Presentation on mammal`s

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Presentation on:
Classification of Mammals

Introduction To Mammals
 The mammals from the phylogenetically “highest” group of vertebrate animal
kingdom.
 It is known that true mammals did emerge by 125 millions years ago,
approximately 40 million years after ‘mammalia formes’ , mammal like
therapsids.
 The term “mammal” refers to the Greek words ”Mammae” which means
mammary glands
 They include the moles ,bats, rodents, cats ,monkey, whales, horse ,deer and
humans other living forms ,besides a host extinct species and orders.
 Mammals include 5400 species (15,000 sub species) and 34 orders.

Simple Layout of Class Mammals
Mammalia
Subclass 1 :Prototheria Subclass 2:Theria
Infraclass 1 Eotheria Infraclass 2 Ornithodelphia Infraclass 3 Allotheria
Infraclass 2 Metatheria Infraclass 3 EutheriaInfraclass 1 Pantotheria
Order-1Triconodonta
Order-2 Docodonta
Order-3 Monotremata Order-4 Multituberculata Order-5 Symmetrodonta
Order-6Trituberculata
Order-7 Masupialia
Order-8 Insectivora
Order-9 Dermoptera
Order-10 Chiroptera
Order-11 Primates
Order-12 Tillodontia
Order-13 Taeniodonta
Order-14 Edentata
Order-15 Pholidota
Order-16 Lagomorpha
Order-17 Rodentia
Order-18 Cetacea
Order-19 Carnivora
Order-20 Pinnipedia
Order-21 Condylarthra
Order-22 Litopterna
Order-23 Notungulata
Order-24Astrapotheria
Order-25Tubulidentata
Order-26 Pantodonta
Order-27 Uintatheria
Order-28 Pyrotheria
Order-29 Proboscidea
Order-30 Embrithopoda
Order-31 Hyracoidea
Order-32 Sirenia
Order-33 Perissodactyla
Order-34 Artiodactyla

General characters
 Have mammary glands.
 Have hair and fur on the body.
 Mammals are endothermic vertebrates.
 Brain highly developed, Cranial nerves 12 pairs.
 Four chambered hearts.
 Have sebaceous (fat secreting glands), sudoriferus (sweat), and scent glands.
 Have heterodont dentations (different types of teeth).
 Possess diaphragm.
 Possess one single jaw bone.
 Respiration always by lungs (pulmonary).
 Fertilization internal preceded by copulation.

Subclass-1: Protheria
Infraclass1: Eotheria (Extinct)
Order :1 Triconodonta (Extinct)
 Carnivores
 Cat-sized
 Dental formula : I4 C1P(3-4)M(4-5)
I4 C1P(3-4)M(4-5)
with 3 subequal cusps in line. Fig: Triconodon
Ex. Triconodon.
.

Order: 2 Docodonta (Extinct)
 Probably omnivorous.
 Cat- sized.
 Dental formula : I3 C2P10M8
I3 C2P10M8
Ex: Docodon.
• Fig: Docodon.

Infraclass-2: Ornithodelphia (living)
Order: 3 Monotremata (Living)
head
 Egg laying mammals. web
 No external pinna or ear. horny beak
 Teeth only in young ,adults with
horny beak.
 Mammary glands without nipples.
Ex. Ornithorhynchus.
Fig: Ornithorhynchus

Infraclass-3: Allotheria (Extinct)
Order:4 Multituberculata (Extinct)
 Herbivorous, beaver like
 Analogus to placental rodents in size and
function. Fig:Taeniolabis
 Highly specialized and varied form.
 Dental formula : I1+/1 C0P0M2/3
I1+/1 C0P0M2/3
Ex. Ptilodus , Taeniolabis.
Fig:Ptilodus

Subclass 2: Theria
Infraclass1: Pantotheria
Order :5 Symmetrodonta (Extinct)
 Carnivores.
 Moderate-sized.
I3 C1P3M7
molars symmetrically triangular Fig: Hadrocodium
Ex. Eurylambda ,Hadrocodium

Order:6 Trituberculata (Extinct)
 Carnivores
 Small-sized
 Only jaws known,
Dental formula: I4C1P4M7-8
 Molars asymmetrically triangular
in shape.
Fig: Dryolestida
Ex.Melanodon, Dryolestida

