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Planning, Analysis and Assessment of Distribution Systems with Renewable Energy Sources

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The document presents a study on the planning, analysis, and assessment of distribution systems impacted by high levels of renewable energy sources, specifically focusing on distributed generations (DGs) such as solar and wind. It discusses the modeling and simulation techniques necessary for evaluating the effects of these renewable integrations on voltage regulation, system stability, and losses within the distribution system. The study emphasizes the importance of specific software capabilities, identifies issues related to harmonics and protection devices, and provides case studies to illustrate the findings.

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PLANNING, ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS WITH RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES RODEL D. DOSANO Distribution System Impact Study Simulations – A Case Study
RATIONALE Purpose of the presentation:  introduce simulation based assessment and impact studies of DS considering the effect of highly penetrated renewable distributed generations (DG’s). The research study was motivated by the recent DS environment affected by the fast emerging renewable resources technologies.
TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction II. Objectives of the Study III. Significance of the Study IV. Issues Examined In Renewable Energy Impact Studies V. Distribution System Modeling and Load Flow Analysis VI. Important Software Capabilities Necessary for Distribution System Studies VII. Optimization Problem Applied to Distribution System with Distributed Generations VIII. Distribution System Case Studies IX. Conclusions /Recommendations
I. INTRODUCTION The simulations and verifications of DS are included to the following but not limited to:  update availability of the measured data to fully understand the impacts of DG’s and DS sustainable development  investigate the impact of distributed generation units on voltage regulation  determine the optimal size and location of the static and dynamic compensation devices and DG’s in order to enhance the system stability and reduce losses
I. INTRODUCTION (CONTINUATION) Motivations:  the global supplies of fossil fuels that are depleting and the fear of its effects and the damage to the environment.  Distributed Generations (DG’s) like photovoltaic system (PV) and the wind turbines (WT), are one of the promising alternatives
I. INTRODUCTION (CONTINUATION)  Some issues which should be considered and analyzed before to maximize these technical benefits.  Planning, analysis methods and appropriate assessment softwares for DS studies to mitigate the harmful effects of DG’s prior to its connection to grid.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY  This study focuses on the modeling, simulations and assessment of high penetrated DG’s significant impacts on the Distribution System.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY  One aspect of the problems to be addressed is the concern with the use of appropriate tool which is the three-phase power flow calculations in electric distribution systems.  Determine control variables like for the optimum amount of reactive power (kVAr) of capacitor bank and its respective locations, optimization techniques were utilized for this purpose.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY (CONTINUATION) The following important issues concerning DG’s integration in DS covered in this report are the following;  Effects of unbalanced phase distribution of DG’s on the distribution system which could be resulted from uncoordinated massive installations.  Voltage violations on some buses and impacts of DG’s in system’s loss for different penetration level.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY (CONTINUATION)  Effects of DG’s on transformer power factor and protection devices setting and probable contribution of this report as basis for forming DS operational guidelines and RE interconnection requirements.
ISSUES EXAMINED IN RENEWABLE ENERGY IMPACT STUDIES Basic Structure of Electric Grid
Restructured Electric Grid with RE Resources Integration
ISSUES EXAMINED IN RENEWABLE ENERGY IMPACT STUDIES  Harmonics  Effect of RE on Distribution Transformers  Effect of RE on Protection Device  Effects of Moving Clouds on Utilities with Dispersed PV  Voltage Imbalance  Penetration Limits
ISSUES EXAMINED IN RENEWABLE ENERGY IMPACT STUDIES Harmonics  Inverters of the PV system convert DC current to AC current but it will not be a perfect sinusoidal wave.  The latest model inverters generate little harmonics, but an older poor-quality inverter may generate severe harmonics.
RELATED CODES AND STANDARDS  The Distributor shall design and operate its System to assist the System Operator in maintaining the Fundamental frequency within the limits of 59.7 Hz and 60.3 Hz during normal conditions (PDC 3.2.2.2).  A power Quality problem exist when at least one of the following conditions is present and significantly affects the normal operation of the system: (PDC 3.2.1.2) •The system frequency has deviated from nominal value of 60 Hz; •Voltage magnitudes are outsides their allowable range of variations; •Harmonic Frequencies are present in the System;
 At any User System, the THD of the voltage shall not exceed five percent (5%) during normal operating conditions (PDC 3.2.4.4).  d) The Distributor shall conduct Distribution Impact Studies to evaluate the impact of the proposed connection or modification to an existing connection on the Distribution System. The evaluation shall include the following: •Impact of short-circuit infeed to the Distribution Equipment; •Coordination of Protection system; and •Impact of User Development on Power Quality. (PDC 5.3.3.2)
 Limitation of dc injection (IEEE Std. 1547-2003 4.3.1) “The DR and its interconnection system shall not inject dc current greater than 0.5% of the full rated output current at the point of DR connection.” (IEEE Std. 1547-2003 4.3)
ISSUES EXAMINED IN RENEWABLE ENERGY IMPACT STUDIES  Effect of RE on Distribution Transformers
 One problem of the RE integration is that the PF at distribution transformer is reduced.  The benefit of this is the network losses are reduced as transportation of power to a distance is not needed.
ISSUES EXAMINED IN RENEWABLE ENERGY IMPACT STUDIES  Effect of RE on Protection Device Protection Device Basis for Protection Device Rating Original Rating > Required Protection Device Rating
 The fault can be cleared by the protection device once the enough fault current is detected based on this conventional setting.  With PV installed in the system, there will be percentage of fault current contributed by PV system.  The magnitude of this fault current may not be enough to trip the protective device due to the reduction.
