Policies and business models for genetic resources access and conservation
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1) Plant genetic resources for food and agriculture (PGRFA) are important for further crop breeding and adaptation to changing environments. There is a long history of international exchange of PGRFA. 2) The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA) established a Multilateral System (MLS) in 2001 to facilitate access to PGRFA and ensure benefit sharing. 3) The MLS includes 64 major crops and consists of plant genetic resources held by governments and in public collections. It uses a Standard Material Transfer Agreement to allow access for research, breeding and training.
![Artikel 10 Multilateral System of
Access and Benefit-sharing
Art. 10 (2) In the exercise of their
sovereign rights, the Contracting
Parties agree to establish a
multilateral system […] both to
→facilitate access to PGRFA, and to
→share […] the benefits arising from
the utilization of these resources
[…].
Folie 11](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/3thomasmeierpoliciesandbusinessmodelsforgeneticresourcesaccessandconservation-171120074850/85/Policies-and-business-models-for-genetic-resources-access-and-conservation-11-320.jpg)
Policies and business models for genetic resources access and conservation
- 1. Policies and Business Models for Genetic Resources Access and Conservation COP23 Side Event 13.11.2017 www.bmel.de Thomas Meier, BMEL
- 2. Importance of PGRFA for Food Security →PGRFA are basic for further breeding & adaptation to changing environment →Long history of interregional and even international exchange →Today high interdependence of countries Folie 2
- 3. High interdependence in breeding and agriculture Folie 3
- 4. Importance of PGRFA for Food Security →PGRFA are basic for further breeding & adaptation to changing environment →Long history of interregional and even international exchange →Today high interdependence of countries →Common responsibility of countries →SDG 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture →2.5 By 2020 maintain genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants … Folie 4
- 5. When did we start? 20.11.2017 Folie 5 • 1972 - UN Conference on the Human Environment, Stockholm • 1983 Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture established Recommendation 39: Governments, in cooperation with the Secretary-General of the UN and FAO, agree to an international program to preserve the world's genetic resources
- 6. →International Undertaking on Plant Genetic Resources (1983) →PGRFA are the common heritage of the whole humanity →Free exchange of material among all countries →The Convention on Biological Diversity (1993) Art. 15 (1) Recognizing the sovereign rights of States over their natural resources, the authority to determine access to genetic resources rests with the national governments and is subject to national legislation. Folie 6 Common Heritage vs. Sovereign Rights
- 7. International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture ITPGRFA → Adopted in 2001 (7 years); → Entered into force 2004; → Operational since 2007 (MLS/SMTA); → Membership: 143 Contracting Parties (2017) Folie 7
- 8. Folie 8 Multilateral System guarantees facilitated access and Benefit-Sharing for 64 most important crops No need to determine country of origin for respective PGRFA Standard Material Transfer Agreement (SMTA) • Research, breeding and training for food and agriculture • Certain obligations for recipient including Benefit-Sharing established in SMTA • Transfer to a third party under SMTA Monitoring via Treaty-Secretariat, all SMTA reported No need to demonstrate due diligence Bilateral System: each access requires negotiations with provider country (PIC and MAT) Individual Benefit-Sharing-contracts (case-by-case) National ABS-Regulation to be published in the ABS-Clearinghouse Control obligations for countries, where use takes place with providing information to ABS-Clearinghouse • Due Diligence obligation for users to demonstrate their compliance with the respective MAT
- 9. ITPGRFA and Nagoya Protocol / CBD Folie 9 Recalling the Multilateral System of Access and Benefit-sharing established under the ITPGRFA developed in harmony with the Convention; Recognizing the interdependence of all countries with regard to GRFA as well as their special nature and importance for achieving food security worldwide and for sustainable development of agriculture in the context of poverty alleviation and climate change and acknowledging the fundamental role of the ITPGRFA and the FAO CGRFA in this regard;
- 10. The scope of the Treaty: → ALL plant genetic resources for food and agriculture Folie 10
- 11. Artikel 10 Multilateral System of Access and Benefit-sharing Art. 10 (2) In the exercise of their sovereign rights, the Contracting Parties agree to establish a multilateral system […] both to →facilitate access to PGRFA, and to →share […] the benefits arising from the utilization of these resources […]. Folie 11
