party as did Washington himself. When Thomas Jefferson became
President, he dismissed many of the Federalists and filled their jobs with members from his party. This established a long
tradition of filling government positions through patronage, or spoils, a system of rewarding friends and political allies in
exchange for their support (Shafritz, Hyde 2012,
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Core Values In Public Administration
Core values are a wide expression to describe the principles by which we describe individual, occupation, or business.
Through the development of brainstorming and studying my professional experience, I have established in a set of values
that are very essential in public administration. In order to succeed successfully at an organizational and personal level in
the public administration, these values must be trained on a daily basis.
To exercise transparency in public administration is to certify peoples the accessibility of data which is thought public. This
has to be a business objective, and is to be taken into explanation when showing all public industries irrespective of one's
job title. If the objective of a business is to help the citizens to the greatest of their capability, then failing or avoiding
achieving transparency would affect major harm to the connection between them and the citizen they are aiming to help.
Accountability is to obey to a regular of professionalism in the workroom. Also, it means to recognize that the professional
events are being supported by the peoples of this nation. As such, public workers are held accountable by peoples for
keeping the operation of their business. Accountability is an essential feature of the functionality of any business private or
public. Basically, it reminds people that while they are working by a professional business they will be held accountable for
their actions.
Each public administrator is requested to follow

Politics Administration Dichotomy Essay
Administration and Politics Dichotomy
Advantages and Disadvantages
Abstract
By discussing some of the advantages and disadvantages of administration and politics dichotomy, an opinion of whether it
is useful or impossible will be made. Wilson's politics administration dichotomy refers to the idea that administrative
decisions need to be made without political influence. One argument to this is that politics has transformed, let's say, the
role of a city manager from a neutral expert to a problem solver and dichotomy should be replaced with an expanded base
of professional values for them.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Politics and Administration Dichotomy An advantage of having politics and
administration dichotomy is that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It also shields administrators from scrutiny and serves the interests of elected officials who can pass responsibility for
unpopular decisions to administrators. This strict separation of policy makers and service deliverers can lower the quality
of governance and service. Then there is the topic of ethics. Neither professional standards nor individual conscience can
be alone the framework for public administrative ethics but both are present. So, the downside of dichotomy is there would
not be a flow of ideas and concerns between the politicians and the administrators. I think dichotomy is almost impossible
to have when it comes to politics and administration, but that word should be replaced by a set of rules and values that both
can follow. The politicians should set the goal and the public administrators pave the path. I believe there needs to be
communication between the two on certain topics as well. I like to use analogies, so the one that comes to mind is the
relationship between officers and NCOs in the army. Officers (being the politician) and NCOs (being the public
administrators) need to have a professional relationship. The officer comes to an NCO with a task (goal, mission, policy,
etc.). It is the NCO's job to make sure his or her soldiers' (which would be the public in this case) accomplish the task.
Regardless if

Analysis Of Siamese Twins Joined At The Fists :...
Siamese Twins Joined at the Fists:
Collaboration of Public Administration and Politics
David Rapp
MPA5001
South University
Abstract
Collaboration is essential in order to create a working and lasting relationship between politics and Public Administration.
This is not only true for the public sector but is possible in the private sector as well. When thinking about the bureaucracy
that constantly separates the two, perhaps it is possible to bypass the bureaucracy altogether and simply put ideas into
action. There are several examples to be found of charitable trusts simply taking action, such as the Bill and Melinda Gates
foundation, and in doing so have not been held to any particular political party or even concept, but simply the need for
service to the public without the red tape. There are ways to create these changes through collaboration at the federal, state,
and local level.
Nothing is more central in thinking about public administration than the nature and interrelations of politics and
administration. Nor are the nature and interrelations of politics and administration matters only for academic theorizing.
What is more important in the day–to–day, year–to–year, decade–to–decade operation of government than the ways in
which politics and administration are conceptualized, rationalized, and related one to the other. (Waldo, 1987) Woodrow
Wilson 's groundbreaking article "The Study of Administration" sought to define the relationship of politics and

Defining Public Administration
An Understanding of Public Administration
Abstract
The purpose of this paper, An Understanding of Public Administration, is to provide the reader with an overview of the
field and its application towards public programs, agencies, groups and other associations. It also provides a clear
definition, introduces some principles associated with public administration along and how it is used in American society.
Public administration allows public policies and actions, decision–making ability and day to day operations of an agency to
be executed effectively in our environment. The reader becomes familiar with the historical and social aspects pertaining to
the evolving field. Public administration does not have a definite age of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He felt that there was a need to change the day to day operation of the US government from a corruptive agency spiraling
into a web of bureaucratic mess to a more productive governing system supported by the an administrative base that will be
able to enforce public interest and policy. This scholar and later President wrote that "there should be a science of
administration which shall seek to straighten the paths of government, to make its business less 'unbusinesslike'; to
strengthen and purify its organization, and to crown its duties with dutifulness" (Stillman page 8). Apparently, Woodrow
Wilson favored the private sector's interest in "businesslike" operations and its efficiency as a way to run the government
and its agency. From his 1887 essay, he "favored the idea of concentrating power in a single authority atop a highly
integrated centralized administrative structure (Denhardt page 2).
Principles behind Public Administration
Woodrow Wilson along with scholar Leonard D. White and others believed that this field would evolve and be interwoven
within the fabric of American government, public agencies/programs, associations, and nonprofit organizations. Public
administration is not concerned with politics or any associated with it however, the field promotes high level public service
through management and properly educating its employees. Main principles/points

Public Administration And The Public Sector
Old Public Administration was created to answer the questions to many unanswered problems. President Woodrow Wilson
said it was "harder to run a constitution than to frame it" because of the difficult administrative tasks had to deal with. Sure
enough, he was not the only person who felt that way. President Wilson believed that in order to run an effective
government, ideas from the private sector should be incorporated into the public sector. He even went as far as to give input
on how the government would be able to implement ideas from the private sector to the public sector. And that is to limit
what hierarchical organization can do. Wilson believed that those in power would not have control of creating the policy,
but they will have a handle on how the policy is implemented. Two themes stood out around the topic of Public
Administration " the distinction between policy and administration, and the accountability of elected individuals who are a
part of an organization. The second theme was around the use of structures and strategies to ensure that management work
efficiency.
Many had much to say when it came Wilson's statement that " Policy and Administration" should be separate entities. A
few people argued that policy and administration could not be separated because policy and administration depend on one
another to work effectively. Frederick Taylor, a theorist believed that in order to enforce efficiency within an organization, a
scientific management