ISSUES EXAMINED IN RENEWABLE ENERGY IMPACT STUDIES  Effects of Moving Clouds on Utilities with Dispersed PV The power output of PV drops when shadow of clouds passes above a PV system. Normal generation capacity of PV system is resumed once the blocking clouds moves away.
ISSUES EXAMINED IN RENEWABLE ENERGY IMPACT STUDIES  The existence of large PV system, whose output is intermittent and changes with area directly exposed to sunlight.  These systems produce large variations in the voltage profile due to the reduction of the amount of power generated from PV system.
ISSUES EXAMINED IN RENEWABLE ENERGY IMPACT STUDIES Voltage Imbalance This condition commonly occurs for domestic rooftop systems (PV and wind turbine installations) This is due to that fact that these installations mostly comprise of single phase inverters and thus disturb the equal voltage balance condition for three-phase balanced power.
ISSUES EXAMINED IN RENEWABLE ENERGY IMPACT STUDIES  Penetration Limits
 “Penetration” is the ratio of capacity of the PV to the overall generating capacity. Two kinds of penetrations are defined here:  1) “Installed penetration” is the proportion of PV capacity installed to the overall capacity of generation installed on utility. It changes when new generation is either removed or installed from service.  2) “Operational penetration” is the proportion of PV capacity installed (currently generating) to the overall capacity at a definite time. It changes continuously with the change in load and insolation.
At the penetration level where generation from PV becomes substantial their collective impact should be considered. This phenomenon is particularly essential when broken moving clouds cause the output of the PV system to change randomly over time.
IMPORTANT SOFTWARE CAPABILITIES FOR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM STUDIES  The softwares must basically supports all RMS steady-state (i.e., frequency domain) analyses commonly performed for utility distribution systems.  It is designed to be indefinitely expandable so that it can be easily modified to meet future needs in the areas of studies like; •Distribution Planning and Analysis •General Multi-phase AC Circuit Analysis •Analysis of Distributed Generation Interconnections
• Annual Load and Generation Simulations • Wind Plant Simulations • Harmonics and Inter-harmonics Analysis • Neutral-to-earth Voltage Simulations • And more ….
The program has several built-in solution modes, including: • Snapshot Power Flow • Daily Power Flow • Yearly Power Flow • Harmonics • Dynamics • Fault Study • And others …
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM CASE STUDIES  Case 1- Load Flow Analysis of Unbalanced Three- Phase Distribution System  Case 2- Practical Distribution System Analysis and Simulations  Case 3- Practical Solution of Distribution System Optimal Reactive Power Dispatch Problem  Case 4- Power Flow Assessment of Highly Penetrated Distributed Generation Distribution System  Case 5- Real Distribution System Simulations and Analyses
THREE-PHASE POWER FLOW ALL PHASES
CASE 2-PRACTICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND SIMULATIONS CIRCUIT ELEMENT CURRENTS (Currents into element from indicated bus) Power Delivery Elements Bus Phase Magnitude, A Angle ELEMENT = "Vsource.SOURCE" SOURCEBUS 1 17.976 /_ 179.1 SOURCEBUS 2 19.746 /_ 71.3 SOURCEBUS 3 22.285 /_ -58.5 ------------ SOURCEBUS 0 17.976 /_ -0.9 SOURCEBUS 0 19.746 /_ -108.7 SOURCEBUS 0 22.285 /_ 121.5 ELEMENT = "Transformer.SUB" SOURCEBUS 1 17.976 /_ -0.9 SOURCEBUS 2 19.746 /_ -108.7 SOURCEBUS 3 22.285 /_ 121.5 SOURCEBUS 0 0 /_ 0.0 ------------ Results of the Simulation
CASE 2-PRACTICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND SIMULATIONS LINE LOSSES= 106.5 kW TRANSFORMER LOSSES= 5.9 kW TOTAL LOSSES= 112.5 kW TOTAL LOAD POWER = 3454.7 kW Percent Losses for Circuit = 3.26 % Total Line and Equipment Losses
CASE 2-PRACTICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND SIMULATIONS NODE-GROUND VOLTAGES BY BUS & NODE Bus Node V (kV) Angle p.u. Base kV SOURCEBUS 1 66.394 /_ 30.0 0.99997 115.000 - 2 66.395 /_ -90.0 0.99999 115.000 - 3 66.392 /_ 150.0 0.99995 115.000 650 ..... 1 2.4016 /_ 0.0 0.99991 4.160 - 2 2.4017 /_ -120.0 0.99997 4.160 - 3 2.4016 /_ 120.0 0.99993 4.160 RG60 .... 1 2.5364 /_ 0.0 1.056 4.160 - 2 2.4916 /_ -120.0 1.0374 4.160 - 3 2.5364 /_ 120.0 1.056 4.160 633 ..... 1 2.4289 /_ -2.6 1.0113 4.160 - 2 2.4667 /_ -121.8 1.027 4.160 - 3 2.4055 /_ 117.8 1.0015 4.160 Line to Neutral Voltages
