Presentation on DNA Sequencing Process
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The document summarizes a presentation on bioinformatics and DNA sequencing. It includes 5 group members who each discuss an aspect of DNA sequencing. It describes how DNA stores genetic information and its structure. It then explains the history of DNA discovery and different sequencing methods, including the Sanger method. Modern applications of sequencing in forensics, medicine, and agriculture are outlined. The human genome project is summarized as a large international effort to sequence the entire human genome.
Presentation on DNA Sequencing Process
- 2. GROUP MEMBER SAJIBUL HASSAN NAHIAN AHMED TARIQUL ISLAM MONSUR AHMED SHAFIQ OMAR FARUQ
- 4. DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid that functions include: ->Storage of genetic information ->Expression of the genetic message DNA’s major function is to code for proteins. Information is encoded in the order of the nitrogenous bases.
- 5. DNA SEQUENCING Determining the order of bases in a section of DNA. To analyze gene structure and its relation to gene expression as well as protein conformation
- 6. HISTORY • Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was first discovered and isolated by Friedrich Miescher in 1869 • 1953 structure of DNA established as a double helix • 1970 first method of DNA sequencing involved a location specific primed extension strategy.
- 7. • 1977 Frederick sanger published a method for DNA sequencing with chain terminating in hibitors. • 1990 several new methods are developed in the mid to late90,s • 2003 complete human genome project History
- 9. • Mapping genomes • Determining gene structure • Detecting polymorphism • Analyzing genetic variation • Predicting the possible product(s) of DNA fragments DNA Sequencing is used for:
- 10. DNA SEQUENCING METHOD Methods of DNA sequencing : 1.Maxam-Gilbert sequencing 2.Chain termination method (Sanger method) Next generation methods: 1.Massively parallel signature sequencing 2.Polony sequencing 3.Pyrosequencing 4.Illumina sequencing 5.Solid sequencing
- 11. SANGER METHOD • Most common approach used for DNA sequencing . • Invented by Frederick Sanger - 1977 • Nobel prize - 1980 • Also termed as Chain Termination or Dideoxy method
- 13. STEP - 1 The reaction mixture
- 14. • It sorts the newly synthesized DNA strands by length. • The reaction mixture is heated to keep the newly synthesized strands separated • Separated strands are loaded onto a tiny capillary tube • The tube is not much thicker than a human hair and is 1 to 3 feet long STEP - 2
- 15. 1.The emerged strands are passed through a laser beam 2.The beam causes the dye to glow at a specific wavelength, or color. This color is then detected by a photocell STEP - 3
- 16. • Computers read the sequence from the gel and interpret the colors and print a sequence of nucleotides across the top. STEP - 4
- 18. COMPARISON Sanger Method Maxam Gilbert Method Enzymatic Chemical Requires DNA synthesis Requires DNA Termination of chain elongation Breaks DNA at different nucleotides Automation Automation is not available Single-stranded DNA Double-stranded or single- stranded DNA
- 19. MORDEN APPLICATIONS OF DNA SEQUENCING • Forensics: to help identify individuals because each individual has a different genetic sequence • Medicine: can be used to help detect the genes which are linked to various genetic disorders such as muscular dystrophy. • Agriculture: The mapping and sequencing of a genome of microorganisms has helped to make them useful for crops and food plants.
- 21. HUMAN GENOME PROJECT • The biggest challenge for the life sciences • 15 years project (NIH, DOE of USA) • Primary goal Sequence base pairs of human beings that form DNA • Identifying & mapping approx. 20K-25K genes • Significance Physical & functional •standpoint
- 22. ADVANTAGES • Improved diagnosis of disease • Identify the genes causing genetic diseases • Identifying crime suspects DISADVANTAGES • Whole genome cannot be sequenced at once • Very slow and time consuming
- 23. Thank You!!!