Advantages Of Traditional Public Administration
'New Public Management is an alternative to the traditional public administration'. Discuss.
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
ABSTRACT
The newly elected Government of Mauritius clearly laid down its ambitions regarding Public Administration in the
Government Programme 2015–2019. The public sector will be re–organised and reformed to make it more productive,
transparent, accountable and customer friendly. A Public Sector Efficiency Bureau is set up as a department of the newly
crafted Ministry of Financial Services, Good Governance and Institutional Reform (Govt. Programme 2015–19). If it
sounded just as the usual rhetoric from a new government, the 2015–2016 Budget Speech reiterated this determination after
finding out that the country's system for transparency and good governance to be also at the crossroad. Instead of staying
idle with the present system characterised by opacity that breeds corruption, the government calls to go out for a cleansing
that will inject more meritocracy, transparency, good governance in the management of public affairs (Budget Speech,
2015). The Mauritian government can be said to be moving away from the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A new managerial approach in the public sector emerged in the 1980s and early 1990s and it was named New Public
Management. This new approach lays the emphasis on the economy, efficiency and effectiveness of government
organizations, instruments and programs, and higher quality service delivery. This new model of public sector management
emerged in the most advanced countries, as well as in many developing ones, and is regarded by many authors as "not a
reform of the traditional Public administration, but a transformation of the public sector and its relationship with
government and society" (Hoos,

Importance Of Leadership In Public Administration
For centuries, leadership has been studied and used as a theme in many works of literature. The Egyptians had the word
"leadership" written in hieroglyphics. The Chinese studied and wrote about the responsibilities of its leaders to the people.
Homer, Plato, and Aristotle wrote about leadership in their literature. Authors such as "Caesar, Cicero, Seneca, and Plutarch
wrote about leadership as it related to administration." (Bass & Bass, 2008). By 1948, Stogdill was able find 128 studies of
leadership that he classified according to the traits of importance of leadership: capacity, achievement, responsibility,
participation, and status." (Bass & Bass, 2008). Leadership will continue to be studied as more questions arise about its
importance in public administration.
Studying leadership is important in public administration because "in organizations, effective leadership provides higher–
quality and more efficient goods and services; it provides a sense of cohesiveness, personal development, and higher levels
of satisfaction among those conducting the work." (Van Wart, 2003). The study of leadership in public administration is
also important in that public administrators have to be involved with many different levels the administrations. Because of
this involvement, they must be able to connect the different levels of the administration with their leadership. Secondly, the
leadership skills of a public administrator must be strong enough to deal with the multifaceted

Franklin D. Roosevelt's National Industrial Recovery Act...
President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal was a package of economic programs that were made and proposed from 1933
up to 1936. The goals of the package were to give relief to farmers, reform to business and finance, and recovery to the
economy during the Great Depression. Among many other new acts to help give recovery to the economy, the NIRA was
born. The National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) was created by Roosevelt to see to the needs of industry, trade unions,
and even the consumer, promoting cooperation among corporations while also establishing codes for fair competition
between industries. Most importantly, the purpose of the NIRA was the put people back to work and fight the Great
Depression. As Roosevelt saw it, the NIRA ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The previously mentioned codes dealing with minimum work hours, wages, and labor conditions were also not working
out. Those codes would not become a part of work and labor laws until later in history. Another section of these codes dealt
with fair competition. All sorts of codes were created just dealing with fair competition, but they would not apply to
antitrust laws. Antitrust laws were laws made to reduce competition between companies and prevent monopolies from
forming (National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933). Since these codes did not apply to antitrust laws it basically gave
businesses the opportunity to create monopolies. After monopolies were created, it had raised the prices on goods and
services. That is certainly not the best thing for an economy, and to add more fuel to the fire deflation was also a major
problem during this time. Deflation is the lowering of the price of goods and services. These higher prices were made on
purpose to allow people like farmers to prosper. Their theory of higher prices equals more prosperity failed miserably and
made the economy just stop. The prices ended up being too high, and that did absolutely nothing for the economy or the
people (National Industrial Recovery Act (1933)). Another reason the NIRA wasn't all too successful in the thirties was the
lack of support it had from businesses. Larger business had given their support to the NIRA, although smaller businesses
did

My Introductory On Public Administration
My Introductory to Public Administration class has taught me the range that can come with public administration. Public
administrators are employed in all levels of government, across various fields including social welfare, financial
administration, and human resources (Denhardt, 2014, p. 1). Despite the various type of public administration jobs that
exist, the one thing all public administrators are required to do is to maintain a commitment to public service (Denhardt,
2014, p. 1). In order to better understand how public administrators are responsive to public interests, I was assigned the
task of interviewing a professional in public administration. I chose to interview Jeanell Emond, program manager for
Central Valley Prevention Program (CVPP) and Mental Health Systems (MHS), because of my future in social work and
my interest in developing and managing programs that benefit the community. Through the interview I was able to gain
valuable insight on the agency and Mrs. Emond's role as a public administrator. More importantly, I was able to learn how
interorganizational partnerships, financial management, ethics, and leadership and management skills in public
administration can help develop stronger communities.
MHS is a non–profit organization that provides innovative and cost–effective mental health and drug and alcohol recovery
services through more than 85 community–based programs throughout California (Mental Health Systems, 2016). CVPP,
one of the programs