CASE 2-PRACTICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND SIMULATIONS NODE-GROUND VOLTAGES BY BUS & NODE Bus Node V (kV) Angle p.u. Base kV SOURCEBUS 1 66.394 /_ 30.0 0.99997 115.000 - 2 66.395 /_ -90.0 0.99999 115.000 - 3 66.392 /_ 150.0 0.99995 115.000 650 ..... 1 2.4016 /_ 0.0 0.99991 4.160 - 2 2.4017 /_ -120.0 0.99997 4.160 - 3 2.4016 /_ 120.0 0.99993 4.160 RG60 .... 1 2.5364 /_ 0.0 1.056 4.160 - 2 2.4916 /_ -120.0 1.0374 4.160 - 3 2.5364 /_ 120.0 1.056 4.160 633 ..... 1 2.4289 /_ -2.6 1.0113 4.160 - 2 2.4667 /_ -121.8 1.027 4.160 - 3 2.4055 /_ 117.8 1.0015 4.160 CONTROLLED TRANSFORMER TAP SETTINGS Name Tap Min Max Step Position reg1 1.05625 0.90000 1.10000 0.00625 9 reg2 1.03750 0.90000 1.10000 0.00625 6 reg3 1.05625 0.90000 1.10000 0.00625 9
SOLUTION OF THE ORPD PROBLEM WITH DIFFERENT DE TYPE Table 8.6 Solution of the ORPD Problem with Different DE Type Type of DE No. of f(x) Evaluated Evaluation Time (sec) Param 1 (kVAr) Param 2 Bus No. 1 17 63 90 76 2 16 60 90 76 3 17 63 90 76 4 17 63 90 76 5 17 63 90 76 6 17 63 90 76 7 17 63 90 76 8 17 59 90 76 Optimal Allocation (Capacity and Placement) of Capacitor Bank Minimizing Total Active Power Loss Capacity Placement
CASE 4-POWER FLOW ASSESSMENT OF HIGHLY PENETRATED DISTRIBUTED GENERATION DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM Step 1. Run base case 1 at daylight peak load to develop normal circuit peak load baseline. Step 2. Run base case 2 at daylight light load to develop normal circuit minimum load baseline. Step 3. Run base case 1 again with a high penetration of solar generation and compare results with those from Study 1. Step 4. Run base case 2 again with a high penetration of solar generation and compare the results with those from Study 2.
CASE 4-POWER FLOW ASSESSMENT OF HIGHLY PENETRATED DISTRIBUTED GENERATION DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM Step 5. Run base case 1 again with a high penetration of solar with the solar output varying from maximum to minimum with the circuit regulation frozen (remaining in its steady state condition before the solar variation occurred) to determine maximum circuit voltage variation. Compare results with those from studies 1 and 3. Step 6. Run base case 2 again with a high penetration of solar with the solar output varying from maximum to minimum with regulation frozen (remaining in its steady state condition before the solar variation occurred) to determine maximum circuit voltage variation. Compare results with those from studies 2 and 4.
BUS VOLTAGE MAGNITUDE OF 123 BUS IEEE TEST SYSTEM (BASE CASE)
BUS VOLTAGE MAGNITUDE OF 123 BUS IEEE TEST SYSTEM (WITH LIGHT RE INTEGRATION)
BUS VOLTAGE MAGNITUDE OF 123 BUS IEEE TEST SYSTEM (WITH HIGH RE PENETRATION)
THE IEEE 2400 BUS TEST SYSTEM LOADSHAPE PROFILE
LOW VOLTAGE VARIATIONS OF BUS WITH PV SYSTEM INSTALLED
REAL POWER INJECTION PROFILE AT PV SYSTEM BUS
REACTIVE POWER INJECTION PROFILE AT PV SYSTEM BUS
CASE 5-REAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM SIMULATIONS AND ANALYSES One-Line Diagram
One-Line Diagram with RE
COMPARISON FAULT CURRENT MAGNITUDE FOR DIFFERENT FAULT CONDITIONS Bus No. L-L 3Ф SLG SOURCEBUS 122849 141856 161497 P1032 2681 3097 3064 P1033 2666 3080 3032 P1034 2657 3070 3014 P1035 2634 3043 2964 P1418 2620 3028 2937 P1418T 2619 3027 2935 P1193 2607 3013 2910 P1193T 2607 3012 2908 P1419 2585 2987 2864
X/R RATIO UNDER SHORT-CIRCUIT CONDITIONS FAULT STUDY REPORT ALL-Node Fault Currents Bus Node 1 X/R Node 2 X/R Node 3 X/R "SOURCEBUS", 14.9, 14.9, 14.8, "P1032", 9.3, 8.8, 4.1, "P1433", 3.2, 6.4, 6.1, "P1433REG", 4.0, 4.6, "P1033", 9.0, 8.7, 4.0, "P1034", 8.9, 8.5, 4.0, "P1035", 8.4, 8.3, 3.9, "P1418", 8.2, 8.1, 3.8, "P1418T", 8.2, 8.1, 3.8, "P1193", 8.0, 8.0, 3.8, "P1193T", 8.0, 7.9, 3.8, "P1419", 7.7, 7.7, 3.7, "P1420", 7.3, 7.4, 3.6,
SCENARIO 1- 120 PERCENT LOAD INCREASE 0.9 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 1 1.02 1.04 1.06 1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 101 111 121 131 141 151 161 171 181 191 201 211 221 231 241 251 261 271 281 291 301 311 321 331 341 351 361 371 381 391 401 411 421 431 441 451 13.2kV Distribution Line bus voltages profile
SCENARIO 2- 140 PERCENT LOAD INCREASE 0.88 0.9 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 1 1.02 1.04 1.06 1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 101 111 121 131 141 151 161 171 181 191 201 211 221 231 241 251 261 271 281 291 301 311 321 331 341 351 361 371 381 391 401 411 421 431 441 451 230V line bus voltages profile
SCENARIO 3 - 160 PERCENT LOAD INCREASE 0.86 0.88 0.9 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 1 1.02 1.04 1.06 1 10 19 28 37 46 55 64 73 82 91 100 109 118 127 136 145 154 163 172 181 190 199 208 217 226 235 244 253 262 271 280 289 298 307 316 325 334 343 352 361 370 379 388 397 406 415 424 433 442 451 460
