Presentation pistasio
- 1. The Pistacia vera rootstoks Dr.Naseri By: Z.esmaillou 1
- 2. Botanical Name: Pistacia vera Family: Anacardiaceae Introduction The pistachio tree is native from western Asia and Asia minor, where it can still be found growing wild. It has been traditionally cultivated in semi-arid areas of the Middle East and the Mediterranean basin 2
- 3. 3 The total pistachio area harvested was 494,000 hectares, including 258,000 hectares in Iran and 70,000 hectares in the USA (FAOSTAT, 2012).
- 4. 4 Iran is the world's largest producer of pistachio and has the highest cultivation area of this crop in the world. Iran is also one of the rich resources regarding the number of pistachio cultivars and genotypes in the world. آهزیکا تاغات در ِپست عولکزد هتَسط3000هی ّکتار در کیلَگزمعولکزد هتَسط است درحالی ایي ،تاضد ایزاى در ِپست تَلید700-500است ُضد تزآٍرد ّکتار در کیلَگزم.
- 5. 5 The monographical study by ZOHARY (1952) indicates that genus Pistacia include 11 species: P. atlantica P. cabulica P. chinensis P. Falcata P. Integerrima P. vera P. kurdica P. mutica P. palestine P. terebinthus P. khinjuk Among these only P. vera had edible nuts and considerable commercial importance
- 6. 6 Probably 97% or more of the pistachio acreage in California is planted to the Pistacia vera female cultivar called ‘Kerman’ and a P. vera male called ‘Peters’.
- 7. 7 Popular Cultivars in other countries: Iran – Akbari, Ahmad Aghaii, and Kalehghouchi Syria – Red Aleppo Turkey – Uzun and Kirmizi Australia - Sirora
- 8. 8 Pistachio cultivation requires the use of rootstocks, and grafting is the only form of vegetative propagation. The main pistachio rootstocks are Pistacia integerrima(PG1) Pistacia atlantica Pistacia terebinthus Pistacia vera P. atlantica×P. integerrima(UCBI) P. atlantica×P. integerrima(PGII)
- 9. 9 The most used rootstock Iran P. vera P. integerrima(PGI) USA P. atlantica×P. integerrima(UCBI) P. atlantica×P. integerrima(PGII) Mediterranean basin P. terebinthus PGI UCBI
- 10. 10 Factors in rootstock choice: Limiting factors • Freezes • Disease Tolerance • Verticillium • Phytopthora • Soil adaptation • Salinity • drought
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- 13. 13 • Disease Tolerance Verticillium wilt Verticillium dahlia Symptoms: - Chlorosis or one- sid chlorosis(yellow ing) - Wilt - Vascular discoloration - Defoliation - death
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- 24. 24 Phytopthora P. Mutica P. Plaestina P. terebinthus Sarakhs P. Vera P. Khinjuk susceptibleResistance • Disease Tolerance
- 25. 25 Soil adaptation • Salinity Salinity is one of the most serious environmental problems in the word and salinity stress has a negative impact on crop production, especially in irrigated fields of arid and semi-arid regions(Karimi et al., 2011) Soil salinity is often have adverse effects on crop growth and productivity particularly through the alteration of the metabolic processes of plants by inducing changes in the ion toxicity and osmotic pressure of the tissues
- 26. 26 The majority of pistachio orchards are located in areas withsaline soil and are irrigated with low quality and salty water (Karimiet al., 2012). Although pistachio trees are classified as salt tolerant, research has demonstrated that growth rates of pistachio trees decrease with increasing sodium chloride (NaCl) concentration in soil
- 27. 27 there are still varying reports about the relative degree towards which Pistacia species are considered salt tolerant different levels of salinity tolerance ranging from moderately sensitive to highly tolerant. This variation is, in fact, explicable for it reflects a number of inter and intra specific variations as well as to the effect of different environmental conditions such as the quality of the soil and the temperature. the selection of tolerant genotypes is needed to enhance productivity
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- 30. 30 Since the field evaluation of salt effects is highly correlated with environmental conditions, in vitro screening techniques would allow for a better control of culture conditions
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- 33. 33 After 25 days of culture, salinity levels ranging between 0 and 240mM NaCl were noted to induce a significant increase in the free proline content of both Pistacia species in vitro.