The Relationship Between Politics And Administration In...
The idea of civil service dates back to ancient times. But bureaucracy is modern terms that evolved with the emergence of
Public Administration as an academic field. Politics–administration dichotomy is one of the most important factor in the
'Study of Public Administration' by Woodrow Wilson in 1887 (Afegbua: 2013). Nature of administration, the extent of
work by bureaucracy and many other issues are characterized by the relationship between politics and administration.
Bangladesh has experienced different forms of government regime from military autocratic to democratic republic. Before
liberation, it experienced government system under British Colonialism and government by Pakistan as it was part of
Pakistan earlier. Due to the variation in the forms of government the relations between politics and administration were also
different.
The Bangladesh Public Service Commission (PSC) is one of the most important pillars of the National Integrity System
having a key role in promoting excellence and integrity in the public service and administration of the country. PSC's
independence, political neutrality, transparency, accountability, integrity and effectiveness are fundamental prerequisites for
carrying out its functions which include holding of competitive examinations for recruitment to the public service,
recommend recruitments, promotions, discipline, employee appeal and other related matters. Lack of credibility and
integrity of this vital Constitutional body not only

Context Of Public Administration
Public administration and its role within the context of U.S. democracy and politics is complicated due to the division
amongst Americans and power held by political parties. The main objective of public administration is to serve the people
and protect individual freedoms from big government. However, American citizens make it difficult to fulfill this objective
by voicing their opinions on how they want to be served and how the government should be run. The division amongst
Americans has been an integrated part of our government since its inception.
In the late 18th century, the Founding Fathers were divided over their opinions of what the size and how much power the
national government should have. The Constitution was formed over disputes and disagreements which is evident in the
publication of the Federalist Papers. The Federalist Papers exposed the heavily debated battle for the approval of the
Constitution. (Box, 2014) The battle to get the Constitution ratified was almost lost due to different opinions on how the
government should be run. The ratification of the Constitution is an integrated part of our government's history that shows
the complexity and complication of public administration.
Kraft & Furlong (2018) speak of Americans being ideologically conservative but liberal in practice to government service.
(p. 40). Americans are conflicted about what type of government they want. They want to maintain their individual liberties
and minimize the power of the

Master of Public Administration Program
Modern Public Administration: Managing Public & Nonprofit Organizations PAD 500
Abstract
The purpose of this paper, An Understanding of Public Administration, is to provide the reader with an overview of the
field and its application towards public programs, agencies, groups and other associations. It also provides a clear
definition, introduces some principles associated with public administration along and how it is used in American society.
Public administration allows public policies and actions, decision–making ability and day to day operations of an agency to
be executed effectively in our ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because of this activity, Wilson concluded that" it was becoming harder to fun a constitution than to frame one" (Denhardt
page 2). He felt that there was a need to change the day to day operation of the US government from a corruptive agency
spiraling into a web of bureaucratic mess to a more productive governing system supported by the an administrative base
that will be able to enforce public interest and policy. This scholar and later President wrote that "there should be a science
of administration which shall seek to straighten the paths of government, to make its business less 'unbusinesslike'; to
strengthen and purify its organization, and to crown its duties with dutifulness" (Stillman page 8). Apparently, Woodrow
Wilson favored the private sector's interest in "businesslike" operations and its efficiency as a way to run the government
and its agency. From his 1887 essay, he "favored the idea of concentrating power in a single authority atop a highly
integrated centralized administrative structure (Denhardt page 2).
Principles behind Public Administration
Woodrow Wilson along with scholar Leonard D. White and others believed that this field would evolve and be interwoven
within the fabric of American government, public agencies/programs, associations, and nonprofit organizations.

Using Appropriate examples, discuss the Elitist and...
In this Essay, our main aim of discussion is to build a general understanding about how organisation sustainability
researchers propose evaluating organisation sustainability and how the proposed models and frameworks changed over
time. The analysis is carried out from the perspective of several aspects, focusing on the methods, tools and models
proposed for organisation sustainability assessment, noting the organisation level of evaluation (the organisation level, a
broader industry of value chain level, or a narrower product, service or process level). Two other aspects of the research
were the definition of sustainability in the proposed models with regard to sustainability dimensions, and different
empirical studies conducted using ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Public administration is concerned with such questions as how law should be administered with equity, speed and without
friction. It is the systematic execution of the will of the people which has been discovered, formulated and expressed in the
form of laws by the legislature. The assessment and rating of taxes, for instance, the hanging of criminal, the delivery of
mails, the recruitment of army are all acts of public administration. Thus it may be said that public administration is the
non–political machinery of the government carrying on its work for the welfare of the people according to the laws set up
by the State. It is the permanent executive as distinguished from the political one. We must at this stage also be clear that
public administration has to do with people and not with things. There is a school of thought which holds that in the future
the tendency will be from the administration of persons towards the administration of things which does not carry any
sense at all. Things may be arranged but ultimately it is the participation of the human element that matters. Things no
doubt, are of great importance to the administrator who arranges them but they cannot be administered by him.
Administration has to do with human beings for which it is meant. It is managed by human beings and it serves human
beings. It is essentially a matter of social relationships. It must not also be

The Business Process Outsourcing ( Bpo )
Introduction The Philippines is one of the developing countries presently. It is poised to become an industrialized country
within 5–10 years. The main economic drivers are the Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) who usually remit on average
$25 Billion a year (www.bsp.gov.ph/Statistics/keystat/ofw.htm). Next to this are the Business Process Outsourcing (BPO)
which is popularly known as call center business which churns about $18 Billion a year
(www.asiabriefing.com/news/2015/02/oursourcing–bpo). You could see skyscrapers in major metropolitan areas sprouting
unceasingly signalling that the economy is robust and poised to take off. Or is it really? This paper will attempt to analyze
the travails and missteps of this beautiful country endowed with rich natural resources with 7,107 islands called an
archipelago with seas and oceans surrounding these islands. The naturally hospitable, friendly and smiley people lends a
strong backdrop to this country with about 107 million population (http://itsmorefuninthephilippines.com/). It has a good
English–speaking population which is why the biggest bank of the US, JP Morgan Chase has call centers and direct hired
telephone bankers, officers, and specialists, celebrating its 10th year of presence in the Philippines. Wells Fargo, the no. 4
bank also has extensive call centers and back office support in the Philippines. These foreign parties–driven businesses
coming from the OFWs and BPOs are the main drivers of the economy.

