Presentation on nuclear reactor on9 10-07

PRESENTATION
ON
NUCLEAR REACTOR
28 June 2014 1

FUNDAMENTAL OF PRODUCTION
OF ELECTRICITY
28 June 2014 2

BASIC STRUCTURE OF NUCLEAR
POWER PLANT
28 June 2014 3

LAYOUT OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
REACTOR
Containment
and biological
shield
TURBINE GENERATOR
FEEDPUMF
(SINGLE FLUID SYSEM)28 June 2014 4

Benefits of Nuclear Power
 Reduce demand of Coal
 Stable fuel cost
 Improves the environment
 Less space is required
28 June 2014 5

 Bigger capacity gives additional advantage
 Economic benefits – jobs & economy
 Waste product is controlled, stored,
monitored, protected and regulated
 Proven, reliable, low-cost supplier of
electricity
28 June 2014 6

A Nuclear Power Plant
28 June 2014 7

How a Nuclear Power Plant
Works: Fuel
Uranium-238 atoms are split apart in a process called
nuclear fission.
As more and more atoms split inside the reactor, a large
amount of heat is produced.
28 June 2014 8

Where Does the Energy Come From?:
When an 235U atom fissions:-
235U + 1 neutron 2 neutrons + 92Kr + 142Ba + ENERGY
The mass seems to be the same on both sides of the
reaction:
235 + 1 = 2 + 92 + 142 = 236
28 June 2014 11

 IT SEEMS THAT NO MASS IS CONVERTED INTO
ENERGY. HOWEVER, THIS IS NOT ENTIRELY
CORRECT. THE MASS OF AN ATOM IS MORE THAN
THE SUM OF THE INDIVIDUAL MASSES OF ITS
PROTONS AND NEUTRONS, WHICH IS WHAT THOSE
NUMBERS REPRESENT. EXTRA MASS IS A RESULT OF
THE BINDING ENERGY THAT HOLDS THE PROTONS
AND NEUTRONS OF THE NUCLEUS TOGETHER. THUS,
WHEN THE URANIUM ATOM IS SPLIT, SOME OF THE
ENERGY THAT HELD IT TOGETHER IS RELEASED AS
RADIATION IN THE FORM OF HEAT. BECAUSE
ENERGY AND MASS ARE ONE AND THE SAME, THE
ENERGY RELEASED IS ALSO MASS RELEASED.
THEREFORE, THE TOTAL MASS DOES DECREASE A
TINY BIT DURING THE REACTION.
28 June 2014 12

MAIN PART OF NUCLEAR REACTOR AND
REACTOR CONTROL
CORE
FULE RODS
Control Rods
MODERATOR
Coolant OUT
Coolant IN
STEAM
TO
STEAM
TURBINE
RADIATION SHIELDREFLECTOR
HEAT
EXCHANGER OR
STEAM
GENERATOR
28 June 2014 13

Containment Vessel
1.5-inch thick steel
Shield Building Wall
3-foot thick reinforced concrete
Dry Well Wall
5-foot thick reinforced concrete
Bio Shield
4-foot thick leaded concrete with
1.5-inch thick steel lining inside and
out
Reactor Vessel
4- to 8-inches thick steel
Reactor Fuel
Weir Wall
1.5-foot thick concrete
28 June 2014 14

Multiple Layers to Safety
45 inch steel-reinforced concrete
1/4 inch steel liner
36 inch concrete shielding
8 inch steel reactor vessel
nuclear fuel assemblies
28 June 2014 15

MAIN COMPONENTS OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
 FUEL
MODERATOR
REFLECTOR
COOLANT
CONTROL RODS
SHIELDING28 June 2014 16

FUEL:-
 THE FUEL WHICH USUALLY USED IS
NATURAL U-235. IT IS USED IN THE
FORM OF RODS AND MODERATOR
SURROUNDS IT.
28 June 2014 17

MODERATOR:-
 THE FUNCTION OF MODERATOR IS TO
REDUCE THE ENERGY OF NEUTRON
EVOLVED DURING FISSION INORDER TO
MAINTAIN THE CHAIN REACTION.IT
ALSO REDUCES THE QUANTITY OF FUEL
REQUIRED TO MAINTAIN THE CHAIN
REACTION.
28 June 2014 18

