Urban Form and Design - Public Parks in Urban Design
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The document discusses the history of industrialization and its impacts on urban form and the environment. It describes how the rise of factories concentrated pollution and public health issues in cities. In response, the urban parks movement and garden city movement emerged to incorporate green space and nature into urban planning. The urban parks movement established the first urban parks like Central Park in New York to serve as "lungs" for dense industrial cities. The garden city concept proposed self-contained satellite communities that balanced urban and rural advantages through zoning, greenbelts, and mixed land uses. Letchworth Garden City in England was an early example of this planning approach.
Urban Form and Design - Public Parks in Urban Design
- 1. PLAN 4003: Urban Form & Design Week 3: Public Parks in Urban Design Anuradha Mukherji Assistant Professor of Urban and Regional Planning
- 2. THE INDUSTRIAL CITY - Production centralized in cities as factories concentrated in urban areas - Factory system – needs raw materials, labor, markets - Increased mechanization - Based on intense use of resources – coal, iron ore, lumber, petroleum - City of factory, smokestacks, steam engines
- 3. Ohio Works of the Carnegie Steel Co., Youngstown, Ohio, 1910 These images are attributed to Haines Photo Co. @ 1919 (PD-US-1923) and Seattle Engineering Co. (PD-US-1923) Seattle Railroad, 1900
- 4. Pittsburg, Pennslyvania, 1902 This image is attributed to T.M. Fowler & James B. Moyer. (PD-US-1923)
- 5. Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, 1939 This image is attributed to BASF – The Chemical Company @ 2005 (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0)
- 6. Urban Tenements This image is in the public domain (PD-US-1923)
- 7. CRISES IN THE INDUSTRIAL CITY - Increased urban population & rapid urbanization - Health impacts on workers exposed to toxic metals and chemicals - Poor housing, lack of sanitation, lack of clean water, poor diet, endemic disease - Environmental crises – contamination of water, land and air - massive pollution discharge – hazardous environment
- 8. WATER POLLUTION - Pollution – residential waste (human & animal); commercial waste (factories & businesses) - Factories sited next to rivers or bays - textile, chemical, iron, steel need water for production process – used water put back - Meat plants flush carcasses; processing and packaging plants dump glues, gums, dyes, fertilizer, sausage casings, brushes
- 9. LAND POLLUTION - Factory – garbage, ashes, scrap metals, slag disposed on open lots - Household waste, urine, feces and animal carcasses dumped on streets - Horse manure and urine littered streets - Collection and disposal of solid waste uncoordinated and privatized - No public system, only wealthy could afford
- 10. AIR POLLUTION - Factory – smoke pollution by product of coal consumption - Factory – released chemicals: chlorine, ammonia, carbon monoxide, methane, hydrosulfuric acid - Soot from smokestacks and locomotives - Smoke equated with progress, growth, jobs and economic prosperity, science was not able to link public health to air pollution
- 11. PLANNING RESPONSE - County in the city / city in the country - Urban parks movement - Garden city movement - Urban renewal through urban design - Paris
- 12. This image is attributed to Public Domain (PD-US-1923) Frederick Law Olmstead, 1895 Portrait by John Singer Sargent (1856-1925) URBAN PARKS MOVEMENT - Urban parks formalized as public space or recreational area - Response to worsening urban conditions - Links with public health - Aligned with democratic ideals, open to all - Parks for the public - Move away from formalized, rationalized geometric designs, more organic instead - Parks as the ‘lungs of the city’, bringing clean air and sunlight into dirty grimy industrial city - Parks provided recreational opportunities and an ‘outlet’ for the stresses of city life
- 13. Central Park, New York City (Designed by Frederick Law Olmstead & Calvert Vaux, 1858, 843 acre) This image is attributed to H.Q. Roosevelt @ 2012 (www.rsvlts.com)
