Pothole Detection for Safer Commutes with the help of Deep learning and IOT Device’s

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 11 Issue: 01 | Jan 2024 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2024, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 8.226 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 561
Pothole Detection for Safer Commutes with the help of Deep learning
and IOT Device’s
Narayan Dasadhikari1, Abhishek Bagade2, Tejas Gaikwad3, Sojwal Magar 4
1Zeal College of Engineering and Research Narhe, Pune, India.
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Abstract – Accidents caused by potholes have become a
pressing concern in modern life. To address this problem
effectively, a multi-step approach is proposed. Thefirstcrucial
step involves the development of a dedicated deviceintegrated
into vehicles. This device is designed to continuously scan the
road surface, identifying potholesinreal-time. Whenapothole
is detected, it promptly alerts the driver, allowingthemtotake
evasive action to avoid the hazard. The second step entailsthe
implementation of a technique that enables the device to
determine the precise location of each detected pothole using
the Global Positioning System (GPS). This GPS data can be
collected and stored locally, either through a GPRS (General
Packet Radio Service) module or a Bluetooth module. In the
third aspect of the solution, the stored database is linked to a
network system that incorporates mapping software, such as
Google Maps or OpenStreetMap. This integration allows for a
comprehensive representation of pothole locations and
conditions, making thedataaccessibletoauthoritiesandother
road users. Furthermore, to ensure data accessibilityandreal-
time updates, the system can transfer the database to the
cloud using Wi-Fi or advanced 5G technology. This
connectivity ensures that the information is readily available
to all stakeholders, enhancing safety measures and enabling
timely road maintenance. This project, "IoT Infused Movable
Road Dividers for Enhanced Urban Mobility," aims to address
the challenges of urban traffic congestion and road
management by introducing innovative technology solutions.
The project focuses on the integration of Internet of Things
(IoT) technology with movableroaddividerstoenhanceurban
mobility.
1.INTRODUCTION
This Roads are a fundamental component of our society and
serve as the primary means of transportation.Overtime,our
reliance on road networks has significantly increased,
reflecting their crucial role in our daily lives. However, the
evolving demands on road infrastructure call for innovative
solutions to address various challenges.Thisprojectcenter’s
on the integration of Internet of Things (IoT) technology
with conventional, static road dividers, transforming them
into dynamic elements capable of real-time adjustments.
Leveraging IoT, these road dividers become responsive to
changing traffic patterns, events, and the dynamic nature of
urban environments. The primary goal is to enhance traffic
flow and alleviate congestion, which are persistent issues in
urban mobility. In addition to traffic-related challenges,
potholes pose a significant problem in road development
and maintenance. Thisprojectacknowledgestheimportance
of sustainability, safety, and efficiency in urban mobility. It
aligns with the broader scope of smart city initiatives aimed
at utilizing technology for urban improvement. The
introduction of a system that enhances the adaptability and
flexibility of road infrastructure aims to offer residents and
visitors a more efficient, secure, and environmentally
friendly commuting experience. This project seeks to
contribute to the evolution of urban road systems, making
them more responsive and adaptive to the needs of modern
urban center’s while addressing critical issues such as
congestion and road quality. By making a pothole detecting
vehicle system an establishing an inter-vehicular
communication, it is possible to reduce the accidents. The
project's significance lies in its potential to revolutionizethe
way road hazards are addressed, ultimately making
commutes safer and more convenient for everyone. In this
introduction, we embark on a journey to explore how IoT
and deep learning can be harnessed to transform the urban
commuting experience, reduce accidents, and ensure
smoother, more secure journeys on our roadways.
2.LITERATURE SURVEY
1) Mohan Prakash, Sriharipriya K.C proposed a theoretical
paper on the topic “Enhanced Pothole Detection System
Using YOLOx Algorithm” which stated or gave the basic
information on the YOLO algorithm anditsversionandthere
performance based on the number of epoch with model are
trained and also gets the detailed execution time need for
each version of yolo algorithm the result it gets that the
YOLOx give high precision value than other models with the
minimum number of epochs YOLOX-nano model
outperforms all other lightweight detectors by a large
margin and performs lesswhencomparedwithheavyweight
models only by a small margin .which was published around
May 2022 which threw light on the machine learning
algorithms.
2) Rupsha Debnath, Sayandeep Dutta, Soumajit Karmakar
researched on how fast the YOLO algorithm works and how
is the functioning of the YOLO algorithm on theirpaper“Fast
Pothole Detection With The YOLO Algorithm” introduce the
innovative system for pothole detection with the
configuration of raspberry pi gsm module, camers module
for detention and with the help of yolo algorithm it get the
high precision and accuracy.the published around January
2022 in order to deal with increasing number of potholes in
West Bengal.