REFLECTOR:-
 DURING THE CHAIN REACTION SOME
NEUTORN WHICH ESCAPE FROM THE
SURFACE OF THE CORE WITHOUT
TAKING PART IN THE FISSION ARE
REFLECTED BACK INTO THE CORE TO
TAKE PART IN THE FISSION REACTION.
28 June 2014 19

COOLANT:-
 THE PURPOSE OF THE COOLANT IS TO
TRANSFER THE GENERATED HEAT TO
GENERATE THE STEAM. THE COOLENT IS
CIRCULATED IN THE REACTOR AND
KEEPS AND KEEPS THE TEMPRATURE OF
THE TEMPRATURE BELOW THE SAFE
LEVEL BY CONTINEOUS REMOVAL OF
ENERGY FROM THE CORE.
28 June 2014 20

CONTROL RODS:-
 THE CONTROLS RODS HELPS TO VARY
THE OUTPUT ACCORDING TO THE LOAD
AND SHUT DOWN THE REACTOR UNDER
EMERGENCY CONDITIONS. BY
ABSORBING MORE NUMBER OF
NEUTRONS THAN EMITTED AND THE
FISSION REACTION DIES OUT.
28 June 2014 21

SHIELDING:-
 THE REACTOR IS THE SOURES OF
INTENSE RDIO-ACTIVITY AND THESE
RADIATION ARE VERY HARMFUL TO THE
HUMAN LIFE. TO PREVENT THAT A THICK
CONCRETE LINING OUTSIDE AND THIN
STEEL LINING IS PROVIDED TO AVOID
THE ESCAPE OF RADIATIONS TO THE
ATMOSPHERE.
28 June 2014 22

CLASSIFICATION OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
On The Basis Of Neutron Energy
 IN THERMAL REACTOR / neutron energy ( 0.03 ev)
 IN FAST REACTOR / neutron energy (1000 ev)
 IN INTERMEDIATE REACTOR / ( in b/w )
On The Basis Of Fuel
 One of the material can be use
U-233 , U-235 , PU-239
On The Basis Of Type Of Coolant Used
 GAS (CO2, H2)
 LIGHT WATER
 HEAVY WATER
 LIQUID METALHYDRO CARBON
 HYDROCARBON
28 June 2014 23

On The Basis Of Moderator Used
 Light Water
 Heavy water
 Graphite
 Organics
On The Basis of Type of Fuel Enrichment
 Natural Fuel
 Enriched Fuel
On The Basis of Geometry of Fuel Moderator
Arrangement
 Homogeneous( fuel is homogeneously dispersed in the
moderator)
 Heterogeneous( fuel in the form of rod or plates in the
matrices of moderator)
28 June 2014 24

On The Basis Of Their Applications, Function
And Construction
 Research teaching and material testing reactor
 Plutonium production reactor which produce fissile
material from fertile material or produce isotopes
 Power reactors
 Stationary power plant
 Center station power reactor
 Package reactor for easy mobility, specially for
defense purpose
 Mobile reactor , Naval reactor , merchant ship
reactor
 Space reactor which are used in space craft
 Food irradiation reactor
28 June 2014 25

BASIC REACTOR SYSTEM
 Pressurized water reactor
 Boiling water reactor
 Sodium graphite reactor
 Fast breeder reactor
 Homogeneous reactor
 Organic cooled and moderator reactor
 Gas cooled reactor
 High temperature gas cooled reactor
28 June 2014 26

Pressurized water reactor
28 June 2014 27

1 Reactor vessel 8 Fresh steam 14 Condenser
2 Fuel elements 9 Feedwater 15 Cooling water
3 Control rods 10 High pressure turbine 16 Feedwater pump
4 Control rod drive 11 Low pressure turbine 17 Feedwater pre-heater
5 Pressurizer 12 Generator 18 Concrete shield
6 Steam generator 13 Exciter 19 Cooling water pump
7 Main circulating pump
Pressurized water reactor
28 June 2014 28

Boiling water reactor
28 June 2014 29

Advanced Gas Cooled
Reactor (AGR)
28 June 2014 30

Heavy Water Reactor/candu
28 June 2014 31

Presentation on nuclear reactor on9 10-07

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Presentation on nuclear reactor on9 10-07