- 14. Central Park, New York City (Designed by Frederick Law Olmstead & Calvert Vaux, 1858, 843 acre)
- 15. Hester Street, New York City, 1902 This image is attributed to Snapshots of The Past @ 2008 (CC BY 2.0)
- 16. Central Park, New York City This image is attributed to Public Domain (PD-US-1923)
- 17. The Mall, Central Park, New York City, 1902 This image is attributed to Snapshots of The Past @ 2008 (CC BY 2.0) and the public domain (PD-US-1923) Central Park Map, New York City, 1870
- 18. This image is attributed to Landscape-Photo.net @ 2011 (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0) The Mall, Central Park, New York City
- 19. Literary Walk, Central Park, New York City This image is attributed to Rex Boggs @ 2011 (CC BY-ND 2.0)
- 20. Emerald Necklace Park System Plan, Boston, (Olmstead Archives, 1894) This image is attributed to National Park Service Olmstead Archives (PD-US-1923)
- 21. Emerald Necklace Park System, Boston This image is attributed to Department of Conservation and Recreation
- 22. Riverside, Illinois, Frederick Law Olmstead & Calvert Vaux This image is attributed to Public Domain (PD-US-1923)
- 23. Garden City – Self sufficient unit This image is attributed to Public Domain (PD-US-1923) IDEA OF THE GARDEN CITY - Ebenezer Howard – Town-Country Magnet - Overcrowding an urban ill - Cities attractive due to higher wages and social opportunities, recreation - Hardship in cities – high rents, prices, long work hours, commuting distance, isolation and alienation, health hazards - Rural life beautiful - offers land, fresh air, water, sunshine - Rural less compelling – dull and lack of economic opportunities - Combining features of urban and country life to achieve balanced lifestyles and best of both - Self contained garden cities of 30,000 people around a larger central city - Cities with higher wages, regular jobs and healthier environments
- 24. Ebenezer Howard’s Garden City (Reorganization of the City) This image is attributed to Public Domain (PD-US-1923) GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT - Elements – zoning and greenbelts - Zoning – division of land for different uses - Green belts – ‘buffer’ zones between distinct land uses - Housing and community facilities away from factory and manufacturing areas
- 25. Green Machines – Industrial, Technical, Utopian This image is attributed to Public Domain (PD-US-1923) - Boulevards - 120 feet from center to periphery, dividing city into six parts - Central garden with civic institutions around – town hall, library, theatre, museum, hospital - Shopping area separated by green belt (central park) followed by housing - Grand avenue occupied by schools and churches - Outer ring comprised of factories, ware-houses, dairies, markets, coal yards - Circled by the railway line - Agriculture farm holdings beyond, ready market close by for the urban farmer - City managed by citizens
- 26. Letchworth Garden City, Hertfordshire, Great Britain This image is attributed to Public Domain (PD-US-1923)
- 27. Letchworth Garden City, Hertfordshire, Great Britain This image is attributed to Jonathan Billinger @ 2008 (CC BY-SA 2.0)
- 28. Letchworth Garden City, Hertfordshire, Great Britain This image is attributed to Toby Bradbury @ 2005 (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0)
- 29. Town Center, Letchworth, Hertfordshire, Great Britain This image is attributed to littlebitmanky @ 2005 (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0)
- 30. Townhall, Letchworth, Hertfordshire, Great Britain This image is attributed to Robin Hall @ 2006 (CC BY-SA 2.0)
- 31. Railway Station, Letchworth, Hertfordshire, Great Britain This image is attributed to Robin Hall @ 2006 (CC BY-SA 2.0)
- 32. Library & Museum, Letchworth, Hertfordshire, Great Britain This image is attributed to Robin Hall @ 2005 (CC BY-SA 2.0)
- 33. Letchworth, Hertfordshire, Great Britain This image is attributed to Bill Boaden @ 2011 (CC BY-SA 2.0)
- 34. Meadow Way, Letchworth, Hertfordshire, Great Britain This image is attributed to Christopher Hilton @ 2011 (CC BY-SA 2.0)