Plagiarism & How to Avoid it
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This document provides information about plagiarism and how to avoid it. It defines plagiarism as misrepresenting others' work as your own by copying without citation. Real examples are given, such as a politician copying a speech. Proper citation of direct quotes, summaries and paraphrases is emphasized. Penalties for plagiarism include warnings, loss of marks or suspension. Tips are offered for original writing and citing sources accurately to avoid plagiarism claims.
Plagiarism & How to Avoid it
- 1. What is Plagiarism & How to Avoid It Research Project Christopher Baker musicstudentinfo.com
- 2. About this presentation During this presentation, you will learn how to detect plagiarism and how to prevent it in your own writing. The objective of this presentation is to help you feel more confident in using and crediting academic sources effectively.
- 3. Real-Life Examples of Plagiarism • Plagiarism is an issue in the academic environment and beyond. • As the following real-life examples demonstrate, using information without crediting its original source can harm your credibility.
- 4. Example #1 During the 2008 federal election campaign, it was revealed that a speech given by Stephen Harper in 2003 had been plagiarized from a speech given by the Australian prime minister. The colour coded text on the next slide highlights the dramatic similarity between the two texts.
- 5. Example #1 Australian Prime Minister John Howard said: “As the possession of weapons of mass destruction spreads, so the danger of such weapons coming into the hands of terrorist groups will multiply. That is the ultimate nightmare which the world must take decisive and effective steps to prevent. Possession of chemical, biological or nuclear weapons by terrorists would constitute a direct, undeniable and lethal threat to Australia and its people.” Stephen Harper said: "As the possession of weapons of mass destruction spreads, the danger of such weapons coming into the hands of terrorist groups will multiply, particularly given in this case the shameless association of Iraq with rogue non-state organizations. That is the ultimate nightmare which the world must take decisive and effective steps to prevent. Possession of chemical, biological or nuclear weapons by terrorists would constitute a direct, undeniable and lethal threat to the world, including to Canada and its people." Harper staffer quits over plagiarized 2003 speech on Iraq
- 6. Quick Quiz You have committed plagiarism if you: a) Make use of the works of others to gather information. b) Use the work of another and misrepresent it as your own. c) Make use of the works of others to support your own arguments. d) Examine the ideas and arguments of others to help you shape your own thoughts or views on a particular issue.
- 7. Quick Quiz You have committed plagiarism if you: • Make use of the works of others to gather information. • Use the work of another and misrepresent it as your own • Make use of the works of others to support your own arguments. • Examine the ideas and arguments of others to help you shape your own thoughts or views on a particular issue.
- 8. Plagiarism is… ….misrepresenting the ideas, expression of ideas or work of other as one's own. It includes reproducing or paraphrasing portions of someone else's published or unpublished material, regardless of the source, and representing these as one's own thinking by not acknowledging the appropriate source or by the failure to use appropriate quotation marks.
- 9. Plagiarism is… often unintentional. Many students worry that they will inadvertently commit plagiarism, by citing improperly or by losing track of what ideas are their own.
- 10. Examples of Plagiarism 1. Using direct, verbatim quotations or ideas without appropriate acknowledgment I 2. Submission of a take-home examination, essay, laboratory report or other assignment written, in whole or in part, by someone else. 3. Using anothers data or research findings. 4. Buying or selling papers or assignments. 5. Submitting a computer program developed in whole or in part by someone else.
- 11. Penalties • Official warning - a subsequent offence will attract a more severe penalty. • Submission of a new or alternative piece of work. • Rescinding of funded scholarships or bursaries. • Partial or total loss of marks on the examination or assignment or course. • Suspension or expulsion from the college or university. • Revocation/rescinding of a qualification.
- 12. To avoid plagiarizing… Cite your sources. Learn to quote and paraphrase your sources properly. Draw from many sources. Map out your argument and then bring in sources to support it.
- 13. Tips to help avoid Plagiarism • Never copy more than 3-4 words in a row from a source without using quotation marks (or going back and properly paraphrasing) • Never use special words or phrases without properly quoting and citing them.
- 14. What do I need to cite? You should always provide references for 1.Direct quotations 2.Summaries, paraphrases 3.Statistics 4.Charts, graphs, diagrams 5.Controversial interpretations 6.Results of others research
- 15. What don’t I need to cite? You don’t need to provide references for 1. Common knowledge or facts NOTE: this does not mean you can copy from texts word-for-word. 2. Your own arguments and original ideas (but you must ask for permission to use part/all of previously submitted material)
- 16. Sample journal article The informational and entertainment capabilities of the Web have increasingly been recognized,both as an advertising medium (Day, Shyi, & Wang, 2006) and as part of an integrated marketing communication (IMC) program (Belch & Belch, 2007). Recent research has uncovered synergies between TV and Web advertising (Chang & Thorson, 2004), explored the extent of interactivity in Western versus Eastern corporate Web sites (Cho & Cheon, 2005),and examined the relationship between interactive functions and Web site rankings (Tse & Chan, 2004). Although these investigations have greatly enhanced our understanding of how to effectively utilize the Web as a marketing communications tool,these studies have focused primarily on adults (e.g.,Geissler , Zinkhan, & Watson, 2006; Jiang, Jones, & Javie, 2008; Park, Lennon,& Stoel, 2005). Our understanding of how to customize this medium to more effectively reach children, in contrast, is limited. Considering that children influence over $600 billion of annual U.S. household purchases (Piperato, 2005) and represent a substantial and rapidly growing segment of Internet users, it is imperative to gain a better understanding of the factors that influence their ability to navigate Web sites and process information.
