Power systems (1)
- 1. ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF PHOTOVOLTAIC TYPE DG IN DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS Presented By: Dr. Satish Kansal Department of Electrical Engineering BHSBIET Lehragaga
- 2. 2 Introduction Objective-to meet the demand at all the locations within power network as economically and reliably as possible. Traditional electric power system- utilize the conventional energy resources for electricity generation Operation-such traditional generation systems is based on centralized control utility generators to deliver power to widely dispersed users through an extensive transmission and distribution network Present Environment- the justification for large central-station plants is weakening due to depleting conventional energy sources.
- 3. 3 Distributed Generation Distributed Generation (DG), a term commonly used for small-scale generations, offer solution to many of these new challenges Recent developments in small renewable generation technologies such as wind turbines, photovoltaic, fuel cells, micro turbines and so on has drawn distribution utilities’ attention to possible changes in the distribution system infrastructure.
- 4. 4 The DG’s can be characterized into different types as: Type I: DG capable of injecting real power only, like photovoltaic, fuel cells etc. Type II: DG capable of injecting reactive power only, e.g. kvar compensator, synchronous compensator, capacitors etc. Type III: DG capable of injecting both real and reactive power, e.g. synchronous machines, Type IV: DG capable of injecting real but consuming reactive power, e.g. induction generators.
- 5. CIGRE :Define DG as the generation, which has the following characteristics Not centrally planned Not centrally dispatched at present Usually connected to the distribution networks Smaller then 50 MW. International Energy Agency (IEA) : serving a customer on-site providing support to a distribution network, connected to the grid 5
- 6. 6 Distributed Generation Embedded Generations Disperse Generations depends upon many technologies depends upon many applications Increasing DG penetration- Growing share of distributed generators (DGs) Policy initiatives to promote DG throughout the world
- 7. Advantages of DG Integration Reduction in line losses Improvement in voltage profile Deferred network extension Improvement in system efficiency Enhanced peak shaving capacity System reliability and security 7
- 8. Motivation for the Present Work India is fastest growing economics availability of quality supply is very crucial for the sustained growth Electricity demand increasing rapidly generating capacity in 1950 is 1,712 MW Presently 2,11,766.22 MW per capita per year only 860.72 kWh triple by 2020, with 6.3% annual growth. 9
- 9. India is in power deficient state power deficiency is nearly 12.2% of peak demand. In UP, MP, Maharashtra, Bihar, and Punjab; it is more than 20%. results in power cuts, blackouts, etc. The above mentioned causes make the Distribution Generation from fuel cells, wind turbines, photovoltaic and small/micro hydro plants for continuous growth of the country. 10
- 10. 11 Optimal Placement of Photovoltaic Type DG
- 11. 12 DG supplying real power loss reduction and voltage profile improvement operational constraints Optimal Placement of DG
- 12. 13 LOCATION AND SIZING ISSUES 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0102030405060708090100 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05 0.055 Loss (MW) %DG Size Bus No. Effect of size and location of DG on system loss
- 13. Approaches 14 Analytical approach PSO Technique Analytical approach Optimal size of PV Optimal Location
- 14. Results and Discussions Test systems 33-bus with total load of 3.72 MW and 2.3 MVAr 69-bus with total load of 3.80 MW and 2.69 MVAr Beaver conductors base voltage is 12.66 kV. 15
- 15. 16 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 Bus Number SizeofDGinMW 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2 0.22 Bus Number LossinMW
- 16. Method Optimum location Optimum DG size (MW) Power loss (KW) Without DG With DG Analytical Method Bus 6 3.15 210.97 115.2 PSO approach Bus 7 2.91 210.97 115.1 17 Power loss with and without DG for 33-bus system with constraints 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 0.9 0.95 1 Bus Number VoltageProfileinp.u. With DG Without DG
- 17. 18 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 Bus Number SizeofDGinMW 1 6 11 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 51 56 61 66 70 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2 0.22 0.24 Bus Number LossinMW
- 18. 19 Method Optimum location Optimum DG size (MW) Power loss (KW) Without DG With DG Analytical Method Bus 61 1.81 225 83.4 PSO approach Bus 61 1.81 225 83.4 Power loss with and without DG for 69-bus system with constraints 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 69 0.9 0.95 1 Bus Number ViltageProfileinp.u. With DG Without DG
- 19. Conclusions minimize the real power loss. Improvement in voltage profile minimizing the DG size 20
- 20. Renewable and Non- Renewable Energy Sources. 21
- 21. Energy Scenario In India 22
