POWER SHARING FULL CHAPTER.pdf FOR CLASS 10
- 2. WHAT DO YOU GET? 1. Hands down best explanation 2. Most Important Topics 3. Homework Questions 4. TEST OF THIS CHAPTER (ON TELEGRAM) 5. Handmade notes (on Telegram)
- 3. Belgiumās Case ā Belgium is a small European country, which shares borders with France, the Netherlands, Germany and Luxembourg. ā The Country has a complex Ethnic Population. ā Out of the countryās total population- 59% live Flemish region & speak Dutch; 40% live in Wallonia & speak French; 1% speak German.
- 4. Belgiumās Case In Brussels (Capital of Belgium) 80 % of people speak French while 20 % are Dutch-speaking. ā Minority French-speaking community- rich & powerful, which was resented by Dutch-speaking community ā 1950s & 1960s- Tension between these two community were severe in Brussels.
- 5. Accommodation in Belgium ā The Belgian leaders recognized the existence of regional & cultural differences. ā Between 1970 & 1993- 4 Constitutional amendments. To facilitate peaceful living for all in the country. ā Following arrangements were made to enable peaceful living in the country: ā Constitution prescribes- Number of Dutch & French-speaking ministers shall be equal in the central government. ā Subordination of the State Govt- Many powers of the central government have been given to state governments of the two regions of the country.
- 6. Accommodation in Belgium ā Separate Govt. in Brussels-Where both the communities have equal representation. ā Community Government- elected by belonging to one language community ā Dutch, French and German-speaking ā no matter where they live. ā The Belgian model worked well and helped in avoiding civil strife between two major communities, and division of the country on linguistic basis.
- 8. Sri Lankaās Case ā An island nation on the southern coast of Tamil Nadu, and has a diverse population. ā In Sri Lanka- 74% population speak Sinhala Language; 18% population speak Tamil language. ā Religious composition - Buddhist: Sinhala Speakers (74%) - Hindus & Muslims: Tamil Speakers (18%) - Christians: 7% who are both Tamil & Sinhala
- 9. Sub-groups of Tamil - āSri Lankan Tamilsā (13%)- Tamil natives of the country. - Indian Tamils- whose forefathers came from India as plantation workers during colonial period.
- 10. Majoritarianism: A belief that the majority community should be able to rule a country in whichever way it wants, by disregarding the wishes and needs of the minority. - In 1956 an Act recognised Sinhala as the only ofļ¬cial language of Sri Lanka. - Leaders of Sinhala community adopted series of majoritarian measures to establish Sinhala supremacy, and followed majoritarianism. - Sinhalese were given preferential treatment. - Tamil speakers felt that the constitution & government policies denied them equal political rights, and discriminated against them in getting jobs. - Tamil launched parties & struggles for: Recognizing Tamil as an ofļ¬cial language,
- 11. - By 1980s several political organisations formed demanding Tamil Eelam. - Distrust between the community grew and ultimately resulted in CIVIL WAR, which ended in 2009.
- 13. There are two different reasons in favour of power sharing. PRUDENTIAL REASON- Power sharing will bring out better outcomes. Helps to reduce the possibility of conļ¬ict between social groups. Power sharing is a good way to ensure the stability of political order Tyranny of the majority is not just oppressive for the minority; it often brings ruin to the majority as well.
- 14. There are two different reasons in favour of power sharing. MORAL REASON- Emphasise the very act of power sharing as valuable. Power sharing is the very spirit of democracy. People have a right to be consulted on how they are to be governed. A legitimate government is one where citizens, through participation, acquire a stake in the system.
- 15. While prudential reasons stress that power sharing will bring out better outcomes, moral reasons emphasise the very act of power sharing as valuable.
- 16. For a long time it was believed that all power of a government must reside in one person or group of persons located at one place. It was felt that if the power to decide is dispersed, it would not be possible to take quick decisions and to enforce them.
- 17. What's Happening in the Cartoon: The horse labeled "Democracy" is being pulled back by reins, symbolizing control or restraint. The two ļ¬gures are President George W. Bush of the United States and President Vladimir Putin of Russia. Bush is saying, "We gotta keep the rein tight, Vladimirā¦" ā implying that even in a democracy, control over power is necessary or being exerted. The cartoon refers to a real event: In 2005, Russia passed laws to give more power to its president, centralizing authority and moving away from democratic norms.
- 18. In modern democracies, power sharing arrangements can take many forms. 1. Horizontal (between organs) 4. Among different social groups 3. Pressure groups & movement 2. Vertical or Federal FORMS
- 19. In modern democracies, power sharing arrangements can take many forms. HORIZONTAL POWER SHARING Power is shared among different organs of government. Legislature Executive Judiciary
- 20. Ques. Why called Horizontal? ā It allows different organs of government placed at the same level to exercise different powers. ā None of the organs can exercise unlimited power. Each organ checks the others. ā This results in a balance of power among various institutions. ā This arrangement is called a system of checks and balances.
- 22. ā Usually called federal government. ā Not all democracies have federal structure. ā India has 3 tier federal structure instead of just two level. The constitution clearly lays down the powers of different levels of government. This is what they did in Belgium, but was refused in Sri Lanka.
- 24. Power may also be shared among diļ¬erent social groups, such as the religious and linguistic groups. This arrangement give space in the government & administration to diverse social groups who otherwise would feel alienated from the government. Minority communities get a fair share in power. āReserved constituenciesā in assemblies & the parliament of our country. Example: āCommunity governmentā in Belgium. AMONG DIFFERENT SOCIAL GROUPS
- 25. Power sharing arrangements can also be seen in the way political parties, pressure groups and movements control or inļ¬uence those in power. In a democracy, the citizens must have freedom to choose among various contenders for power.
- 26. Among Political Parties A form of government in which political parties cooperate, reducing the dominance of any one party within that "coalition" In contemporary democracies, competition among parties ensures that power does not remain in one hand. Sometimes power is shared in a direct way, when two or more parties form an alliance to contest elections. If their alliance is elected, they form a coalition government and thus share power.
- 27. Among Pressure Groups Pressure Groups Group of people who are organised actively for promoting and defending their common interest. In democracy various pressure groups organise popular struggles or protest against any decision of the government which they feel is wrong, and put a pressure on the government to inļ¬uence the decision.
- 28. Among Movements
- 29. Assertion: French speaking community in Belgium was rich and powerful. Reason: Belgian government favoured French speaking community. A is True but R is False A. A is False but R is True B. Both A and R are True & R is the correct explanation of A C. Both A and R are True but R is not the correct explanation of A D.
- 30. Differentiate between horizontal and vertical division of powers. 3 marks, CBSE 2011
- 31. ANSWER Horizontal Power Sharing Vertical Power Sharing Power is shared among diļ¬erent organs of govt such as the legislature, executive and judiciary. Power is shared among diļ¬erent organs of govt such as union, state and local levels of govt. The organs of the govt are placed at the same level to exercise diļ¬erent powers. The power involves the highest and the lower levels of govt. It keeps a check on the use of power of govt. No concept of checks and balance. Ensures the concept of the expansion of democracy. Promotes the concept of deepening of democracy.