Bureaucracy And Bureaucracies
1) Bureaucracy exists to organize states and keep them working as efficiently as possible. Max Weber claims that
bureaucracies are the most efficient form of organization due to control, hierarchy, and predictability. Bureaucracies are
created to give authority and power over others, specialize in certain tasks, and restrict individuals through regulations and
laws. However, as Kettl makes it clear that this organization is not easy to maintain. According to Kettl, it is important to
for citizens and the government to have a relationship with each other (2017, 3). In bureaucracies, there is not much room
for a healthy relationship between citizens and the government because the two can be constantly in disagreement about
issues – there may ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Regulations are a grant of power and set of directions that enforce compliance for the goals of a bureaucracy. Bureaucracies
are expected to take responsibility for their actions. Legislators will oversee public administrators to make sure that
everything is done correctly and to avoid any issues (Kettl, 2017, 395). When issues do arise, it is important for
bureaucracies to take accountability for what happened and try to pose a solution. Two federal agencies that exist that
should be consistent, accountable, and have a hierarchy of authority are the Department of Justice and the Department of
Defense. Both of these agencies are highly important bureaucracies that protect and govern citizens. The Department of
Justice's function is protect the people from harm and enforce laws that prevent individuals from causing issues or harm to
others. The Department of Defense's function is to protect the United States as whole from foreign invaders, attacks, and
such. Both of these agencies are tasked with protecting the people and both need to have a hierarchy of authority,
consistency, and accountability.
In addition to better organization, Mary Parker Follet claims that administrations should reason with their employees
because psychology studies show that employees work better in environments that are the most satisfactory and relaxing.
Follett explains that by creating a good environment, supporting that environment, and analyzing the

The Importance Of Crosswalks
Every day Public Administration #3 The observed activity was crosswalks. Crosswalks enable pedestrians to cross busy
and hazardous roadways more safely. Prior to the advent of crosswalks pedestrians would cross the street anywhere and
were at risk of injury even by horse powered vehicles. This is important to Public Administration as it is a safety concern
for the public. This paper will discuss the use, funding, government and citizen involvement, and how the chosen topic of
crosswalks are related to Public Administration.
PAActivity
As addresses the specific part of pedestrian safety that was observed was Crosswalks. Crosswalks are typically denoted by
two painted white lines running parallel with bars painted in–between them that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Alissa Torres the chief planner from the Orange County Office of Policy and Public involvement, whom I interviewed
about pedestrian safety and Public Administration, but they are carried out and put into place on a city level. Locally the
Orange County Traffic and Transportation Department is the one in charge of these and many other regulations. The current
head is Hazem El–Assar Chief Engineer.
Citizen Involvement Citizens have several ways to get involved. Meeting are open to the public at both the level of the
Florida legislature and meetings held by the Orange County Planning and Zoning Commission. Meetings by the Planning
and Zoning Commission are televised as well according to Dr. Torres. Currently no meetings are planned for the rest of this
year.
Any Citizen has access to crosswalks and any citizen can submit a request or review for safety. All citizens have a right to
safety. Pedestrians are merely people traveling without a road based vehicle. Any person who would choose to become a
pedestrian would very likely be using this service if they are abiding by the law. Therefore, this service affects everyone
and can be used by anyone.
Funding
The construction and up keep of crosswalks is paid for by taxes as many forms of Public Administration are. The two forms
of taxes that pay for this service are sales taxes and Gasoline

Chapter Two: Theories Of Political Control Of Bureaucracy
Fredrickson, H. G. & Smith, K. B. (2003). Chapter Two: Theories of Political Control,
The theory of political control of bureaucracy is about whether appointed administrative employees should have flexibility
and discretion to run day–to–day government operations, or whether government activities should be strictly controlled
through a well–defined laws and policies implemented by elected officials (Fredrickson & Smith, 2003). Various models
are used to represent differing degrees of control exercised by elected officials and appointed bureaucratic employees, and
how much impute each group has into the formation and execution of policy (Fredrickson & Smith, 2003). Under the
Theory of Bureaucratic Capture and Client Responsiveness bureaucracies ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Fredrickson and Smith (2003) note that administrative theorists have to struggle with conflicting ideas such as the desire
for efficiency, which can be in opposition to democratic ideals of equity and consensus building. Fredrickson and Smith
(2003) outline the work on bureaucratic control by some, such as Allison and Wilson in their attempts to explain what
motivates the government or bureaucracies to take action. Others, like Seidman have suggested that scholars have been
looking at government action through the wrong point of view. Instead of attempting to understand the administrative
motivation behind government action, the focus should be on the political motivations (Fredrickson & Smith, 2003).
Fredrickson and Smith (2003) also discuss representative bureaucracy, where if members of a bureaucracy share the same,
or similar, points of view as the general public, then the actions taken by bureaucracy members may be more democratic
than actions taken by elected

External Pressure On Public Administration
After reading through the syllabus, there appear to be many direct linkages between this course and the previous courses
that I have participated in. The first module focuses on external pressures on public administration. I learned about external
forces on public administrators in Introduction to Public Administration, and Managing Change in the 21st Century.
Though Introduction to Public Administration only gave a vague overview of external pressures, Managing Change gave
greater detail on how there are forces outside of government, including citizens, interest groups and private sector
companies who all will influence the decision making process. These same courses also focused on the internal pressures
within organizations and government that will also impact the decision–making processes of public administrators.
Budgeting is also a topic that I have experience with. Budgeting in the public sector is entirely different than budgeting in
the private sector. Lastly, my previous public administration courses emphasized the importance of performance
expectation and improvement. Efficiency and effectiveness is a goal that public administrators everywhere should work
towards. Of my previous public administration courses, there are two courses that made a significant impact on me. Ethics
and Policy Administration, and Personnel Administration in the Public Sector were my favorite courses. I enjoyed the
Ethics and Public policy course, because it focused on not only the

