Presentation on history of microbiology.siam (ppt file)
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This document provides an overview of the history of microbiology. It discusses early observations of cells by Robert Hooke and microbes by Anton van Leeuwenhoek in the 17th century. It also outlines the development of the cell theory and experiments refuting the theory of spontaneous generation, establishing that life arises only from pre-existing life through the work of scientists like Francesco Redi, Lazzaro Spallanzani, and Louis Pasteur in the 18th-19th centuries. The document also summarizes Pasteur's contributions to germ theory and microbiology through his studies of fermentation, pasteurization, and diseases.
Presentation on history of microbiology.siam (ppt file)
- 3. 3 10/28/17 Topic DiscussedTopic Discussed Cells and cell theoryCells and cell theory Microbes and GermMicrobes and Germ TheoryTheory Classic Age ofClassic Age of MicrobiologyMicrobiology – FermentationFermentation – PasteurizationPasteurization ………………?????? Filename : Siam.ppt
- 4. 4 10/28/17 MicrobiologyMicrobiology MicrobiologyMicrobiology is the study ofis the study of microorganisms usually less than 1mm inmicroorganisms usually less than 1mm in diameter which requires some form ofdiameter which requires some form of magnification( Microscope) to be seenmagnification( Microscope) to be seen clearly.clearly. – Examples:Examples: VirusesViruses BacteriaBacteria FungiFungi AlgaeAlgae Protozoa'sProtozoa's
- 5. 5 10/28/17 ““HistoryHistory ofof Microbiology”Microbiology” Early Observations &Early Observations & ExperimentsExperiments Robert Hooke: cellsRobert Hooke: cells Leeuweenhoek: microbesLeeuweenhoek: microbes
- 6. 6 10/28/17 Robert Hook-Robert Hook- (1635-(1635- 1703)1703) Englishman, usedEnglishman, used a primitive compounda primitive compound (two magnifying lenses)(two magnifying lenses) microscope, reportedmicroscope, reported that life’s smallest unitsthat life’s smallest units were little boxes –were little boxes – CellsCells, his work, his work started the process ofstarted the process of the development of thethe development of the Cell theoryCell theory of lifeof life First illustrated book onFirst illustrated book on microscopymicroscopy MicrographiaMicrographia Hook’s microscopeHook’s microscope
- 7. 7 10/28/17 The Cell TheoryThe Cell Theory All organisms composed of one orAll organisms composed of one or more cellsmore cells Cells are smallest living thingsCells are smallest living things Cells arise only from previouslyCells arise only from previously existing cellsexisting cells Thus: all organisms are descendentsThus: all organisms are descendents of the first cellsof the first cells
- 8. 8 10/28/17 Anton Van LeeuwenhoekAnton Van Leeuwenhoek First person to see bacteriaFirst person to see bacteria Single lens microscopeSingle lens microscope First to observe livingFirst to observe living microbesmicrobes His single-lens magnifiedHis single-lens magnified 50-300X magnification50-300X magnification Between 1674-1723 heBetween 1674-1723 he wrote series of paperswrote series of papers describing hisdescribing his observations of bacteria,observations of bacteria, algae, protozoa, and fungialgae, protozoa, and fungi (Animalcules)(Animalcules)
- 9. 9 10/28/17 Early Compound Microscope beautifully crafted but had severe chromatic distortion
- 10. 10 10/28/17 Spontaneous GenerationSpontaneous Generation Biogenesis vs. AbiogenesisBiogenesis vs. Abiogenesis AristotleAristotle Jan Baptista van Helmont (1580-1644)Jan Baptista van Helmont (1580-1644) Francisco Redi (1626-1697)Francisco Redi (1626-1697) John T. Needham (1713-1781)John T. Needham (1713-1781) Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729-1799)Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729-1799) Theodor Schwann (1810-1882)Theodor Schwann (1810-1882) Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
- 11. 11 10/28/17 BiogenesisBiogenesis vs.vs. AbiogenesisAbiogenesis Biogenesis - development of life fromBiogenesis - development of life from preceding life formspreceding life forms Abiogenesis - life arises from inorganicAbiogenesis - life arises from inorganic or non-living materialsor non-living materials
- 12. 12 10/28/17 AristotleAristotle First to record possible routes to life.First to record possible routes to life. He saw beings as arising in one of three ways, fromHe saw beings as arising in one of three ways, from sexual reproduction, asexual reproduction orsexual reproduction, asexual reproduction or nonliving matter.nonliving matter. Observable that aphids arise from the dew on plants,Observable that aphids arise from the dew on plants, fleas from putrid matter, and mice from dirty hayfleas from putrid matter, and mice from dirty hay This belief remained unchallenged for more than twoThis belief remained unchallenged for more than two thousand years.thousand years.
