Postmodernist theory of crime and deviance
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Postmodern theorists argue that crime is a social construction that reflects the views of those in power in a given society. They propose redefining crime more broadly as any actions that cause harm or repress future human development. This recognizes behaviors beyond legal definitions and accounts for disrespect towards others' identities. However, postmodernism does not adequately explain why most people do not harm others or address issues of justice for all members of society.
Postmodernist theory of crime and deviance
- 2. Overview Postmodern theorists argue that we now live in a post modern world characterized by diversity and fragmentation. Postmodernists stress that society is changing so rapidly and constantly that it is marked by uncertainty, with society split into a huge variety of groups with different interests and lifestyles. Postmodernists view the category „crime‟ as simply a social construction, based on a narrow legal definition, reflecting an outdated meta-narrative of the law which does not reflect the diversity of postmodern society. In postmodern society, people are increasingly freed from the constraints arising from social norms and social bonds to others. Crime as presently defined is simply an expression of a particular view of those with power of how people should conduct themselves, and denies people‟s freedom, self- identity and difference.
- 3. A New Definition of Crime Postmodernists argue that it is necessary to go beyond narrow legal definitions of crime, and develop a wider conception of crime based on justice and respect for people‟s chosen identities and lifestyles. Henry and Milovanovic (1996) suggest that crime should be taken beyond the narrow legal definitions to a wider conception of social harm, embracing all threats and risks to people pursuing increasingly diverse lifestyles and identities. They suggest that crime should be re-conceptualised not simply as breaking laws, but as people using power to show disrespect for others by causing them harm of some sort. They identify two forms of harm: Harms of reduction (power is used to cause a victim to experience some immediate loss or injury). Harms of repression (power is used to restrict future human development). This conception of harm includes actions which are either not illegal or not traditionally taken very seriously or perceived as part of the current crime „problem‟.
- 4. The Causes of Crime Most sociological theories of crime and deviance explain crime in relation to a social structure and core values from which the criminal deviates for some reason. For example, explanations that explain crime in relation to marginalization, relative deprivation, strain, inadequate socialization, subcultural values, weakened social bonds etc. For postmodernists, society is characterized by a fragmentation of this social structure: The meta-narratives of social class, work and family, which formed people‟s identity and gave them their social roles and values, and integrated them into society, have been replaced by uncertainty and individual choice of identity. Individuals increasingly focus on themselves, often with little regard and respect for others.
- 5. Con‟t Each crime becomes a one-off event expressing whatever identity an individual chooses, and is motivated by an infinite number of individual causes, including emotional reasons. E.g. low individual self-esteem may be overcome by criminal activities designed to earn respect from others by harming them. This may include by humiliating, bullying or intimidating victims; hate crimes directed at others simply because of such characteristics as ethnicity, religion, gender, sexual orientation, disability or nationality etc. The individualism of identity in postmodern society means that the social causes of crime are undiscoverable.
- 6. The Control of Crime In the postmodernist view, the fragmentation of society is reflected in a similar fragmentation of organized crime prevention: There is a growing emphasis is placed on private crime prevention, rather than reliance on the police etc. E.g. Private security firms that control private „public‟ places such as shopping complexes. In addition, example, policing policies become very localized and community-based, reflecting the fragmentation of society into a diverse range of smaller groupings of localized identities, such as those around ethnic and gender. E.g. The voluntary use of Sharia courts, among some sections of the Muslim community to deal with disputes. Contemporary societies use surveillance techniques to control everyone, not just offenders.
- 7. Continuation Foucault (1991) pointed out that surveillance is penetrating more and more into private aspects of our lives, aided by new surveillance technology like CCTV, which monitors the movements of people in every sphere of life. This is accompanied by growing control of entry to streets and housing complexes in „gated communities‟. In addition, vast amounts of data are collected on individuals through things like consumer tracking. In a postmodern society, people are regarded as consumers and customers rather than as citizens with rights. They are seduced and co-opted into avoidance of social harm by participation in the consumer society. Those who aren‟t so seduced, or can‟t afford to participate, face stricter control, for example through heavier and more repressive policing.
- 8. Evaluation of Postmodernist of Crime and Deviance “Strengths” It can explain contemporary developments like widespread surveillance, for example using CCTV, and consumer tracking; It recognizes that there are other dimensions to the causes of crime beyond the more structural theories which have dominated in the sociology of crime and deviance; It explains the growing localism attached to policing strategies; It offers explanations for non-utilitarian crime, with no material benefit, like hate crimes and anti-social behaviour; It provides a fuller picture of the pattern of crime than traditionally provided, as the conception of crime as „harm‟ encompasses a range of behaviour that has been largely neglected in the law and in sociological theories.
- 9. Weaknesses It doesn‟t explain why most people don‟t use their power to harm others, and why particular individuals or groups find it necessary to actively engage in acts of harm as a means of asserting their identity; It ignores the issues of justice and citizen rights for all, and not just for those who are significant consumers and customers; It doesn‟t recognize that decentralized and more informal arrangements for crime control, like the use of private security firms and localized policing, to respond to local identities are likely to benefit the most well organized and articulate (middle class) groups. The poorest in society, who cannot afford to establish identities by consuming goods, nor are seen as significant customers, are likely to be neglected; Lea points out that postmodernist theories are not much more than a rediscovery of labeling theory or radical criminology, which concluded long ago that crime was simply a social construction, and that power was a crucial element in that construction.