What Is Public Administration Nd the Role of the Public...
What is Public Administration and the Role of the Public Administrator
Cynthia A. Fortune
California State University Northridge
MPA 610
September 20, 2012
Dr. Suzanne Beaumaster
WHAT IS PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND THE ROLE OF THE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATOR?
Public Administration is a function of government, a government in action, be it a local agency, city, county, state or federal
government. It is the process by which non–elected government employees implement rules, regulations, laws, policies and
procedures established by the elected or appointed officials. It is the carrying out of public law and regulations.
The Role of the Public Administrator is to ensure that all these rules, regulations, etc., established by the elected or ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition, the administrator must be prepared to handle any emergency or contingency during the planning, directing and
implementation of the service (he/she better have a Plan B).
The administrator leads, delegates, plan, hires, and manages. He/she also evaluates the services provided to the public and
measures the performance, effectiveness, productivity and efficiency of the implementation of the services. Our role as
administrators is to ensure that the government entity we work for provides services and programs to our community
through the efficient and effective use of available resources.
In the world of finance, I, as a financial manager of a city, provide guidelines to other city departments on planning and
preparing their proposed budgets. These guidelines include justifying the services they currently provide and the revenue
sources that support these services. Should a department request additional funding for a new service or program, I

Woodrow Wilson vs. Long
The big question for Wilson was how Americans could incorporate Public Administration into the Constitution which did
not mention it. Also in developing Public Administration, Wilson's basic difficulty was how to reconcile the differences in
notions of democracy (popular rule) and the systematic rules. To do this he says there are two spheres: "Politics" and
"Administration" Politics = choices of government are made by the elected and Administration = carries out the choices by
the (popular consent) free of political meddling> "politics–administration dichotomy"
Before entering into the science of administration Wilson felt it was needed that first there should be some account of the
history of what others have done in the field, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
–this structure is important to determine the scope of possible action.
– a source of power and authority is a competitor of a formal hierarchy – power flow in from the up the organization to the
center – the American system of politics does not generate enough power at any focal point of leadership to provide the
conditions for an even successful divorce of politics from administration –the theory of administration has neglected the
problem of the sources and adequacy of power – the bureaucracy under the American system has a large share of
responsibility for the public promotion of policy and more in organizing political basis for its survival and growth –a major
time consuming aspect of administration consists of a wide range of activities designed

“the Political Context”
"The Political Context"
Describe how the Founder's conception of the Constitution (reflected in Madison's arguments) influenced the evolution of
American public administration.
In Madison's arguments he wanted the powers in the departments to be sufficient, flaw less, and have it where the different
departments kept each other in their appropriate position. With this being said, Madison believed that his observations
would be able to place these powers within the departments into a more proper judgmental structure. In order to properly
do this, the Founder's had to be able to implement the proper foundation for this to be successful. Madison stated that he
believe that in order to exercise these powers in the government, each department ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
These two items are going to help the growth in public service in are like sciences, genetics, materials, etc. the public
service is going to have to be able to take on t he challenge for learning the new knowledge and technology, but for those in
public service they know it will take their services further. The changes that will take place in the future bring more
responsibilities and create better opportunities to the people they are helping in public service. Another growth that is seen
is the increased globalization with businesses, politics, culture, and environmental concerns. The nation is coming together
with all these issue at hand in order to control them. We still don't see "eye to eye" on all these issues but progress has been
made, and will continue to progress due to the globalization in public service. The diversity allows for growth around the
world and allows the public service to gain the new knowledge and better there are of control these growth opportunities
are going to be a challenge: however, the public service is looking to improve the conditions in their society, and within the
government, laws, groups, and communities. The public service makes and helps change laws that affect the public. The
public administration works closely in getting these types of changes made to make the community a better place and to

Publica Administration in the Age of Globalization in India
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN THE AGE OF
GLOBALIZATION IN INDIA
The aim of this paper is to acquaint the reader about the influence of globalisation on the Public Administration of India.
But before I proceed I feel it is absolutely necessary to define the two terms–"Globalisation" and "Public Administration". I
will then discuss the changes that Globalisation has brought about on the Indian Public Administration. Globalisation is the
process of international integration arising from the interchange of world views, products, ideas, and other aspects of
culture. Globalisation is an umbrella term and is perhaps best understood as a unitary process inclusive of many ... Show
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The practices of traditional Public Administration are under increasing attack from neo–liberal economists and rational
choice scholars who have provided the intellectual inputs to the politicians determined to reduced the state and scope of the
public sector. As a result of Globalization, the national economies are gradually opening up. So as the economies lose their
discrete, self–contained character they become harder for National control and management. Globalization in India began
essentially in the year 1991 when the deficit in the balance of payments prompted India, under Prime Minister, P. V.
Narasimha Rao and his Finance Minister, Manmohan Singh (currently the Prime Minister of India) to undertake a series of
structural economic reforms as a part of the bailout deal with the International Monetary Fund. Since 1991, the context of
administration has again been changing under the impact of the New Economic Policy. Concepts like 'globalisation',
'liberalisation', and 'privatisation' have gained wide cur¬rency that are indicative of more openness of government to
international competition, deregulation and dismantling of a series of government controls, and downsizing of government
by handing over selected activities to the private sector, and by encouraging the non–government organisations to work
more and more in the social development sector, particularly in such

Traditional Public Administration
Woodrow Wilson, the founding father of public administration, classified the aim of public administration (PA) is to
discover, first, what government can properly and successfully do, and, secondly, how it can do these proper things with the
utmost possible efficiency and at the least possible cost either of money or of energy (Wilson, p. 127).
The goals and methods of public administration have changed since Woodrow's classification of traditional public
administration in 1887 to the present era of new public administration. The management transformed from a bureaucratic
system, marked by weak performance, and excessive rules and regulations to a democratic citizenship, marked by
transparency, efficiency, and social equity. These changes have in turn refined the image of a public servant from the era of
traditional PA to New PA.
To analyze the transition from traditional to new public administration and its impacts on the image of public servants, as
citizens we must clarify the differences between the two. Traditional PA is distinguished by its bureaucratic, slow and
inefficient system, low quality of the civil service, and weak performance. During the period of traditional PA, public
administration and politics were a dichotomy, two separate entities that work independently of one another. Woodrow
Wilson noted that the political atmosphere expanded tremendously and became out of proportion to its skill. To fix this
problem, public administration is to be separated from