- 13. 13 10/28/17 Jan Baptista van HelmontJan Baptista van Helmont (1580-1644)(1580-1644) Reported in late 1500’s that barley grains andReported in late 1500’s that barley grains and old shirts left in a corner would spontaneouslyold shirts left in a corner would spontaneously give rise to micegive rise to mice Claimed as evidence that supportedClaimed as evidence that supported spontaneous generation or abiogenesisspontaneous generation or abiogenesis
- 14. 14 10/28/17
- 15. 15 10/28/17 Francisco Redi (1626-1697)Francisco Redi (1626-1697) Set up controlled experiment to test idea ofSet up controlled experiment to test idea of spontaneous generation with respect tospontaneous generation with respect to maggots appearing on rotting meatmaggots appearing on rotting meat – open jar with meatopen jar with meat – screened jar with meatscreened jar with meat – sealed jar with meatsealed jar with meat
- 17. 17 10/28/17 John T. NeedhamJohn T. Needham (1713-1781)(1713-1781) Flies do not arise spontaneously but theFlies do not arise spontaneously but the “animalcules” described by van Leeuwenhoek“animalcules” described by van Leeuwenhoek mustmust In 1748 Needham boiled mutton broth,In 1748 Needham boiled mutton broth, stoppered and noted that flask becam turbidstoppered and noted that flask becam turbid Argued that the turbidity, which includedArgued that the turbidity, which included many “animalcules” must have arisenmany “animalcules” must have arisen spontaneouslyspontaneously
- 18. 18 10/28/17 Lazzaro SpallanzaniLazzaro Spallanzani (1729-1799)(1729-1799) Repeated Needham’s experimentsRepeated Needham’s experiments Used flasks that were sealed by melting theUsed flasks that were sealed by melting the glass rather than with a corkglass rather than with a cork Found that if sealed properly, flasks boiled 45Found that if sealed properly, flasks boiled 45 minutes would remain sterile thus refutingminutes would remain sterile thus refuting Needham’s conclusionsNeedham’s conclusions
- 19. 19 10/28/17 Theodor SchwannTheodor Schwann (1810-1882)(1810-1882) An argumentAn argument against Spallanzaniagainst Spallanzani experiments is thatexperiments is that they excluded airthey excluded air ConstructedConstructed apparatus toapparatus to sterilize air comingsterilize air coming into flaskinto flask Results supportedResults supported biogenesisbiogenesis
- 20. 20 10/28/17 Theodor SchwannTheodor Schwann (1810-1882)(1810-1882) Apparatus used by SchwannApparatus used by Schwann The central flask, which isThe central flask, which is being rendered sterile bybeing rendered sterile by heating contains theheating contains the infusion. Air is passedinfusion. Air is passed through it from the heatedthrough it from the heated coil on right. The flask atcoil on right. The flask at left is a mercury trapleft is a mercury trap through which air escapesthrough which air escapes after passing through theafter passing through the central flask.central flask.
- 21. 21 10/28/17 Louis PasteurLouis Pasteur (1822-1895)(1822-1895) Looked at air which hadLooked at air which had been filteredbeen filtered Developed swan neckDeveloped swan neck flask to deal with heatedflask to deal with heated air problemair problem Looked at frequency ofLooked at frequency of occurrence ofoccurrence of contaminated flaskscontaminated flasks Settled controversySettled controversy ““Father of bacteriology andFather of bacteriology and
- 22. 22 10/28/17 Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) An example of theAn example of the swan-necked flaskswan-necked flask
- 23. 23 10/28/17 Golden Age of MicrobiologyGolden Age of Microbiology FermentationFermentation PasteurizationPasteurization Germ TheoryGerm Theory
- 24. 24 10/28/17 FermentationFermentation Vintners thought sugarVintners thought sugar chemicallychemically converted to alcohol in airconverted to alcohol in air Pasteur, a chemist, was asked to helpPasteur, a chemist, was asked to help DiscoveredDiscovered – Yeast convert sugars to alcoholYeast convert sugars to alcohol – Bacteria change alcohol to vinegarBacteria change alcohol to vinegar Fermentation was biological processFermentation was biological process
- 25. 25 10/28/17 PasteurizationPasteurization Pasteur connected foodPasteur connected food spoilage and microbesspoilage and microbes Pasteurization: DestroyPasteurization: Destroy microbes that causemicrobes that cause spoilage by heatspoilage by heat – Beer, wine, milkBeer, wine, milk Critical to developmentCritical to development of Germ theoryof Germ theory
- 26. 26 10/28/17 Pasteur’s Original FlasksPasteur’s Original Flasks
- 27. 27 10/28/17 Germ Theory of DiseaseGerm Theory of Disease Observation on causative agents ofObservation on causative agents of potato blight and diseases of silkwormspotato blight and diseases of silkworms led to hypothesisled to hypothesis Formalized through work of PasteurFormalized through work of Pasteur and Koch (and others) led to theory thatand Koch (and others) led to theory that germs or microorganisms may causegerms or microorganisms may cause diseasedisease
- 28. 28 10/28/17 Germ Theory of DiseaseGerm Theory of Disease Robert Koch firstRobert Koch first developeddeveloped relationship betweenrelationship between microorganisms andmicroorganisms and diseasedisease Developed Koch’sDeveloped Koch’s Postulates forPostulates for testing relationshiptesting relationship Discovered cause ofDiscovered cause of anthrax andanthrax and tuberculosistuberculosis
- 29. 29 10/28/17 Germ Theory of DiseaseGerm Theory of Disease Koch’s Postulates:Koch’s Postulates: – Same microorganism must be observed inSame microorganism must be observed in every instance of diseaseevery instance of disease – Organism must be isolated from diseasedOrganism must be isolated from diseased host and grown in pure culturehost and grown in pure culture – Specific disease must be reproduced whenSpecific disease must be reproduced when pure culture is reintroduced into hostpure culture is reintroduced into host
- 31. 31 10/28/17 Technological advances haveTechnological advances have resulted in the development ofresulted in the development of studies instudies in – AgriculturalAgricultural microbiologymicrobiology – AquaticAquatic microbiologymicrobiology – IndustrialIndustrial microbiologymicrobiology – MedicalMedical microbiologymicrobiology – SpaceSpace microbiologymicrobiology – EnvironmentalEnvironmental microbiologymicrobiology