SCENARIO 4- 180 PERCENT LOAD INCREASE 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1 1.05 1.1 1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 101 111 121 131 141 151 161 171 181 191 201 211 221 231 241 251 261 271 281 291 301 311 321 331 341 351 361 371 381 391 401 411 421 431 441 451
SCENARIO 5- 200 PERCENT LOAD INCREASE 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1 1.05 1.1 1 10 19 28 37 46 55 64 73 82 91 100 109 118 127 136 145 154 163 172 181 190 199 208 217 226 235 244 253 262 271 280 289 298 307 316 325 334 343 352 361 370 379 388 397 406 415 424 433 442 451 460
BUS VOLTAGE PROFILE WITH WT (LIGHT PENETRATION LEVEL) 0.9 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 1 1.02 1.04 1.06 1 10 19 28 37 46 55 64 73 82 91 100 109 118 127 136 145 154 163 172 181 190 199 208 217 226 235 244 253 262 271 280 289 298 307 316 325 334 343 352 361 370 379 388 397 406 415 424 433 442 451 460
BUS VOLTAGE PROFILE WITH WT (MEDIUM PENETRATION LEVEL) 0.9 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 1 1.02 1.04 1.06 1 10 19 28 37 46 55 64 73 82 91 100 109 118 127 136 145 154 163 172 181 190 199 208 217 226 235 244 253 262 271 280 289 298 307 316 325 334 343 352 361 370 379 388 397 406 415 424 433 442 451 460
BUS VOLTAGE PROFILE WITH WT (HIGH PENETRATION LEVEL) 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1 1.05 1.1 1 10 19 28 37 46 55 64 73 82 91 100 109 118 127 136 145 154 163 172 181 190 199 208 217 226 235 244 253 262 271 280 289 298 307 316 325 334 343 352 361 370 379 388 397 406 415 424 433 442 451 460
BUS VOLTAGE PROFILE WITH WT AND PV SYSTEM (LIGHT PENETRATION LEVEL) 0.9 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 1 1.02 1.04 1.06 1 10 19 28 37 46 55 64 73 82 91 100 109 118 127 136 145 154 163 172 181 190 199 208 217 226 235 244 253 262 271 280 289 298 307 316 325 334 343 352 361 370 379 388 397 406 415 424 433 442 451 460
BUS VOLTAGE PROFILE WITH WT AND PV SYSTEM (MEDIUM PENETRATION LEVEL) 0.86 0.88 0.9 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 1 1.02 1.04 1.06 1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 101 111 121 131 141 151 161 171 181 191 201 211 221 231 241 251 261 271 281 291 301 311 321 331 341 351 361 371 381 391 401 411 421 431 441 451
BUS VOLTAGE PROFILE WITH WT AND PV SYSTEM (HIGH PENETRATION LEVEL) 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1 1.05 1.1 1 10 19 28 37 46 55 64 73 82 91 100 109 118 127 136 145 154 163 172 181 190 199 208 217 226 235 244 253 262 271 280 289 298 307 316 325 334 343 352 361 370 379 388 397 406 415 424 433 442 451 460
CONCLUSIONS  The electric distribution system has been designed with traditionally central generation.  Historically, this design is a one-way power flow and has proven to be safe, reliable, and least cost.  However, the paradigm is quickly changing due to price increases of traditional generations and value shifts with awareness of climate change.
 The methodologies used DS Load Flow analysis as primary tool for most of the simulations.  The proposed methods are simulated off-line and utilized efficient solution algorithm for use in the distribution system environment with renewable energy’s integration.
 Verifications of its applicability and robustness were tested using different sizes of DS standard test systems.  Simulations of different case scenarios using real distribution system show that the proposed methodologies and approach have promising applications to the current distribution system needs.
RECOMMENDATIONS The real implementations of this study have gone through some difficult part not on the simulations and analysis of the results but primarily on the collection of accurate and actual data. Based from these experiences the following recommendations to facilitate ease of implementations and future research in this field are:
• Create a set of benchmark model data- base of the distribution system to facilitate actual valid data testing and simulations. Upgraded and validated data base an important component of offline simulations
• Since the simulations was been tested in a single feeder for its applicability, robustness and effectiveness, it is recommended to validate the results with the actual data prior to the full implementations of the whole distribution system.
• Develop automated screening tools and the associated software that will enable evaluation of the impact RE on the distribution system. This would help preserve low installation costs while allowing for the more detailed assessment that would be necessary at higher penetration levels of distributed DG’s.
THANK YOU VERY MUCH!