3) Shambhu Hegde, Harish V. Mekali, Golla Varaprasad
researched on how a prototypewhichwasmadebythem can
fit into vehicles so that the inter-vehicular communication
should come out at ease in their paper “Pothole Deection
And Inter VehicularCommunication”publishedinyear2014
IEEE paper.
4) Geethapriya.S, N. Duraimurugan, S.P. Chokkalingam
proposed a theory research paper on the topic “ Real-Time
Object Detection With YOLO ” published on International
Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT) in
the year February 2019 with a view of detecting a onject
using YOLO algorithm.
3.METHODOLOGY
1) ROBOFLOW :-
Roboflow is a comprehensive platform designed to
streamline the process of managing, preparing, and using
image datasets for machine learning and computer vision
projects. It offers a range of tools and features to facilitate
dataset management and annotation, making it easier for
developers and data scientists to work with image data.
Dataset Management: Roboflow provides a user-friendly
interface for uploading, organizing, and managing image
datasets. It supports a variety of dataset formats and allows
users to customize how data is structured and organized.
Data Augmentation: The platform offers built-in data
augmentation tools to increase the diversity of your dataset.
This can help improve the model's generalization and
performance. Labellingand Annotation:Roboflow simplifies
the process of labelling and annotating images for object
detection and other computer vision tasks. It supports
various annotation formats and allows for efficient labelling
of objects with bounding boxes, polygons, and more. Data
Pre-processing: Users can perform data pre-processing
tasks, such as resizing, normalization, and format
conversion, within the platform to prepare data for machine
learning models.
Data Versioning: Roboflow offers version control for
datasets, allowing you to track changes and updates over
time. This is particularly useful when collaborating with
team members.
Exporting Datasets: The platform allows users to export
datasets in various formats, including YOLO, COCO, and
TensorFlow, making it compatible with a wide range of
machine learning frameworks.
Fig -1: Data Annotation using Roboflow
2)YOLO V8
YOLO is a popular object detection algorithm in computer
vision. It revolutionized object detection by introducing a
real-time, single-pass approach to identifying objects in
images and videos.
The name "You Only Look Once" comes from the fact that
YOLO processes the entire image in a single forward pass
through the neural network, as opposed to previous
methods which often involved multiple passes or regions of
interest. This makes YOLO very efficient and capable of real-
time detection
Dividing the Image: YOLO takes aninputimageanddividesit
into a grid of cells. Each cell is responsible for predicting the
presence and location of objects.
Confidence Score: The algorithm assigns a confidence score
to each bounding box, indicating the probability thatthebox
contains an object. Bounding boxes with low confidence
scores are filtered out to improve accuracy.
Final Output: The final output of the YOLO algorithm
includes a list of bounding boxes, each associated with a
class label and a confidence score. This output provides
information about the objects detected in the image.
Real-Time Processing: YOLO's strength lies in its ability to
perform object detection in real-time, making it suitable for
applications like autonomous driving, surveillance, and
video analysis.
Training: YOLO is trained on labeled datasets, where each
training image includes bounding boxes and class labels for
the objects of interest. During training, the model learns to
make predictions for object locations and classes.
Sample paragraph Define abbreviations and acronyms the
first time they are used in the text, even after they have been
defined in the abstract. Abbreviations such as IEEE, SI, MKS,

CGS, sc, dc, and rms do not have to be defined. Do not use
abbreviations in the title or heads unless they are
unavoidable.
Fig -2: YOLO V8
3 Components
1) Arduino UNO:
Fig -1: Arduino UNO
The system uses Arduino Uno thatcanbeemployedtocreate
a sensor system. This system include sensors like
accelerometers or ultrasonic sensors to detect irregularities
in the road surface, indicating the presence of a pothole. The
Arduino Uno processes the sensor data and can trigger
actions like alerting a driver or logging the pothole location
for maintenance purposes. This solution can help improve
road safety and maintenance efforts.
2) OV7670 Camera:
We used an OV7670 camera module for pothole detection
with an Arduino Uno that can be a rewarding project. We
connected the OV7670 camera module to the Arduino Uno.
The OV7670 typically communicates using the SCCB (I2C-
like) protocol. We also connected the necessary pins
between the camera module and the Arduino Uno. Refer to
the datasheet or documentation for pin details.
3) Global Positioning System (SIM900 GPRS module):
We used the SIM900 GSM/GPRS module that can be used in
the pothole detection model for remote communication and
storing the location of a pothole in a database system and
alerting the system of government agencies. It enables the
device to send data or alerts via GSM network.
4. Future Scope
The integration of IoT devices, equipped with cameras and
sensors, can be expanded to capture multimodal data,
providing a richer set of information for the YOLO algorithm
to analyze. This could involve incorporating additional
sensors, such as accelerometers or depth sensors, to
improve the algorithm's ability to precisely locate and
classify potholes.
Real-time data integration and communication between
YOLO-enabled devices and centralized traffic management
systems could be further developed. This could enable
instant alerts and responses to detected potholes,
contributing to more proactive and efficient road
maintenance. Moreover, the collaboration of YOLO-based
pothole detection systems with autonomous vehicles canbe
explored, potentially enhancing navigation and safety for
self-driving vehicles.
In terms of scalability, future research may focus on
optimizing YOLO for deployment on resource-constrained
IoT devices. This includesconsiderationsfor energy-efficient
implementations to prolong device lifespan and reduce
maintenance requirements, making the system more
sustainable for large-scale deployment.

