Practical Botany
- 2. Learn the structures and characteristics of plants. Understand how plants are named or classified. Understand the growth processes of plants. Learn practical applications of botanical knowledge.
- 3. Plant Cell
- 4. Vegetative: Roots Stems Buds Leaves Reproductive: Flowers Fruit Seeds
- 5. Anchor the plant Absorb water and nutrients Store sugars from photosynthesis Need oxygen to break down sugars for growth
- 7. Transport water and nutrients Site of flower and leaf attachment Support structure
- 8. BULBS – ONION,TULIP TUBERS - POTATO Modified leavesModified stem Many bulbs are modified stems
- 9. Vegetative bud Flower bud Mixed bud
- 14. Attract pollinators Contain reproductive structures Fruits arise from the mature ovaries Dioecious vs. monoecious Pistil Perfect flower
- 17. Fruits are enlarged ovaries left after other flower parts drop Fleshy Drupe (peach) Pome (apple) Berry Achene (strawberry) Dry Nuts Pods – beans and peas
- 18. Water uptake (imbibition) causes seed to swell Germination requires: Oxygen Proper temperature (70- 80°F)
- 20. Plants within a family have similar characteristics Helps to narrow the field when identifying plants Kingdom Division Class Order Family Genus Species
- 21. Genus – close genetically Species – easily interbreed Binomial nomenclature
- 22. Variety – naturally occurring Ex. Brassica oleraceae var. botrytis (common name: broccoli) Cultivar – product of plant breeding Ex. Acer platanoides ‘Crimson Sentry’ (common name: Crimson Sentry Norway maple)
- 23. Universal Unambiguous Everybody knows what you’re talking about. Chinese elm (Ulmus parvifolia)
- 24. Spore-bearing (ferns, mosses, hornworts) Seed-bearing Angiosperms Seed leaves called cotyledons Gymnosperms (naked seeds – cone-bearing) Angiosperms (enclosed seeds – flowering plants) Monocots (one seed leaf) Dicots (two seed leaves)
- 25. Most horticultural plants are vascular plants: Stems Leaves Roots Conducting tissues
- 26. Bryophytes Liverworts Mosses Hornworts Marchantia polymorpha Common weed in nursery production
- 28. dicotmonocot
- 29. Monocots = grasslike plants Dicots = broadleaf plants Selective herbicides
- 30. Annuals – complete their lifecycle in one growing season Biennials – require two growing seasons to flower; often sold and cultivated as annuals Perennials – live for more than two growing seasons Herbaceous perennials Woody perennials
- 31. Annuals go through an entire lifecycle in one season True annuals vs. frost-tender perennials True annuals live through only one lifecycle regardless of climate Frost-tender perennials are native in climates with warm winters – they are cultivated as annuals in our cold-winter climate Winter annuals are grown in mild-winter climates and are planted in fall for winter bloom
- 32. Require two years to complete their lifecycle First season growth results in a small rosette of leaves near the soil surface Second season growth: Stem elongation Flowering Seed formation Digitalis - Foxglove
- 33. Plants that live and flower more than two growing seasons Trees and shrubs are woody perennials - go through a dormant phase each winter Bulbs (ex.Tulips) – leaves yellow and die back after flowering – sugars are transported to and stored in the bulb for flowering the next growing season Perennial garden flowers – plants die back to the ground and enter a dormant phase over winter – grow back from the root crown in spring Grasses – grow from the crown
- 36. GIRDLING DISRUPTS PHLOEM TRANSPORT SYSTEMIC HERBICIDES MOVE THROUGHTHE PHLOEM
- 37. Plants use light + CO2 and water to make sugar. Sugars are used by the plant for growth or stored.
- 38. Water and soil nutrients are transported up through xylem. Sugars are transported through phloem.
- 39. Occurs through the phloem tissue Primary sink = Roots – CHO storage 2nd sink - Developing flowers, fruits, and seeds 3rd sink are growing points called meristems Electron micrograph of a growing point
- 40. Root hairs absorb water and nutrients Cell elongation pushes the root through the soil Meristem produces new root cells
- 41. or spike
- 45. Gas exchange occurs through leaf pores called stomata CO2 is taken up and O2 is released Water moving out through stomata keeps leaves cool Stomate
- 46. Intense sunlight Wind High temperature Low relative humidity
- 48. Seed germination – Start of life for many plants Juvenility – Stage of life cycle when plants put on root and shoot growth Maturity – Flowering and sexual reproduction occurs during this stage Dormancy - way for plants to survive unfavorable conditions Senescence – Aging of the plant or its parts
- 49. Auxins (IAA, IBA) – control growth of stems, roots Cytokinins – work with auxins Abscisic Acid (ABA) – affects bud growth, and seed, bud dormancy Gibberellins (GA) – important in seed germination Ethylene – affects fruit ripening
- 51. HEDERA HELIX (ENGLISH IVY) STAYS IN JUVENILE STAGE FOR 10YEARS! Leaf form (Ivy) Growth form (suckers or water sprouts) Thorns (Locust tree) Leaf retention (in young trees, ex. oaks) Juvenile Mature
- 53. HAMNER AND BONNER (1920’S) PHOTOPERIOD RESPONSE Induction Cool temperature - vernalization Night-length (long-day vs. short-day plants) Initiation Vegetative meristems change to flower meristems Development Pollination Fertilization
- 54. Self-pollination vs. cross-pollination Fertilization usually required for fruit development Exception: Parthenocarpy (produces seedless fruit) Fertilized ovary becomes the fruit
- 55. Change in fruit color Softening of the fruit Change in flavor from sour to sweet Plant hormone ethylene is involved Ripening tomato fruit
- 56. Senescence = aging Annual plants begin senescence after flowering Sometimes only part of a plant will senesce Mediated by ethylene Fall leaf color caused by senescence of chlorophyll (green) pigments allowing other pigments to show
- 57. Slowed or interrupted plant growth Winter dormancy in cold-winter areas Dry-season dormancy in Southwest and on coasts Seeds usually enter a period of dormancy after plant senescence. Breaking seed dormancy: Cold-moist stratification Heat Scarification of seed coat Gibberellins Nicking seed coat 24 hours later
- 59. Removing the apical bud release apical dormancy and results in growth of axillary buds below the cut.
- 60. The effect of heading cuts differs, depending on bud arrangement.