Q & A

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Planning, Analysis and Assessment of Distribution Systems with Renewable Energy Sources

  • 1. PLANNING, ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS WITH RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES RODEL D. DOSANO Distribution System Impact Study Simulations – A Case Study
  • 2. RATIONALE Purpose of the presentation:  introduce simulation based assessment and impact studies of DS considering the effect of highly penetrated renewable distributed generations (DG’s). The research study was motivated by the recent DS environment affected by the fast emerging renewable resources technologies.
  • 3. TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction II. Objectives of the Study III. Significance of the Study IV. Issues Examined In Renewable Energy Impact Studies V. Distribution System Modeling and Load Flow Analysis VI. Important Software Capabilities Necessary for Distribution System Studies VII. Optimization Problem Applied to Distribution System with Distributed Generations VIII. Distribution System Case Studies IX. Conclusions /Recommendations
  • 4. I. INTRODUCTION The simulations and verifications of DS are included to the following but not limited to:  update availability of the measured data to fully understand the impacts of DG’s and DS sustainable development  investigate the impact of distributed generation units on voltage regulation  determine the optimal size and location of the static and dynamic compensation devices and DG’s in order to enhance the system stability and reduce losses
  • 5. I. INTRODUCTION (CONTINUATION) Motivations:  the global supplies of fossil fuels that are depleting and the fear of its effects and the damage to the environment.  Distributed Generations (DG’s) like photovoltaic system (PV) and the wind turbines (WT), are one of the promising alternatives
  • 6. I. INTRODUCTION (CONTINUATION)  Some issues which should be considered and analyzed before to maximize these technical benefits.  Planning, analysis methods and appropriate assessment softwares for DS studies to mitigate the harmful effects of DG’s prior to its connection to grid.
  • 7. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY  This study focuses on the modeling, simulations and assessment of high penetrated DG’s significant impacts on the Distribution System.
  • 8. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY  One aspect of the problems to be addressed is the concern with the use of appropriate tool which is the three-phase power flow calculations in electric distribution systems.  Determine control variables like for the optimum amount of reactive power (kVAr) of capacitor bank and its respective locations, optimization techniques were utilized for this purpose.
  • 9. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY (CONTINUATION) The following important issues concerning DG’s integration in DS covered in this report are the following;  Effects of unbalanced phase distribution of DG’s on the distribution system which could be resulted from uncoordinated massive installations.  Voltage violations on some buses and impacts of DG’s in system’s loss for different penetration level.
  • 10. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY (CONTINUATION)  Effects of DG’s on transformer power factor and protection devices setting and probable contribution of this report as basis for forming DS operational guidelines and RE interconnection requirements.
  • 11. ISSUES EXAMINED IN RENEWABLE ENERGY IMPACT STUDIES Basic Structure of Electric Grid
  • 12. Restructured Electric Grid with RE Resources Integration
  • 13. ISSUES EXAMINED IN RENEWABLE ENERGY IMPACT STUDIES  Harmonics  Effect of RE on Distribution Transformers  Effect of RE on Protection Device  Effects of Moving Clouds on Utilities with Dispersed PV  Voltage Imbalance  Penetration Limits
  • 14. ISSUES EXAMINED IN RENEWABLE ENERGY IMPACT STUDIES Harmonics  Inverters of the PV system convert DC current to AC current but it will not be a perfect sinusoidal wave.  The latest model inverters generate little harmonics, but an older poor-quality inverter may generate severe harmonics.
  • 15. RELATED CODES AND STANDARDS  The Distributor shall design and operate its System to assist the System Operator in maintaining the Fundamental frequency within the limits of 59.7 Hz and 60.3 Hz during normal conditions (PDC 3.2.2.2).  A power Quality problem exist when at least one of the following conditions is present and significantly affects the normal operation of the system: (PDC 3.2.1.2) •The system frequency has deviated from nominal value of 60 Hz; •Voltage magnitudes are outsides their allowable range of variations; •Harmonic Frequencies are present in the System;
  • 16.  At any User System, the THD of the voltage shall not exceed five percent (5%) during normal operating conditions (PDC 3.2.4.4).  d) The Distributor shall conduct Distribution Impact Studies to evaluate the impact of the proposed connection or modification to an existing connection on the Distribution System. The evaluation shall include the following: •Impact of short-circuit infeed to the Distribution Equipment; •Coordination of Protection system; and •Impact of User Development on Power Quality. (PDC 5.3.3.2)
  • 17.  Limitation of dc injection (IEEE Std. 1547-2003 4.3.1) “The DR and its interconnection system shall not inject dc current greater than 0.5% of the full rated output current at the point of DR connection.” (IEEE Std. 1547-2003 4.3)
  • 18. ISSUES EXAMINED IN RENEWABLE ENERGY IMPACT STUDIES  Effect of RE on Distribution Transformers
  • 19.  One problem of the RE integration is that the PF at distribution transformer is reduced.  The benefit of this is the network losses are reduced as transportation of power to a distance is not needed.
  • 20. ISSUES EXAMINED IN RENEWABLE ENERGY IMPACT STUDIES  Effect of RE on Protection Device Protection Device Basis for Protection Device Rating Original Rating > Required Protection Device Rating
  • 21.  The fault can be cleared by the protection device once the enough fault current is detected based on this conventional setting.  With PV installed in the system, there will be percentage of fault current contributed by PV system.  The magnitude of this fault current may not be enough to trip the protective device due to the reduction.