As YOLO is known for its speed and efficiency, the algorithm
could play a crucial role in real-time predictive maintenance
models. By analyzing historical data, YOLO-based systems
can contribute to forecasting potential pothole formation,
allowing for proactive and strategic infrastructure
maintenances.
REFERENCES
[1] Wang, Hsiu-Wen & Chen, Chi-Hua & Cheng,Ding-Yuan&
Lin, Chun-Hao & Lo, Chi-Chun. (2015). A Real-Time
Pothole Detection Approach for Intelligent
Transportation System. Mathematical Problems in
Engineering. 2015. 1-7. 10.1155/2015/869627.
[2] Dalmia, Dev & Jain, Reetu & Hussain, Syed. (2023).
Intelligent System for Real-Time Potholes Monitoring
and Detection. 10.1007/978-981-99-1431-9_32.
[3] Wyawahare, Medha & Chaure, Nayan & Bhosale,
Dhairyashil & Phadtare, Ayush. (2023). Comparative
Analysis and Evaluation of Pothole Detection
Algorithms. 10.1007/978-981-99-5166-6_62.
[4] Reddy, Greeshma & V, Brunda & S, Bhoomika & P,
Bhavana & S, Suma. (2023). Pothole Detection Using
Deep Learning. International Journal of Innovative
Research in Advanced Engineering. 10. 207-210.
10.26562/ijirae.2023.v1005.12.
[5] B, Nataraju & J, Akarsh & Kumar, Lakkam & Sanjay, H &
V, Harshit. (2023). Automatic Pothole and Humps
Detection System of Roads. 1. 16-20.
10.48001/jofsn.2023.1116-20.
[6] Haimer, Zineb & Khalid, Mateur & Farhan, Youssef &
Madi, Abdessalam. (2023). Pothole Detection: A
Performance Comparison Between YOLOv7 and
YOLOv8. 1-7. 10.1109/ICOA58279.2023.10308849.
[7] Bucko, Boris & Lieskovska, Eva & Zábovská, Katarína &
Zábovský, Michal. (2022). Computer Vision Based
Pothole Detection under Challenging Conditions.
Sensors. 22. 8878. 10.3390/s22228878.
[8] Anandhalli, Mallikarjun & Tanuja, A. & Baligar,
Vishwanath & Baligar, Pavana. (2022). Indian pothole
detection basedonCNN andanchor-baseddeeplearning
method. International Journal of Information
Technology. 14. 10.1007/s41870-022-00881-5.
[9] Gupta, Saksham & Sharma, Paras & Sharma, Dakshraj &
Gupta, Varun & Sambyal, Nitigya. (2020). Detection and
localization of potholes in thermal images using deep
neural networks. Multimedia ToolsandApplications.79.
10.1007/s11042-020-09293-8.
[10] Wang, Hsiu-Wen & Chen, Chi-Hua & Cheng,Ding-Yuan&
Lin, Chun-Hao & Lo, Chi-Chun. (2015). A Real-Time
Pothole Detection Approach for Intelligent
Transportation System. Mathematical Problems in
Engineering. 2015. 1-7. 10.1155/2015/869627.
[11] Chen, Kongyang & Lu, Mingming & Fan, Xiaopeng&Wei,
Mingming & Wu, Jinwu. (2011). Road condition
monitoring using on-board Three-axis Accelerometer
and GPS Sensor. Proceedings of the 2011 6th
International ICST Conference on Communications and
Networking in China, CHINACOM 2011.
10.1109/ChinaCom.2011.6158308.

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