Ppt v1
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This document discusses how reward uncertainty and positive prediction error may influence learning and memory formation. It presents a study that investigated how prediction error in a computer game involving chance-based rewards related to adults' memory performance. The study found that positive prediction error prior to recall was linked to successful learning, suggesting reward uncertainty could promote motivation and engagement with educational games by triggering dopamine release and memory enhancement. The document advocates that gaming principles can be applied in education when done properly and with awareness of benefits and limitations.
Ppt v1
- 1. “Video games are not the enemy, but the best opportunity we have to engage our kids in real learning. ”(Prensky, 2003)“A sine qua non of successful learning is motivation: a motivated learner can’t be stopped.”(Prensky, 2003)How would you like your learning? The influence of reward uncertainty on motivation for learningin computer games.SkeviDemetriouCPLiC
- 2. Broader projectBROAD AIM:To investigate thepotential link between prediction error (PE), engagement and learning in laboratory experiments involving adults, and then use this understanding to explore how children engage with learning games involving chance-based uncertainty in more “real world” classroom contexts, seeking to interrelate this understanding with the discourse and social constructionsassociatedwith such games.Interdisciplinary approach: Education & Neuroscience.Computer game studies on Learning.Game built for the purposes of this project.Classroom & Laboratory based studies.Child & Adult participants. Mixed methods approach (interviews, video recordings, drawings, Electro Dermal Activity measurements, statistical data, etc). Qualitative & Quantitative data.Individually & Collaboratively working participants.
- 3. Theoretical frameworkNeuroscientific evidence to show that:Dopaminergic reward activity in the brain (mid brain areas) has been shown to vary with prediction error (Daw et al., 2006).The dopaminergic activation (ventral striatum, NAcc) depends on the magnitude of the prediction error (e.g. Fiorillo et al., 2003; Schultz, 2006).Neuroscientific evidence to show that dopaminergic activity in the brain aids memory formation and thus factual learning – Two notions: Direct impact: Uncertain rewards may promote memory formation through the dopamine release in the brain area called the hippocampus (Adcock, 2006; Callan & Schweighofer, 2008) Indirect impact: The uncertain reward - memory link is mediated by attention (i.e. Loftus, 1972, Muzzio et al., 2009).Dopamine is a neurotransmitter produced in the midbrain and transferred to cortical and subcortical regions (Treber et al, 2005). It is released at the synapse between 2 neurons and allows the transfer of impulse (information) . It is the transmitter used in these specific parts of the brain (4 main dopaminergic pathways).
- 4. 4B. How arediscourse and constructions influenced by whether the artificial opponent is matched in terms of gaming skillor academicability?Quasi-ExperimentalStudy4A. What types ofdiscourse and constructions are associated with competitive learning games involving chance-based uncertainty and an artificial competitor in the classroom, and how might these be interrelatedwith our biologicalunderstanding?1. How does prediction error, in learning games employing chance-based uncertainty, influence memory in adults?RESEARCH QUESTIONS(RQs)3B. How is this learning influenced by whether the artificial opponent is matched in terms of gaming skill or academic ability?2. How might prediction error, in learning games employing chance-based uncertainty, influence emotional engagement as measured by EDA?3A. How doesprediction error, in a computer-based learning game employing chance-based uncertainty and an artificial competitor, influence children’smemory?
- 5. Quasi-Experimental StudyAim: To explore how reward uncertainty and in particular, positive prediction error (PPE), is related to fundamental learning processes (i.e. orientation of attention, memory encoding and recall). In Specific:To identify instances when material was learnt and look for a relationship between them and the size of the PE in whatever game event had just previously occurred.
- 6. Procedure - MethodsPre testPlay computer gamePost testPaper basedPaperbasedComputer basedPaperbasedPaper basedComputer based30 questions of the game
- 7. Identical to post test
- 8. 5-10 mins
- 9. 30 questions
- 10. 60 trials
- 11. 30 mins
- 12. 30 questions of the game
- 13. Identical to pre test
- 14. 5-10 minsLab settingsElectro Dermal Activity (EDA) measuring unit.