Book Review
Book Review by Martha Hall Findlay, March 2011
Approaching Public Administration – Core Debates and Emerging Issues Edited by Roberto P. Leone (Wilfrid Laurier
University) and Frank L.K. Ohemeng (University of Ottawa); 2011, Emond Montgomery Publications
I recommend this book to all Members of Parliament. I will go further, and suggest that it should be mandatory reading for
all Ministers. As an MP, I was very pleased to be asked to read it and to provide my thoughts. As I responded when first
asked to do this, "We are seeing some real challenges in our public administration, and this will encourage me to read a
book that I know I should read, but which I might not otherwise rush to." This is true, and therein lies a big challenge–this
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The discipline that results from those forces, and how that affects all levels of management, does not naturally exist in
government. The book has done a good job of offering the different perspectives to date, but I hope to see more discussion
on how to combine the best of both worlds. It is telling that the essays discussing the role of the private sector in delivering
public services are NOT part of this discussion, but found in a separate section of the book. My only comment on those
chapters would be to suggest that our procurement processes need to evolve to better understand what is being asked for in
terms of private delivery of services, why, and what limits there need to be. I hope to see more analysis comparing both
theory and practice in this regard.
As an MP, I particularly enjoyed the chapters addressing questions such as "Do Politicians Control Government?",
"Should the Bureaucracy be Politically Neutral?" and "Is Ministerial Responsibility a Dead Concept?" These go to the core
of the relationship between, on the one side, the politicians and the policies they are mandated to implement by the people
who elected them, and on the other side, the civil service, representing the need for a consistent, effective, efficient, reliable
provision of the various services that over time we have deemed to be part of the public service. The essay by Tom
Urbaniak, "Ministerial Responsibility: A Post Mortem" is based on a very blunt, but

Diversity And Public Administration By Harvery L. White...
According to the book entitled, Diversity and Public Administration: by Harvery L. White and Mitchell F. Rice, they stated
that Public administrative curriculum consist of public personnel management or human resources management; public
management; public budgeting; organizational theory and behavior; research methods and qualitative analysis; policy
analysis; and ethics (White & Rice, pp.124). In 1970, an organization called National Associations of Schools of Public
Affairs and Administration was established to promote training and education in public service. National Associations of
Schools of Public Affairs and Administrative accomplishes its goals and objectives through direct services such as:
––Representing to governments and other institutions the objectives and needs of education for public affairs and
administration
Developing appropriate standards for educational programs through its Commission on Peer Review and Accreditation
––Undertaking joint educational projects with practitioner professional organizations
––Encouraging curriculum development and innovation and providing a forum for publication and discussion of education
scholarship, practices, and issues
––Undertaking surveys that provide members and the public with information on key educational issues
––Meeting with employers to promote internship opportunities for students and employment for graduates
––
––Collaborating with institutes and schools of public administration in other countries

How Corporate Greed Is Uniquely A Part Of A Public...
This weeks forum question is what brings you here and interests you. I became a public administration student after many
careers in multiple fields of management. These included retail, healthcare and currently, technology. I am very interested
in organizational structure and management. The field of public administration is all encompassing and goes hand in hand
with organizational management studies. I do have an interest as well in local government. I grew up in a terrific, but non–
political family and now that I am older, I realize that becoming more knowledgeable of the political world that surrounds
me makes me happy. My lack of understanding of the political and governmental environment was a void I wished to fill.
APUS is helping me with that. Additionally, I enjoy research and writing. The APUS public administration program
continues to challenge me to research and develop my own theories that demonstrate understanding of subject matter. I 've
been surprised by the type of information that is publicly available in scholarly articles. My research paper for this course
will address how corporate greed is uniquely a part of Americas capitalistic culture. Specifically, through examples, I wish
to discuss its relationship with our Democratic system. I will contrast the UK and EU cultures with our own. This subject
may appear to be critical of American culture. However, this paper will in part seek to discover without judgment how
corporate greed serves to

Introduction to Public Administration
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION MEANING ,NATURE AND SCOPE
Introduction
Public Administration is a newly emerged discipline compare to other Social Science's discipline. Public Administration
has gained immense importance since the emergence of Administrative state. In Ancient Greek, Roman and Indian political
system gave more importance to the concept of Administration. Kautilys's "Arthasathra" contributed large scale in the
administrative system; it deals every aspect of the state and its relation to subjects. In simple sense Public Administration is
state mechanism. In every Political System administration have significant role.
Meaning of Public Administration
The word Administration has been derived from the Latin words 'ad' and 'ministiare' ... Show more content on
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In this managerial view the administration has the functions of planning, programming and organise all the activities in an
organisation so as to achieve the desired ends. Luther Gullick and Herbert Simon subscribe this view. Gullick says
'Administration has to do with getting things done; with the accomplishment of defined objectives'.
These two views are deals the nature of public administration. In simply the nature of Public Administration deals the
execution.
SCOPE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
In the modern time Public administration have a pivotal role. There are many discussions about the scope of Public
Administration, some scholars are argued that in the Neo–liberal time the scope of Public administration is very less and
Private administration have growing importance. Some argues that the neo–liberal time the term Public administration has
significant one because the neo liberal state has faced many problems like environmental and technological issues. The
scope of Public administration deals in many ways v Public Administration and People. o Public Administration is an
organisational effort it needed a close relation to people. In every Administrative system they have good relation between
people and administrative agencies. It influenced the day to day life of the common people. v Public Administration and
Democracy o In a Democratic political system scope of public administration is related in many ways. It have close link to

Public Administration And The Dichotomy
ORIGINS OF POLITICS–ADMINISTRATION DICHOTOMY
The dichotomy has been one of the most important concepts in the field of public administration. Even though for more
than a century it has been the most debatable with 'disreputable issues' in the field. Svara and Overeem (2006), state that the
dichotomy expands and contracts, rises and falls but never goes away, that is to say that the heat may wear off once in a
while but the debate is always there and has never been forgotten, it is one of the primary debates of public administration.
The dichotomy was not a construct until the late 1940s which is when it became an important issue of literature in public
administration (Tahmasebi and Musavi, 2011:131). Many scholars have traced this construct back to Woodrow Wilson who
is also known as the 'Godfather' of Public Administration, who according to Tahmasebi and Musavi intended to protect
administration from political ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Wilson (1887) writes that ideally politics set tasks for administrators but politicians should not be able to control the
administrators. Demir (2014) states that Wilson's writings were to emphasize the functions of politics is to provide
guidance to the administrators, this done through policy leadership and oversight to administrators and that administrators
provided a neutral competence to the policy process. Stillman (1973) is of the take that Wilson was concerned with what he
called 'corrupting and politicizing interference of party organizations in in administration affairs'. Svara (1998:52) states
that Wilson's suggestion of clearer differentiation of politics and administration was a way of seeking to make stronger and
redirect the former while protecting the latter. Wilson went on to describe the different functions of the

