Presentation On Fact Device
- 3. FACTS – WHAT IT IS?? • FACTs is an acronym for Flexible AC Transmission Systems. FACTs uses solid state switching devices to control power flow through a transmission network. • FACTs idea was put forward by Prof. Hingorani of EPRI,USA in 1988. • A line can be loaded up to its full thermal limit by FACTs. • Power transfer can be increased through an old line by FACTs.
- 4. HISTORY OF FACTS • Flexible AC Transmission Systems Technology (FACTs) was first proposed by the Dr. Narain G. Hingorani in 1988 of Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI),USA. • The first FACTS installation was at the C.J. Slatt Substation near Arlington,Oregon. • This is a 500 KV, 3-phase 60 Hz substation, and was developed by EPRI, the Bonneville Power Administration and General Electric Company.
- 5. OBJECTIVES OF FACTS • To increase the power transfer capability of transmission systems. • To keep power flow over designated routes. • Secure loading of transmission lines nearer to their thermal limits. • Prevention of cascading outages by contributing to emergency control. • Damping of oscillations that can threaten security or limit the useable line capacity.
- 7. CLASSIFICATION OF FACTS The FACTS device can be classified in TWO ways: • Depending on the type of connection to the network 1.Serial Controller. 2.Derivation Controller. 3.Serial to Serial Controller. 4.Serial Derivation Controllers. • Depending on Technological Features the FACTS devices can be divided into two generations: 1.First Generation- Uses thyristors with ignition controlled by door (SCR). 2.Second Generation- semiconductors with ignition and extinction controlled by door (GTO,IGBT,etc.)
- 8. SERIAL AND DERIVATION CONTROLLER Serial Controllers: 1.Consist of a variable impedance as a coil. 2.Inject a serial tension to the line. 3.Consumes reactive power. Example:Serial Synchronous Static Compensator(SSSC) Controllers in Derivation:1.Consist of a variable impedance,variable source or a combination of both. 2.Inject current to the system in the point of connection. 3.Consumes reactive power. Example:Synchronous Static Compensator(STATCOM)
- 9. SERIAL-SERIAL AND SERIAL-DERIVATION CONTROLLERS Serial-Serial Controllers: Combination of coordinated serial controllers in a multiline transmission system or can also be an unified controller. Example: Interline Power Flow Compensator(IPFC) Serial-Derivation Controllers: Combination of serial and derivations controllers separated, co-ordinately controlled. Example: Unified Power Flow Controller(UPFC)
- 10. GENERATION OF FACTS 1.FIRST GENERATION OF FACTS 1.Static Compensator of VAR’s (SVC,TCR) 2.Thyristor Controlled Series Compensation (TCSC,TCSR) 3.Thyristor Controlled Phase Shifting Transformer(TCPST) 4.Thyristor Controlled Voltage Regulator(TCVR) 2.SECOND GENERATION OF FACTS 1. Synchronous Static Compensator(STATCOM) 2. Static Synchronous Series Compensator(SSSC) 3. Unified Power Flow Controller(UPFC) 4. Interline Power Flow Controller(IPFC)
- 11. ADVANTAGES OF FACTS • Transmission Cost is minimized. • Smooth steady state and dynamic control. • Active damping of power oscillations. • Increase of reliability. • Improvement of system stability and voltage control. • Provide greater flexibility in sitting new generation. • Optimum power flow for certain objectives.
- 12. TECHNICAL BENEFITS OF FACTS
- 13. MAINTENANCE AND OPERATION • Maintenance of FACTS Devices: 1.Is minimal and similar to that required for shunt capacitors, reactors and transformers. 2.The amount of maintenance ranges from 150 to 250 man-hours per year. * Operation of FACTS Devices: 1. Operated Automatically. 2. Can be done locally and remotely.
- 14. APPLICATIONS OF FACTS • Steady State Voltage Stability. • Power Flow Control. • Damping of power system oscillations. • Reducing generation costs. • HVDC link application. • Deregulated Power Systems. • Flicker Mitigation.
- 15. FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS OF FACTS • Several FACTS devices have been introduced for various application world- wide. • A member of new types of devices are in the stage of being introduced in practice. • Many new devices are under research process, such as… HFC(Hybrid Flow Controller) RHFC(Rotary Hybrid Flow Controller) DPFC(Distributed Power Flow Controller) C-UPFC(Center Node) and Many More….