- 15. Goal:To get the highest possible score. Prize for the final winner.2nd thing to do:Answer the Question.Learning EVENT1st thing to do:Choose a bandit (box)for points.Gaming EVENTState confidence level.Guidelines on what to do each time.Progress in the game.Participant’s score.The “4-Arm bandit”computer game used in this study. The learning content was «Tribes and their traditions». It wasdrawnfrom the book «The Golden Bough», by Sir James George Frazer.The questions appeared randomly from a pool of 15 from the total of 30 questions available. A question was replaced by a new one in the pool when answered correctly once. The same questions repeated until learned.
- 16. Timeline of events in the game
- 17. Definition of learning in the computer game.PEENCQuestion presentedFCorrect answer revealedPERECQuestionpresentedFTUnsuccessful learningSuccessful learning (PE =Box’s_Score_Now –Box’s_Score_Last sampled)
- 18. Methodology1. How does prediction error, in learning games employing chance-based uncertainty, influence memory in adults?Sample:16 adults (7 males and 9 females). All participants were working individually.Methods - Measures:Pre and Post tests Recordings of participants’ choices in the game (PPE & learning)VideorecordingVariables: Two continuous pseudo dependent variables (they were an alleged cause rather than effect): Prediction error at encoding (PEENC) and recall (PEREC). One pseudo independent variable: Learning (2 levels: successful/learning-SL and unsuccessful/non-learning-UL). Hypotheses:1 (for RQ1): In a learning computer game employing chance-based uncertainty, for encoding, prediction errors would be higher prior to successful than for unsuccessful learning. (PEENC) Successful learning > (PEENC) Unsuccessful learning 2 (for RQ1): In a learning computer game employing chance-based uncertainty, for recall, prediction errors would be higher prior to successful than unsuccessful learning. (PEREC) Successful learning > (PEREC) Unsuccessful learning
- 19. Results & DiscussionOn average participants scored significantly higher in the post test (M = 19.25, SE = .78) than in the pre test [M = 8.75, SE = .36,t (15) = -16.11, p < .0005, r = .97].In response to RQ1 and Hypotheses 1&2: On average, for encoding, PE for successful learning (M = 17.41, SE = 1.35) was not significantly higher than PE for unsuccessful learning (M = 15.27, SE = 1.31) even though the trend was in the direction hypothesised [t(15) = 1.71, 1-tailed: p = .054, 2-tailed: p = 1.1].Discussion:- This was expecting the possible attention effect of the PE to survive about 18-24 seconds, (i.e. from when participants had entered their question answer and indicated their confidence rating, to when they received feedback). However, literature suggests that dopaminergic reward effects are quite short-lived – only a few seconds (Bogacz et al., 2007). - The encoding was also occurring in the negative context of being told their answer was wrong.
- 20. Results & DiscussionOn average, for recall, PE for successful learning (M = 20.10, SE = 1.36) was significantly higher than PE for unsuccessful learning [M = 17.55, SE = 1.35, t(15) = 3.51, 1-tailed & 2-tailed: p < .005, r = .67]. Positive prediction error (PPE) is linked to successful learning. Happy surprise is linked to successful learning.
- 21. ConclusionsLearning to be potentially influenced by positive prediction error (PPE).In line with literature suggesting that positive prediction error triggers memory and factual learning formation. PPE as a “memory enhancer”.Reward uncertainty increases dopamine release in the brain and therefore attention and motivation to engage (e.g. Fiorillo et al., 2003).This was examined in the context of an educational computer game. Potential for Education.This study was followed up with studies using this computer game in classroom settings. Statistically significant results. This could help device educational computer games that could promote motivation and learning. Design “learning provoking” situations. Neurocomputational modelling.Gaming as a computer based activity, is known for its potential to promote learning even in formal educational settings when embedded properly and with awareness of its benefits and constraints. Technology is not a “panacea”. It is a tool.This study was followed up with studies on uncertainty-involving not computer based gaming. Very encouraging results. Whether involving computers or not, the gaming element itself, obtains powerful dynamics in enhancing individuals’ motivation and is potentially powerful in making learning derived from such instruction efficient (e.g. Randel et al., 1992; Whitehall, & McDonald, 1993; Ricci et al., 1996). Playing is, above all, “a privileged learning experience” (Rosas et al., 2003).