- 12. The Multilateral System ... ... consists of genetic material of a set of 64 crops, listed in Annex I to the International Treaty; Those crops provide about 80% of our food from plants. Folie 12
- 13. 20.11.2017 Folie 13 → Öffentliche Sammlungen der Vertragsstaaten → Art. 15 Sammlungen (CGIAR etc.) → Natürliche und juristische Personen (private Sammlungen) Das MLS soll die in Annex I des Vertrags gelisteten Nahrungs- und Futterpflanzen umfassen, die unter der Verwaltung und Kontrolle der Vertragsparteien stehen und öffentlich zugänglich sind Quelle: 2. State of the World-Bericht über Pflanzengenetische Ressourcen, 2010. Geographische Verbreitung von Genbanken mit >10 000 Akzessionen (Nationale und regionale Genbanken in blau; Genbanken der CGIAR-Centres in beige; Weltweiter Saatguttresor in Spitzbergen in grün) Multilateral System = virtual Global Genbank The Multilateral System
- 15. PGRFA exchange (Jan 2016) →1,7 million included accessions documented →47.000 SMTA transferred since 2007 →More than 3,2 million accessions transferred →600 – 800 documented transfers every day Folie 15
- 16. What are the objectives of the Treaty? →The conservation and sustainable use of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture →The fair and equitable sharing of benefits derived from their use, in harmony with the Convention on Biological Diversity, for sustainable agriculture and food security Folie 16
- 17. Folie 17
- 18. Benefit Sharing in the MLS →Facilitated access to the PGRFA is a major benefit of the MLS →the exchange of information; →access to and transfer of technology; →capacity building; and →the sharing of monetary and other benefits from commercialization →Voluntary Contributions (> 20 Mio. USD) Folie 18
- 19. Benefit Sharing in the MLS Folie 19
- 20. a. 20 Mio. USD voluntary contributions of CP, but no use based payments to the BSF b. GB decided to start negotiations to a. increase user-based payments and contributions to the Benefit-sharing Fund in a sustainable and predictable long-term manner b. enhance the functioning of the Multilateral System by additional measures - expand the MLS Folie 20 Next Steps
- 21. COP23 Side Event 13.11.2017 www.bmel.de
- 23. Standard Material Transfer agreement →General provisions including definitions →Rights & obligations of provider →Allowed uses →Benefit sharing →Rights & obligations of recipient →Clear cut-off point →Any enclosure of genetic material →Contract in Perpetuity →Dispute Settlement Folie 23
Editor's Notes
- #2: Overview about politics and administration behind the exchange
- #3: ITPGFA bei der FAO angesiedelt ABS allg. unter SDG 15 – “Biodiversität” - ABS 15.6: Promote fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and promote appropriate access to such resources, as internationally agreed FAO – CGRFA All countries are interdependent on each other for PGRFA: they all depend for their food and agriculture on crops that originated elsewhere. On average, 70% (and, in some places, up to 100%) of each country’s agricultural crops originated elsewhere.
- #4: ITPGFA bei der FAO angesiedelt ABS allg. unter SDG 15 – “Biodiversität” - ABS 15.6: Promote fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and promote appropriate access to such resources, as internationally agreed FAO - CGRFA
- #5: ITPGFA bei der FAO angesiedelt ABS allg. unter SDG 15 – “Biodiversität” - ABS 15.6: Promote fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and promote appropriate access to such resources, as internationally agreed FAO - CGRFA
- #6: It was already back in 1972, that the UN Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm tasked FAO to start working on “genetic resources for food and agriculture” 177 Mitgliedsstaaten + EU Gewährleistung der Erhaltung und nachhaltigen Nutzung genetischer Ressourcen für Ernährung und Landwirtschaft sowie der gerechte und ausgewogene Ausgleich der aus ihrer Nutzung erwachsenden Vorteile. Flagship publications „State of the World reports“ on PGRFA, TGRFA, FGRFA, next Aquatics and AgroBiodiversity in general Report will provide an integrated description of the state of plant, animal, forest and aquatic genetic resources will also reflect available baseline information on the state of biodiversity diversity in and around production systems
- #7: 1992: „Nairobi final act“ Voraussetzung zur Verabschiedung des Übereinkommens über die biologische Vielfalt (CBD) mit ausgegliedertem Auftrag an die FAO: (1) Status von Ex-situ-Sammlungen, (2) farmers´ rights, (3) Undertaking in harmony with CBD 1993 Inkrafttreten der CBD Paradigmenwechsel: das souveräne Recht der Staaten über ihre biologischen/genetischen Ressourcen; Art. 15 Zugang zu GR und freiwillige Bonn Guidelines Free exchange – heritage of mankind – concept changed to Country sovereignity Countries started to take control over their material
- #20: Bis heute 16 Mio. von VG 400.000 DEU 5 Mio. von EU