- 22. Energy source Estimated Potential Cumulative Installed capacity/ number Wind power 45,000 MW 18321.10 MW Small Hydro (upto 25 MW) 15,000 MW 3464.59 MW Biomass Power 16,000 MW 1242.60 MW Bagasse Cogeneration 3,500 MW 2199.33 MW Waste to energy 2,700 MW 93.68 MW Solar Power (SPV) ----- 1047.16 MW Family size Biogas Plants 12 million 45.45 Lakh Solar street lighting system ----- 1,19,634 nos. Home lighting system ----- 6,03,307 nos. Solar Lanterns ----- 7, 97,344 nos. Solar photovoltaic power plants 2.92 MWp Solar water heating systems 140 million m2 of collector area 5.63 Million m2 of collector area Solar photovoltaic pumps ----- 7334 nos. Biomass gasifiers ----- 153.04 MW 23 Table 1.1 Renewable Energy Potential in India AND actual progress achieved up to 30.11.2012
- 23. Renewable sources already contribute to about 5% of the total power generating capacity in the country. Prospects for renewable are steadily improving in India (% of total installed capacity is expected to be 10% by 2020). 24
- 24. Solar power as a solution to the Indian power scenario 25
- 25. Why Solar Renewable energy Sources Preferred 26
- 26. Solar PV Applications in PUNJAB 27
- 27. Converting Solar Energy into Electrical Energy 28
- 28. 29
- 29. 30 Small units in the kilowatt range. Economical point of view less aggressive . No cost reduction Covers a wide range from less than one Watt to several megawatts. more aggressive . Its cost decreasing day by day
- 30. Photovoltaic Cell “Photo” meaning light. “voltaic,” which refers to producing electricity. A device that produces an electric reaction to light, producing electricity. A typical PV cell made of crystalline silicon is 12 centimetres in diameter and 0.25 millimetres thick. In full sunlight, it generates 4 amperes of direct current at 0.5 volts or 2 watts of electrical power. 31
- 31. Photovoltaic Module Cells are interconnected and their electrical connections are then sandwiched between a top layer of glass or clear plastic and a lower level of plastic or plastic and metal. An outer frame is attached to increase mechanical strength, and to provide a way to mount the unit. This package is called a "module" or "panel". 32
- 33. Impact of solar radiation on V-I characteristic curve of Photovoltaic Module 34
- 34. Impact of temperature on V-I characteristic curve of Photovoltaic Module 35
- 36. Types of Solar Photovoltaic System 37 Stand alone PV system Grid Connected PV Systems Hybrid System
- 37. Stand alone PV system 38
- 38. Grid Connected PV Systems 39
- 39. Hybrid System 40
- 40. Grid Connected PV Systems is Preferred No use of battery reduces its capital cost More reliable than other PV system. To install Grid connected SPV system the following points are taken into consideration 41
- 41. GRID CONNECTED SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM 42
- 42. Grid Connected PV Systems Estimate the solar potential available Develop a system based on the potential estimations made for a chosen area of 100, 200, 500 m². Annual energy generation by designed plant. In the last cost estimation of grid connected SPV power plant to show whether it is economically viable or not. 43
- 43. Estimation of Solar Potential The solar radiation over different months measured. The diurnal variations, average monthly output , yearly output are find out and related graphs are plot for showing the variation in different season and time. Peak variation and possible plant rating also calculated. 44
- 44. How Solar Radiation measured Estimation the solar potential Reading of solar radiation of given site. It should have the ability to store the data which it measure for at least three months. 45
- 45. METHODOLOGY Calculated the daily energy output and monthly energy output for different months . For better understanding, the measured solar radiation data sheet for the month of April 2010 has been given as a sample of Electrical Engineering Department, IIT Roorkee site. 46
- 46. Time 9:00am 47
- 47. Time10:00am 48
- 48. Time11:00am and so on 49
- 49. Variations for April Month 2010 50
- 50. Variations for the month of Jan 2010 to Feb 2010
- 51. Variations for the month of September to December 2010 52
- 52. Total Output 53
- 53. Daily & Monthly Energy Outputs (Watt/ mtr²-hr) 54
- 54. Peak Variation and Possible Plant Rating 55
- 55. Condition for Grid inter facing Phase sequence matching: For a three phase system three phases should be 120 deg phase apart from each other for both the system. Frequency matching : Frequency of the SPV system should be same as grid. Generally grid is of 50 Hz frequency capacity, now if SPV systems frequency is slightly higher than grid frequency (0.1 to 0.5) synchronization is possible but SPV system frequency should not be less than grid frequency Voltage matching: Voltage level of both the system should same, otherwise synchronization is not possible. 56
- 56. 9 kWp Grid connected PV system Solar Panel Specification 57
- 57. Solar PV Power Plant Specification 58
- 58. Cost analysis for 9kWp SPV Grid Connected Power Plant Total cost for 50 panels : Rs.14,40000/- Cost of 3-φ Inverter : Rs. 2,50000/- Cost of 3-φ step up Transformer : Rs. 2,00000/- Subtotal: Rs.18,90000/- Multiply the subtotal above by 0.2 (20%) to cover balance of system cost. Cost Estimate for Balance of System: (1890000 × 0.2) Rs. 3,78000/-. Total Estimated PV System Cost is Rs.22,68000/-. 59
- 59. Thanks 60
- 60. Illustration of PSO algorithm This presentation is for the understanding of PSO method applied in DG Placement.