  • 22. ISSUES EXAMINED IN RENEWABLE ENERGY IMPACT STUDIES  Effects of Moving Clouds on Utilities with Dispersed PV The power output of PV drops when shadow of clouds passes above a PV system. Normal generation capacity of PV system is resumed once the blocking clouds moves away.
  • 23. ISSUES EXAMINED IN RENEWABLE ENERGY IMPACT STUDIES  The existence of large PV system, whose output is intermittent and changes with area directly exposed to sunlight.  These systems produce large variations in the voltage profile due to the reduction of the amount of power generated from PV system.
  • 24. ISSUES EXAMINED IN RENEWABLE ENERGY IMPACT STUDIES Voltage Imbalance This condition commonly occurs for domestic rooftop systems (PV and wind turbine installations) This is due to that fact that these installations mostly comprise of single phase inverters and thus disturb the equal voltage balance condition for three-phase balanced power.
  • 25. ISSUES EXAMINED IN RENEWABLE ENERGY IMPACT STUDIES  Penetration Limits
  • 26.  “Penetration” is the ratio of capacity of the PV to the overall generating capacity. Two kinds of penetrations are defined here:  1) “Installed penetration” is the proportion of PV capacity installed to the overall capacity of generation installed on utility. It changes when new generation is either removed or installed from service.  2) “Operational penetration” is the proportion of PV capacity installed (currently generating) to the overall capacity at a definite time. It changes continuously with the change in load and insolation.
  • 27. At the penetration level where generation from PV becomes substantial their collective impact should be considered. This phenomenon is particularly essential when broken moving clouds cause the output of the PV system to change randomly over time.
  • 28. IMPORTANT SOFTWARE CAPABILITIES FOR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM STUDIES  The softwares must basically supports all RMS steady-state (i.e., frequency domain) analyses commonly performed for utility distribution systems.  It is designed to be indefinitely expandable so that it can be easily modified to meet future needs in the areas of studies like; •Distribution Planning and Analysis •General Multi-phase AC Circuit Analysis •Analysis of Distributed Generation Interconnections
  • 29. • Annual Load and Generation Simulations • Wind Plant Simulations • Harmonics and Inter-harmonics Analysis • Neutral-to-earth Voltage Simulations • And more ….
  • 30. The program has several built-in solution modes, including: • Snapshot Power Flow • Daily Power Flow • Yearly Power Flow • Harmonics • Dynamics • Fault Study • And others …
  • 31. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM CASE STUDIES  Case 1- Load Flow Analysis of Unbalanced Three- Phase Distribution System  Case 2- Practical Distribution System Analysis and Simulations  Case 3- Practical Solution of Distribution System Optimal Reactive Power Dispatch Problem  Case 4- Power Flow Assessment of Highly Penetrated Distributed Generation Distribution System  Case 5- Real Distribution System Simulations and Analyses
  • 33. CASE 2-PRACTICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND SIMULATIONS CIRCUIT ELEMENT CURRENTS (Currents into element from indicated bus) Power Delivery Elements Bus Phase Magnitude, A Angle ELEMENT = "Vsource.SOURCE" SOURCEBUS 1 17.976 /_ 179.1 SOURCEBUS 2 19.746 /_ 71.3 SOURCEBUS 3 22.285 /_ -58.5 ------------ SOURCEBUS 0 17.976 /_ -0.9 SOURCEBUS 0 19.746 /_ -108.7 SOURCEBUS 0 22.285 /_ 121.5 ELEMENT = "Transformer.SUB" SOURCEBUS 1 17.976 /_ -0.9 SOURCEBUS 2 19.746 /_ -108.7 SOURCEBUS 3 22.285 /_ 121.5 SOURCEBUS 0 0 /_ 0.0 ------------ Results of the Simulation
  • 34. CASE 2-PRACTICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND SIMULATIONS LINE LOSSES= 106.5 kW TRANSFORMER LOSSES= 5.9 kW TOTAL LOSSES= 112.5 kW TOTAL LOAD POWER = 3454.7 kW Percent Losses for Circuit = 3.26 % Total Line and Equipment Losses
  • 35. CASE 2-PRACTICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND SIMULATIONS NODE-GROUND VOLTAGES BY BUS & NODE Bus Node V (kV) Angle p.u. Base kV SOURCEBUS 1 66.394 /_ 30.0 0.99997 115.000 - 2 66.395 /_ -90.0 0.99999 115.000 - 3 66.392 /_ 150.0 0.99995 115.000 650 ..... 1 2.4016 /_ 0.0 0.99991 4.160 - 2 2.4017 /_ -120.0 0.99997 4.160 - 3 2.4016 /_ 120.0 0.99993 4.160 RG60 .... 1 2.5364 /_ 0.0 1.056 4.160 - 2 2.4916 /_ -120.0 1.0374 4.160 - 3 2.5364 /_ 120.0 1.056 4.160 633 ..... 1 2.4289 /_ -2.6 1.0113 4.160 - 2 2.4667 /_ -121.8 1.027 4.160 - 3 2.4055 /_ 117.8 1.0015 4.160 Line to Neutral Voltages