Infraclass 2:-Mertatheria
Order :7 Marsupialia (Living)
 Marsupial or broad pouch strong hind
present in females. limb
 Mammary glands are strong tail
sebaceous and bearing nipples. Fig: Macropus
 Incisor teeth not equal
in the two jaws.
 Viviparous.
Ex. Macropus
Fig. Macropus

Infraclass 3: Eutheria
Order: 8 Insectivora (Living)
 Small and furry animal.
 Snout usually long and tapering. nostril
 Teeth sharp and pointed. clawed digit
I3 C1P3M7
 Nocturnal and terrestrial.
Ex. Talpa
Fig:Talpa

Order :9 Demoptera (Living)
 Commonly known as “flying lemurs”
 Nocturnal in habit.
 Incisor teeth 2/3.
 Fore limbs equal and included with a tail.
Ex. Cynocephalus
Fig:Cynocephalus

Order: 10 Chiroptera (Living)
 Commonly known as
“true flying lemurs”
 Fore limbs are modified for flight.
 Hind limbs are weak having Fig: Desmodus
clawed digits.
 Eyes are small, ears have large pinnae.
 Teeth are sharp.
 Dental formula: I2/3 C1/1P3/3M3/3 claw
I2/3 C1/1P3/3M3/3 wing
Ex. Desmodus, Pteropus
Fig: Pteropus

Order :11 Primates (Living)
 Completely hairy and generally
arboreal mammals.
 Head turns readily on neck.
 Limb bones separate, freely
jointed.
 Hands and feet often enlarged,
each with five distinct digits.
 Mode of walking is plantigrade. Fig: Ateles
Ex. Torsius, Ateles (spider monkey)

Order :12Tillodontia (Extinct)
 Skull long, brain case small.
 Two pairs of rootless incisors,
cannines minute, molars, low-crowned.
 Feet plantigrade, 5 toed, claws large.
Ex.Tilotherium
Fig :Side-view of the skull
of Tillotherium fodieus, with the
lower jaw displaced downwards,
one-fourth of the natural size.

Order :13 Taeniodonta (Extinct)
 Early forms small, like insective.
 Teeth rooted, enamel covered.
 Later types larger, skull short and deep.
 One pair of incisors, canines large, molars peglike, no roots,
scant enamel.
Ex. Stylinodon, Conorytes
Fig:Stylinodon

Order: 14 Edentata (Living)
 Includes large fossil ground
sloths and glyptodont.
 Feet have well developed claws.
 Teeth present or absent.
 If present incisors and canines
are always absent. Fig: Bradypus
Ex. Bradypus, Dasypus.
Fig:Dasypus

Order :15 Philodota (Living)
 Body covered by large over-lapping horny scales.
 Hairs are found between scale.
 Snout elongated. scales
 Teeth are entirely absent.
 Nocturnal and burrowing in habits. external ear
 The limbs are short bearing five digits. nostril
Ex. Manis (Pangolin)
head
tail
Fig: Manis

Order :16 Lagomorpha (Living)
 Small to moderate sized mammals.
 Two pairs of incisors are present in
the upper jaw, canine absent. pinna
 Tail short. head
 Soles of feet are hairy, toes bear claws. eye
Ex. Orictolagus. (Rabbit) fore
limb
Fig: Orictolagus

Order:17 Rodentia (Living)
 Usually small mammals.
 Limbs small ,usually with 5 toes and claws .
 Incisors single pair, long chisel like ,
canines entirely absent.
Exa. Rattus rattus (Rat) Fig:Rattus rattus
Callosciurus (Squirrel) tail
pinna
neck
Fig: Callosciurus

Order :18 Cetacea (Living)
 Medium sized to very large aquatic mammals.
 Body usually spindle-shaped and fish like.
 Head long often pointed without neck.
 Eyes are minute.
Ex. Megaptera, Orcinus (killer whale)
Fig:Orcinus

Order :19 Carnivora (Living)
 Small to large, terrestrial, arboreal or aquatic.
 Teeth usually sharp, incisors small, usually 3/3, canine 1/1.
 Small toes usually five.
Ex. Panthera tigris (Tiger)
Canine teeth
Fig: Panthera
Fig: Hunting tiger