- 61. Step 1 : Initialize random values into particles which correspond to bus numbers(or locations of DGs) and sizes to be kept at respective locations of the chosen network For Ex. Assume there are 3 DGs to be placed and the number of particles be 10 33 bus data taken into consideration then, Note : All the values are assumed. They don't correspond to original values
- 62. Step 1 : Initialize random values into particles which correspond to bus numbers(or locations of DGs) and sizes to be kept at respective locations of the chosen network For Ex. Assume there are 3 DGs to be placed and the number of particles be 10 33 bus data taken into consideration then, Note : All the values are assumed. They don't correspond to original values Locations of 3 DGs Sizes of 3 DGs
- 63. Step 1 : Initialize random values into particles which correspond to bus numbers(or locations of DGs) and sizes to be kept at respective locations of the chosen network For Ex. Assume there are 3 DGs to be placed and the number of particles be 10 33 bus data taken into consideration then, Note : All the values are assumed. They don't correspond to original values Locations of 3 DGs Sizes of 3 DGs 10 Combinations Or 10 particles
- 64. Step 1 : Initialize random values into particles which correspond to bus numbers(or locations of DGs) and sizes to be kept at respective locations of the chosen network For Ex. Assume there are 3 DGs to be placed and the number of particles be 10 33 bus data taken into consideration then, Note : All the values are assumed. They don't correspond to original values 1.1MW at 5th bus
- 65. Step 1 : Initialize random values into particles which correspond to bus numbers(or locations of DGs) and sizes to be kept at respective locations of the chosen network For Ex. Assume there are 3 DGs to be placed and the number of particles be 10 33 bus data taken into consideration then, Note : All the values are assumed. They don't correspond to original values 0.4MW at 4th bus
- 66. Step 1 : Initialize random values into particles which correspond to bus numbers(or locations of DGs) and sizes to be kept at respective locations of the chosen network For Ex. Assume there are 3 DGs to be placed and the number of particles be 10 33 bus data taken into consideration then, Note : All the values are assumed. They don't correspond to original values 2.1MW at 31st bus
- 67. Step 2 : For each Particle (or each combination of Buses), apply DG sizes in the particle at locations given in the particle and calculate loss using exact loss formula. Sizes of DGs Locations of DGs Apply Exact Loss equation PL = 0.132 Note : All the values are assumed. They don't correspond to original values
- 68. Step 2 : For each Particle (or each combination of Buses), apply DG sizes in the particle at locations given in the particle and calculate loss using exact loss formula. Sizes of DGs Locations of DGs Apply Exact Loss equation PL = 0.132 Note : All the values are assumed. They don't correspond to original values Apply Exact Loss equation PL = 0.114 Apply Exact Loss equation PL = 0.122 Apply Exact Loss equation PL = 0.199 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 69. Step 2 : For each Particle (or each combination of Buses), apply DG sizes in the particle at locations given in the particle and calculate loss using exact loss formula. Note : All the values are assumed. They don't correspond to original values Apply Exact Loss equation PL = 0.114
- 70. Step 3 : Depending on the respective loss choose the minimum one as global best. update the personal best also. Note : All the values are assumed. They don't correspond to original values Assume That the following combination has the best value i.e. lowest PL Then, Global Best Particle Fitness of Global Best Apply Exact Loss equation PL = 0.114
- 71. Step 3 : Depending on the respective loss choose the minimum one as global best. update the personal best also. Note : All the values are assumed. They don't correspond to original values Global Best Particle Fitness of Global Best Apply Exact Loss equation PL = 0.114 Personal Best is also updated similarly. The only change is that it is compared to its own previous value of the respective Particle.
- 72. Step 4 : Update the velocities and positions of the Particles using PSO update equations. Note : All the values are assumed. They don't correspond to original values After using both equations and updating, The array transforms into
- 73. Step 5: Do steps 2,3,4 until the particles converge to a point where Global best does not get updated. Note : All the values are assumed. They don't correspond to original values