Positive Effects Of The New Deal
The government created a series of experimental projects and programs, known as the New Deal. They were made to
restore some prosperity to Americans. Roosevelt's New Deal permanently changed the federal government's relationship to
the U.S. populace. Roosevelt's New Deal Recovery programs focused on stabilizing the economy by creating long–term
employment opportunities, decreasing agricultural supply to drive prices up, and helping homeowners pay mortgages and
stay in their homes, which also kept the banks debt–free. All three programs which are to be explained, have brought many
accomplishments towards the citizens of America during the Great Depression. In some ways, they may have made some
things difficult for certain people but it has been proven that they have caused some positive effects towards America
during that time of history.
The AAA was a program that controlled the supply of seven basic crops such as corn, wheat, cotton, rice, peanuts, tobacco,
and milk by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ickes. PWA budgeted several billion dollars to be spent on the construction of public works as a means of providing
employment, stabilizing purchasing power, and improving public welfare. Between July 1933 and March 1939, the PWA
funded the construction of more than 34,000 projects, including airports, electricity–generating dams, and aircraft carriers,
and seventy percent of the new schools and one–third of the hospitals built during that time. It also electrified the
Pennsylvania Railroad between New York and Washington, D.C. The PWA has shown many positive effects and helped
many people with good uses. The negative side of this program is that it uses high amounts of money in order to make the
construction happen. When Franklin Roosevelt moved the industry towards war production, the PWA became irrelevant
and was ended in June

Contemporary Issues On Public Management
Comprehensive Exam in Public Administration id 2346
1
CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN PUBLIC MANAGEMENT
Select one example or issue from the public sectors of a major public policy. Explore in essay how that current policy
problem in government is relevant to and then undercuts the quality of public service and the operation of key regime
values and political character traits
In his book Theories of the Policy Process (2007) Paul Sabatier described the public policymaking process as follows:
"problems are conceptualized and brought to government for solution; governmental institutions formulate alternatives and
select policy solutions; and those solutions get implemented, evaluated, and revised" (p. 3). For the purpose of this essay
the Social Security and its financial soundness problem will be considered. The alternative solutions to this problem will be
reviewed. The range of services provided by the Social Security Administration will be reviewed with an emphasis on
quality component of the public service delivery.
The financial soundness of the Social Security system is an important issue which gets frequent attention from politicians,
public servants, citizenry, and media. If the established system would fail financially at any point in the future, it will
significantly undercut the quality of public service and undermine the trust of citizenry in the existence of the safety net
within the country. It is important to understand the nature of the problems existing within the

Recent Developments Of Public Administration
Recent Developments in Public Administration
Introduction
The role of public administration has changed over time. Public administration is a very broad field where public
management and public policy are the aspects of governance. Changes are often seen in the field of public administration
like technological, political, and globalization are factors that opens a new direction for change. Recent changes in the field
of public administration include E–governmental and technological change and globalization, which leads us to some
future innovations in the field of public administration. This paper will also discuss some new challenges facing public
administrators. In conclusion it provides ways to overcome challenges, and cope up with recent changes and developments
in the field of public administration.
Important changes/issues
E–government and Technological change (cyber security)
In simple terms, when we talk about e–government, we mean the easy accessibility to serve citizens with the use of
technology. Technology has advanced in many shapes and form, which has opened the doors for the government to respond
to citizens in a timely manner. For citizens, they can make the use of services provided online to save time and money. For
example, Motor Vehicle Administration, where citizens can renew and apply for new driver's license and pay online with
the help of advanced technology.
There are more collaborative efforts being used between private and public organizations

New Is Always Better : The Movement Of Old And New Public...
New Is Always Better: The Movement of Old to New Public Administration
The transition from old to new Public administration is the largest transition in governmental public administration. From
municipalities to nationally run organizations like the Environmental Protection Agency, the transition from the highly
structured Weberian hierarchy to a more open, communicative environment is clearly apparent from old to new public
administration. Further, the transition from measuring output and efficiency to working with people and the adoption of
vulgar ethics clearly shape American history from Jacksonian era politics and gilded era spoils system to the reformation of
federal government towards more merit–based policies. Throughout this transition, some civil servants began to be viewed
more positively overall. Originally, old public administration was based on political theory and very basic social sciences
that provided a very rigid idea of a basic public administration. Weber and Frederick Taylor were the social scientists
behind classical or "old" public administration. They both believed in a very rigid structure for public administration,
hierarchy and a paper trail were both important for improving efficiency and accountability. Frederick Taylor focused on
creating methods to determine the most efficient ways of performing tasks, and consequently measured efficiency by
looking solely at the output produced by factory workers. Additionally, the success of government

How Did Roosevelt Solve the 1930's Usa Economic Crisis?
When F.D. Roosevelt came to power, he faced one of the hardest presidencies in history. Following the economic boom of
the 1920's, America was thrown into turmoil after the Wall Street Crash in 1929. Overproduction and debt were the main
problems. In the cities, expensive goods such as cars, fridges and radios were being manufactured at an overwhelming rate.
In the countryside, farming was made easier by technology so farmers over produced goods, to increase profit, but the
result of this was that prices were driven down by a fall in demand. Now farmers faced bankruptcy. The banks also had a
crisis on their hands. People had been investing during the boom and making huge amounts of profit. A lot of this was done
on credit – people ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Exporting would have been a good way of increasing demand, but unfortunately it was not exploited. Discrimination and
prejudice were a huge problem in America's society. Racism practically ruled the streets. Whites thought nothing of blacks,
and they had almost no civil rights. Mobs would lynch blacks for crimes they didn't commit, and the police would do
nothing. Most black families lived in poverty. This was another big problem, the rich/poor divide in America. You were
either working class white or black and poor, or white and rich. There were few in–between, and there were very few
wealthy black people. President Roosevelt set up many different agencies to try and solve the problems above. He threw
huge amounts of money at these organisations, because he knew that action needed to be taken quickly. They were known
by their initials, and named the "alphabet agencies." There was success in all of them, although some more than others. One
of the main aims of the agencies was to eliminate unemployment, and this was especially targeted by the CCC, the WPA,
the CWA and the PWA. It meant that people with no jobs could sign up for a government provided job – short or long term
– and generally carry out hard labour for a low wage. This may sound bad, but compared with no job at all it was a life
saver for many Americans. It was a success, but without the economy recovering from the disaster