  • 36. CASE 2-PRACTICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND SIMULATIONS NODE-GROUND VOLTAGES BY BUS & NODE Bus Node V (kV) Angle p.u. Base kV SOURCEBUS 1 66.394 /_ 30.0 0.99997 115.000 - 2 66.395 /_ -90.0 0.99999 115.000 - 3 66.392 /_ 150.0 0.99995 115.000 650 ..... 1 2.4016 /_ 0.0 0.99991 4.160 - 2 2.4017 /_ -120.0 0.99997 4.160 - 3 2.4016 /_ 120.0 0.99993 4.160 RG60 .... 1 2.5364 /_ 0.0 1.056 4.160 - 2 2.4916 /_ -120.0 1.0374 4.160 - 3 2.5364 /_ 120.0 1.056 4.160 633 ..... 1 2.4289 /_ -2.6 1.0113 4.160 - 2 2.4667 /_ -121.8 1.027 4.160 - 3 2.4055 /_ 117.8 1.0015 4.160 CONTROLLED TRANSFORMER TAP SETTINGS Name Tap Min Max Step Position reg1 1.05625 0.90000 1.10000 0.00625 9 reg2 1.03750 0.90000 1.10000 0.00625 6 reg3 1.05625 0.90000 1.10000 0.00625 9
  • 37. SOLUTION OF THE ORPD PROBLEM WITH DIFFERENT DE TYPE Table 8.6 Solution of the ORPD Problem with Different DE Type Type of DE No. of f(x) Evaluated Evaluation Time (sec) Param 1 (kVAr) Param 2 Bus No. 1 17 63 90 76 2 16 60 90 76 3 17 63 90 76 4 17 63 90 76 5 17 63 90 76 6 17 63 90 76 7 17 63 90 76 8 17 59 90 76 Optimal Allocation (Capacity and Placement) of Capacitor Bank Minimizing Total Active Power Loss Capacity Placement
  • 38. CASE 4-POWER FLOW ASSESSMENT OF HIGHLY PENETRATED DISTRIBUTED GENERATION DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM Step 1. Run base case 1 at daylight peak load to develop normal circuit peak load baseline. Step 2. Run base case 2 at daylight light load to develop normal circuit minimum load baseline. Step 3. Run base case 1 again with a high penetration of solar generation and compare results with those from Study 1. Step 4. Run base case 2 again with a high penetration of solar generation and compare the results with those from Study 2.
  • 39. CASE 4-POWER FLOW ASSESSMENT OF HIGHLY PENETRATED DISTRIBUTED GENERATION DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM Step 5. Run base case 1 again with a high penetration of solar with the solar output varying from maximum to minimum with the circuit regulation frozen (remaining in its steady state condition before the solar variation occurred) to determine maximum circuit voltage variation. Compare results with those from studies 1 and 3. Step 6. Run base case 2 again with a high penetration of solar with the solar output varying from maximum to minimum with regulation frozen (remaining in its steady state condition before the solar variation occurred) to determine maximum circuit voltage variation. Compare results with those from studies 2 and 4.
  • 40. BUS VOLTAGE MAGNITUDE OF 123 BUS IEEE TEST SYSTEM (BASE CASE)
  • 41. BUS VOLTAGE MAGNITUDE OF 123 BUS IEEE TEST SYSTEM (WITH LIGHT RE INTEGRATION)
  • 42. BUS VOLTAGE MAGNITUDE OF 123 BUS IEEE TEST SYSTEM (WITH HIGH RE PENETRATION)
  • 43. THE IEEE 2400 BUS TEST SYSTEM LOADSHAPE PROFILE
  • 44. LOW VOLTAGE VARIATIONS OF BUS WITH PV SYSTEM INSTALLED
  • 45. REAL POWER INJECTION PROFILE AT PV SYSTEM BUS
  • 46. REACTIVE POWER INJECTION PROFILE AT PV SYSTEM BUS
  • 47. CASE 5-REAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM SIMULATIONS AND ANALYSES One-Line Diagram
  • 49. COMPARISON FAULT CURRENT MAGNITUDE FOR DIFFERENT FAULT CONDITIONS Bus No. L-L 3Ф SLG SOURCEBUS 122849 141856 161497 P1032 2681 3097 3064 P1033 2666 3080 3032 P1034 2657 3070 3014 P1035 2634 3043 2964 P1418 2620 3028 2937 P1418T 2619 3027 2935 P1193 2607 3013 2910 P1193T 2607 3012 2908 P1419 2585 2987 2864
  • 50. X/R RATIO UNDER SHORT-CIRCUIT CONDITIONS FAULT STUDY REPORT ALL-Node Fault Currents Bus Node 1 X/R Node 2 X/R Node 3 X/R "SOURCEBUS", 14.9, 14.9, 14.8, "P1032", 9.3, 8.8, 4.1, "P1433", 3.2, 6.4, 6.1, "P1433REG", 4.0, 4.6, "P1033", 9.0, 8.7, 4.0, "P1034", 8.9, 8.5, 4.0, "P1035", 8.4, 8.3, 3.9, "P1418", 8.2, 8.1, 3.8, "P1418T", 8.2, 8.1, 3.8, "P1193", 8.0, 8.0, 3.8, "P1193T", 8.0, 7.9, 3.8, "P1419", 7.7, 7.7, 3.7, "P1420", 7.3, 7.4, 3.6,
  • 51. SCENARIO 1- 120 PERCENT LOAD INCREASE 0.9 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 1 1.02 1.04 1.06 1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 101 111 121 131 141 151 161 171 181 191 201 211 221 231 241 251 261 271 281 291 301 311 321 331 341 351 361 371 381 391 401 411 421 431 441 451 13.2kV Distribution Line bus voltages profile
  • 52. SCENARIO 2- 140 PERCENT LOAD INCREASE 0.88 0.9 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 1 1.02 1.04 1.06 1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 101 111 121 131 141 151 161 171 181 191 201 211 221 231 241 251 261 271 281 291 301 311 321 331 341 351 361 371 381 391 401 411 421 431 441 451 230V line bus voltages profile
  • 53. SCENARIO 3 - 160 PERCENT LOAD INCREASE 0.86 0.88 0.9 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 1 1.02 1.04 1.06 1 10 19 28 37 46 55 64 73 82 91 100 109 118 127 136 145 154 163 172 181 190 199 208 217 226 235 244 253 262 271 280 289 298 307 316 325 334 343 352 361 370 379 388 397 406 415 424 433 442 451 460