- 17. Paraphrasing Good paraphrases… 1) change the order & structure of sentences 2) use synonyms/different forms of words 3) may change the voice or perspective
- 18. Paraphrasing Good paraphrases also… 4) draw from multiple sources • avoid drawing from single source 5) do not change the author’s meaning or intent • check and compare • did you get the ideas right? • underline any words echoed directly from the source 6) cite the source accurate • put the citation immediately where the paraphrase occurs
- 19. Where’s MY voice? • Map out your argument and report or essay structure first— then decide how your sources will support your argument. • Explain what authors' ideas mean in the context of your paper • Compare and contrast the views of other authors, adding your own comments, critique, or observations.
- 20. Keeping track of your sources Note-taking TIPS 1. First note source’s bibliographic information. 2. Paraphrase or summarize as you go 3. Put a “P” or an “S” next to paraphrases & summaries 4. Use a “Q” to mark the beginning and end of passages copied directly from the text.. 5. Use different coloured ink for copied ideas 6. Whether you paraphrase or copy direct quotations, always keep the citation/page information with the text, so that if you decide to rearrange your notes you have a record of what came from where.
- 21. The End
Editor's Notes
- #6: Plagiarism is an issue in the academic environment and beyond. As real-life examples demonstrate, using information without crediting its original source can harm your credibility. During the 2008 federal election campaign, it was revealed that a speech given by Stephen Harper in 2003 had been plagiarized from a speech given by the Australian prime minister. The colour coded text highlights the dramatic similarity between the two texts. The Prime Minister’s speech writer resigned after the scandal, saying he resorted to copying the speech because he was pressed for time.
- #7: Quick quiz: You have committed plagiarism if you:
- #8: The correct answer is b) Use the work of another and misrepresent it as your own. Drawing on other sources is vital to good research, and incorporating these ideas into your own work will strengthen your arguments. The key is to make sure you distinguish between what belongs to you and what ideas you have gathered from others.
- #9: We often talk about plagiarism as though it’s obvious what we’re talking about. But it’s important to start with a clear definition. Plagiarism is defined as misrepresenting the ideas, expression of ideas or work of others as one's own. It includes reproducing or paraphrasing portions of someone else's published or unpublished material, regardless of the source, and representing these as one's own thinking by not acknowledging the appropriate source or by the failure to use appropriate quotation marks. . Note the emphasis here on ideas as well as the expression of ideas. Proper use of sources means respecting both the content as well as the phrasing used to express the idea. Both belong to the original author.
- #10: Many cases of plagiarism are unintentional. Often students do not understand what plagiarism is or how to properly reference and paraphrase. Now that you have the definition of plagiarism, you have won half the battle.
- #11: What are some common forms of plagiarism?
- #12: Plagiarism has serious consequences. As we saw in the earlier examples, it can cost a person his or her professional credibility or even a job. In the academic environment, plagiarism can result in a zero grade on an assignment, or expulsion from the university. In some cases, people who have plagiarized have actually had their degrees rescinded.
- #14: Some handy tips to keep in mind:
- #15: Sometimes it’s obvious what you need to cite: a statistic, a quotation, an inserted diagram. You also want to cite specific opinions or points of view. Especially in cases where there is disagreement or controversy, you’ll need to sort out who’s who in the conversation.
- #16: Sometimes it’s less obvious what to cite. You’ll have to use your judgment in the context your working within. You do not need to cite information that would be widely known/agreed upon by people in your field. You also don’t need to cite ideas and arguments that you come up with on your own.
- #17: Just how often do academics cite? Particularly in the introduction of journal articles, you’ll often notice that authors cite very frequently. In the example above, the author is laying out the current state of research before establishing the gap which his or her research will attempt to fill.
- #18: To write good paraphrases, try these strategies:
- #20: After you’ve cited all these sources, what’s left for you to say? Lots! What makes your paper unique is how and why you decide to bring the texts together, how you order them, and what you say about them. To bring your voice out in the paper, think of yourself as the moderator of a discussion: Stay in charge by mapping out your argument first, and then deciding how the sources fit within it. If you don’t know what your argument is yet, start by grouping your research under headings. The more you are able to impose your own structure onto the material, the more you are in control of the argument.
- #21: Pause as you read to put ideas in your own words. This will help you understand what you’re reading and will save you time later.