Order :20 Pinnipedia (Living)
 Marine carnivores.
 Size medium to large, body spindle-shaped.
 Limbs flipper or paddle shaped, used in swimming.
 Tail is very short.
Ex. Otario (Sea-lion)
Fig: Otario

Order :21 Condylarthra (Extinct)
 Primitive ungulates, some with cannies.
 Cheek teeth with pointed cusps.
 Some small-bodied.
Ex. Phenacodus.
Fig: Fossil of Phenacodus

Order :22 Litopterna (Extinct)
 Of ungulate form, some to sized of camel.
 Toes three or one with hoofs.
 Upper incisor present
 Cheek teeth are well developed, with folded enamel.
Ex. Thoatherium
Fig: Fossil of Thoatherium

Order: 23 Notoungulata (Extinct)
 Form varied, rabbit sized to 6m long.
 Some heavy-bodied. Digit grade, mostly three-toed, with claws.
 Teeth varied, incisors large in some, upper molars incurved.
Ex. Toxodon
Fig: Toxodon

Order :24 Astrapotheria (Extinct)
 Small to large.
 No upper incisors, canines and molars large.
 Toes five digitigrades.
Ex. Astrapotherium.
Fig:Astrapotherium

Order: 25 Tubulidentata (Living)
 Body stout, some what a pig like, covered with sparse hairs.
 Snout is very long and tubular.
 Ears long ,erect and pointed.
 Permanent teeth fewer, no incisors and canine, enamel absent.
Exa: Orycteropus
ear
Fig: Fossil of Orycteropus Fig: Orycteropus

Order:26 Pantodonta (Extinct)
 Medium- sized
 Limbs short, feet broad, hoofed.
 Canines large, Cheek teeth with looped ridge.
Ex. Pantolambda.
Short limb
Fig: Pantolambda

Order:27 Dinocerata (Extinct)
 Size and form of rhinoceros.
 Skull long with horn-like bony growths.
 Canines large, upper molars double-crested.
Ex. Uintatherium
Canine teeth
Fig: Uintatherium

Order:28 Pyrotheria (Extinct)
 Elephant-like in size and form.
 Incisor chisel like.
Ex. Pyrotherium.
Fig :Pyrotherium

Order:29 Proboscidea (Living)
 Largest and highly specialized terrestrial mammals.
 Skin thick and sparsely covered with hairs.
 Flexible muscular proboscis present.
 Eyes are small and ears are large.
 Legs are large and pillar like.
Ex. Elephas large ear
trunk
Fig:Elephas

Order:30 Embrithopoda (Extinct)
 Size of rhinoceros.
 Forelimbs shorter than hindlimbs.
 Toes 5,apreading
 Small pair on frontals.
 Teeth equal- sized.
Ex. Arsinotherium.
Fig:Arsinotherium

Order:31 Hyracoidea (Living)
 Small rabbit like animals with split snout.
 Ears are short and tail is much reduced.
 Dental formula : I1/2 C1/0P4/4M3/3
I1/2 C1/0P4/4M3/3 .
 Four digit in the fore limbs and
three in hind. Fig: Procavia
Ex. Procavia, Hyrax

Order:32 Sirenia (Living)
 Aquatic mammals commonly known as “sea cows”
 Body stream lined or spindle-shaped.
 Forelimbs modified as peddles, hind limb absent.
 Teeth with enamel.
 Tail flattened with lateral flukes.
Ex. Helicore ,Trichechus peddle
Fig: Trichechus

Order:33 Perissodactyla (Living)
 Large-sized hoofed mammals.
 Teeth are lophodont. head
 Legs long foot with odd number of toes.
Ex. Equas cabellus (Horse)
hair
Fig: Equas

Order:34 Artiodactyla (Living)
 Terrestrial and aquatic mammals.
 Fore and hind limbs bear two rarely four digits.
 Teeth selenodont or bunodont.
 Anters or horns often present on head. Teeth
Ex : Camelus, Hippopotamus.
Fig:Hippopotamus

Reference
Storer, T.I, Usinger, R.L, Stebbins, R.C and Nybakken, J.W. 1983,
General Zoology, 6th edition, Tata McGraw-Hill,
Bombay-New Delhi, Page (794-805)

Presentation on mammal`s

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