A Public Administrator 's Biggest Concern
Public administration is often times the enforcement of government policy and also academic discipline that prepares
people for working in the public service. It is a field with a diverse scope. The goal is to have advance management and
policies so that the government can function. A public administrator's biggest concern is having a sense of organization
with government policies and programs. Often times many unelected officers can be considered heads of city, county,
regional, state, and federal departments. Some federal departments can include municipal budget directors, human
resources administrators, city managers, census managers, state mental health directors, and cabinet secretaries. Public
administrators can work in public at all levels of government.
The history of public administration has ancient origins. The Egyptians and Greeks organized their government by public
office. These office holders would be accountable for managing justice, law and order, and providing things for the people.
The Romans also had a system like this, but it was much more complex. This system was under their empire. They also had
an administrative structure created by the Roman Catholic Church.
This structure was comprised of the entire empire, with a hierarchy of officers. Everyone also had to report back to the
emperor. This soon disappeared after the fall of the Roman Empire in Western Europe in the 5th century. Surprisingly, most
of its practices continued in the Byzantine

Similarities Between Public And Public Administration
Introduction
A public institution is different from a private one. With that being said one can't expect them to do everything in a similar
manner, but there are similarities that they share. This assignment aims to bring light to what those similarities and
differences are and how public administration can be explained in order to give one understanding before we get deep into
the topic. Five ways in which Public administration has been explained
According Thornhill et al (2014:15) Public Administration is a study that ensures that there is a governing body or a course
of action that is in place to ensure that the people in the institution or organization perform the very work or duties that are
assigned to them, and if one does not perform his or her duties to the fullest capacity one will be held ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The pair also uses workers who have the necessary skills to organize and keep accounts, maintain the files of the
administrations, etc.
According to Naidu (1996:12) profit making is not only normal to private administration, it has also become an acceptable
for public administration to indulge in profit making. It is also stated that private administration has become a new player
in the industry of public service. Thus in the support they get from the community they operate it, they have seen that they
too should do their bit for the public.
According to Naidu (1996:13) in terms of personnel management they are similar in a manner that private institutions have
adopted the practices of public administration. They now see how they can reap the benefits of treating their personnel in a
good manner and how it impacts on productivity. Public institutions have also in some ways mimicked the operations of
private

Political Climate In Public Administration
In 1932, in response to the economic depression, President Franklin D. Roosevelt, promised the people "a new deal." The
new deal was intended to provide much needed "relief, recovery, and reform" to the American people, by seeking to
stabilize the economy and provide jobs to those who were suffering. It forced a change in the structure of American
government and pushed it to play a bigger role in the financing of social programs. This new reform changed how
government functioned at the state and federal levels and introduced new ideas of centralization, management, planning,
efficiency measurement, and new forms of social programs. It was during this time, that management in the U.S., was
recognized as its own discipline and introduced the political approach to public administration.
Political Climate of the 1930s–1950s, an Overview of Public Administration Theories of Chester Bernard, Luther Gulick,
and Robert K. Morton
Introduction
The purpose of this essay is to explore and compare the theoretical perspectives of theorists Charles E. Lindblom, Chester
Bernard and Luther Gulick, and their impact on the creation and approach to the science of administration. In the early
years, influences from authors Woodrow Wilson, Frank Goodnow, L D White, and F.W. Willoughby, and their philosophies
of public administration helped to reaffirm the need to separate the political functions and administrative functions of the
government. However, following WWII, the opposition to

Public Administration : The Creation And Enforcement Of...
Public administration focuses its resources for the operations which purpose is the creation and enforcement of public
policy. The strength of public administration is the formulation of policies, thus conjoining the discipline or study a form of
the political process. Inherently, public administration branched from Social Science then into own identity from Political
Science. Public administration would not exist without its major contributors, and although, there is a large list of those
who contributed to Public Administration the focus of most significant philanthropists are Woodrow Wilson, Frederick
Taylor, and Max Weber. Bureaucracy is part of the government 's administration that reaches every level of the United
States Government. However, the application of public administration government bureaucracies differs from levels and as
well in education, which also has an unique format. However, public administration distinguish itself from private
administration through several forms of functions.
Public administration would not exist without its major contributors, and although, there is a large list of those who
contributed to public administration the focus of most significant philanthropists are Woodrow Wilson, Frederick Taylor,
and Max Weber. During an era where partisan politics corrupted the government Woodrow Wilson 's essay "The Study of
Administration" considered the basic philosophy which represented public administration. The notion to separate politics

The Managerial Theories Of Public Administration
Public administration is sets to identify the formulation and policies of the executive branch, also playing a part in the
judicial and legislative branches; implementing public policies; involved in problems concerning human behavior and
operative human efforts; involved with the production of public goods and services. Public administration is also closely
associated with numerous of private groups and individuals which provide multiple services to the communities.
Max Weber went on to define administration as legal rationale, as actions in pursuit of conscious purpose of an organized
system of affairs and applying operational efficiency to making them happen as one wanted (Stillman, 2010). Marshall
Dimock made two common observations made about public administrations depending on the type of work one was
responsible for which included the managerial views and the integral view. The managerial view suggested that only
managerial responsibilities were included in public administration. The view on integral suggested that public
administration incorporated managerial, technical, clerical, and manual responsibilities consisting of employees of all
levels. The public interest would refer to the security and welfare of the citizens within the country compared to that of a
private company or person. The rights of the citizens is supported, protected and recognized by the government and its
agencies. Although in many instances the term of public interest is often limited only

Pillars Of Representativeness

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