  • 54. SCENARIO 4- 180 PERCENT LOAD INCREASE 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1 1.05 1.1 1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 101 111 121 131 141 151 161 171 181 191 201 211 221 231 241 251 261 271 281 291 301 311 321 331 341 351 361 371 381 391 401 411 421 431 441 451
  • 55. SCENARIO 5- 200 PERCENT LOAD INCREASE 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1 1.05 1.1 1 10 19 28 37 46 55 64 73 82 91 100 109 118 127 136 145 154 163 172 181 190 199 208 217 226 235 244 253 262 271 280 289 298 307 316 325 334 343 352 361 370 379 388 397 406 415 424 433 442 451 460
  • 56. BUS VOLTAGE PROFILE WITH WT (LIGHT PENETRATION LEVEL) 0.9 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 1 1.02 1.04 1.06 1 10 19 28 37 46 55 64 73 82 91 100 109 118 127 136 145 154 163 172 181 190 199 208 217 226 235 244 253 262 271 280 289 298 307 316 325 334 343 352 361 370 379 388 397 406 415 424 433 442 451 460
  • 57. BUS VOLTAGE PROFILE WITH WT (MEDIUM PENETRATION LEVEL) 0.9 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 1 1.02 1.04 1.06 1 10 19 28 37 46 55 64 73 82 91 100 109 118 127 136 145 154 163 172 181 190 199 208 217 226 235 244 253 262 271 280 289 298 307 316 325 334 343 352 361 370 379 388 397 406 415 424 433 442 451 460
  • 58. BUS VOLTAGE PROFILE WITH WT (HIGH PENETRATION LEVEL) 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1 1.05 1.1 1 10 19 28 37 46 55 64 73 82 91 100 109 118 127 136 145 154 163 172 181 190 199 208 217 226 235 244 253 262 271 280 289 298 307 316 325 334 343 352 361 370 379 388 397 406 415 424 433 442 451 460
  • 59. BUS VOLTAGE PROFILE WITH WT AND PV SYSTEM (LIGHT PENETRATION LEVEL) 0.9 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 1 1.02 1.04 1.06 1 10 19 28 37 46 55 64 73 82 91 100 109 118 127 136 145 154 163 172 181 190 199 208 217 226 235 244 253 262 271 280 289 298 307 316 325 334 343 352 361 370 379 388 397 406 415 424 433 442 451 460
  • 60. BUS VOLTAGE PROFILE WITH WT AND PV SYSTEM (MEDIUM PENETRATION LEVEL) 0.86 0.88 0.9 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 1 1.02 1.04 1.06 1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 101 111 121 131 141 151 161 171 181 191 201 211 221 231 241 251 261 271 281 291 301 311 321 331 341 351 361 371 381 391 401 411 421 431 441 451
  • 61. BUS VOLTAGE PROFILE WITH WT AND PV SYSTEM (HIGH PENETRATION LEVEL) 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1 1.05 1.1 1 10 19 28 37 46 55 64 73 82 91 100 109 118 127 136 145 154 163 172 181 190 199 208 217 226 235 244 253 262 271 280 289 298 307 316 325 334 343 352 361 370 379 388 397 406 415 424 433 442 451 460
  • 62. CONCLUSIONS  The electric distribution system has been designed with traditionally central generation.  Historically, this design is a one-way power flow and has proven to be safe, reliable, and least cost.  However, the paradigm is quickly changing due to price increases of traditional generations and value shifts with awareness of climate change.
  • 63.  The methodologies used DS Load Flow analysis as primary tool for most of the simulations.  The proposed methods are simulated off-line and utilized efficient solution algorithm for use in the distribution system environment with renewable energy’s integration.
  • 64.  Verifications of its applicability and robustness were tested using different sizes of DS standard test systems.  Simulations of different case scenarios using real distribution system show that the proposed methodologies and approach have promising applications to the current distribution system needs.
  • 65. RECOMMENDATIONS The real implementations of this study have gone through some difficult part not on the simulations and analysis of the results but primarily on the collection of accurate and actual data. Based from these experiences the following recommendations to facilitate ease of implementations and future research in this field are:
  • 66. • Create a set of benchmark model data- base of the distribution system to facilitate actual valid data testing and simulations. Upgraded and validated data base an important component of offline simulations
  • 67. • Since the simulations was been tested in a single feeder for its applicability, robustness and effectiveness, it is recommended to validate the results with the actual data prior to the full implementations of the whole distribution system.
  • 68. • Develop automated screening tools and the associated software that will enable evaluation of the impact RE on the distribution system. This would help preserve low installation costs while allowing for the more detailed assessment that would be necessary at higher penetration levels of distributed DG’s.
  • 69. THANK YOU VERY MUCH!
  • 70. Q & A