- 34. 34 The increase or decrease of soluble sugar content have also been described as responses to salinity in many plant species either in vivo or in vitro the total soluble carbohydrate content of P. vera increased significantly in the shoots at 131 and 158.5mM NaCl, while this content increase was noticed at NaCl concentrations of 240mM in P. atlantica shoots and roots.
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- 36. 36 the num-ber of the seedlings’ leaves decreased under the salinity stress
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- 40. 40 The water use efficiency decreasing was more in the female seedlings and under the salinity level of 60 mM the male seedlings had more water use efficiency than the female. salinity decreased chlorophyll index in both sex and at 120 mM salinity level, the most chlorophyll index observed with male seedlings.
- 41. 41 This result indicates that the pistachio male seedlings could use the transferred water to the aerial parts more effectively and better than the female ones at the salinity level of 60 mM and store more dry matter in their shoots. At the salinity level of 60 mM male seedlings had more resistance than female. So that at this level of salinity the male seedlings had less decreasing in leaves number and height stem, but at the salinity level of 120 mM, there was not a significant difference between the male and female seedlings
- 45. 45 Soil adaptation • drought Cultivated for a long time in semi-arid areas, the pistachio treehas been considered as a drought-tolerant species ًتایجهطالعاتتاقزیٍّوکاراى(2009)رٍیٍدرقنِپستقشٍیٌیٍتاداهیریشتاچْار سطحخطکی25،50،75ٍ100درصدظزفیتِهشرعًطاىدادِکدرتیيٍدایيٍدرقن، رقنتاداهیریشًسثتِترقنقشٍیٌیاسرضدتْتزیدرضزایطتٌصخطکیتزخَردارُتَدٍ ُهادخطکتاالتزیتَلیدًُوَداست.
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- 48. 48 micronutrient uptake efficiency ِپایPGIIدرجذب،رٍیکارآییًسثیتیطتزیدرِهقایستاP.terebinthus،دارددرحالیِک P.atlanticaدرحدٍسطآًْاقزارداردٍِپایّایUCBIٍP.integerrimaکوتزیيهیشاىجذب رادارًد. قثیل اس عٌاصزی جذب در ای ِهالحظ قاتل تفاٍتN،Feٍ ،ZnٍMnایٌتگزیوا ّای ِپای تیي در ًدارد ٍجَد آتالًتیکا ٍ تزتیٌتَس ،. دارد را هس ٍ رٍی جذب کارایی تاالتزیي تزتیٌتَس ِپای
- 49. 49 Effect of Rootstock on Marketable Yield
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- 51. 51 • most cold hardy(15F) • more resistant to Armillaria root rot • Most efficient for absorption of zinc and copper • resistant to salinity and drought advantage • It is susceptible to Verticillium wilt; • it was generally perceived to be more difficult to bud than P. atlantica or P. integerrima • less uniformity than the other rootstocks • less vigorous than the other commonly used rootstocks Disadvantage PISTACIA TEREBINTHUS
- 52. 52 PISTACIA ATLANTICA • More cold hardy than P. integerrima and the two interspecific hybrids • more efficient at uptake of zinc than P.integerrima and UCB I advantage • It is less vigorous than P. integerrima and the two interspecific hybrids • susceptible to Verticillium Disadvantage Pistachio trees on P. atlantica rootstocks are less likely to show boron, copper or zinc deficiency symptoms
- 53. 53 • buds easily • tolerant of Verticillium wilt • It is vigorous • Uniform tree stand Disadvantage • It is the least cold tolerant • less efficient than P. atlantica for boron, zinc and copper uptake Disadvantage PISTACIA INTEGERRIMA
- 54. 54 INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDS PG II and UCBI Both of the hybrid rootstocks have increased vigor compared to P. atlantica, and generally equal or greater vigor compared to P. integerrima. Some evidence of incompatibility with Kerman and UCB I has been observed in some locations in California and Arizona where 25 to 35% of the trees have shown incompatibility Variability in vigor among UCB I rootstocks has also been observed.
- 55. 55 - qualityH. Memmia,b, M.C. Gijóna, J.F. Couceiroa, D. Pérez-Lópezb,. 2016. Water stress thresholds for regulated deficit irrigation in pistachiotrees: Rootstock influence and effects on yield quality,. Agricultural Water Management 164,58–72 - Crane, J.C., Al-shalan, I., 1974. Physical and chemical changes associated withgrowth of the pistachio nut. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 99, 87–89. - FAOSTAT, 2012. http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx - Germana, C., 1997. The response of pistachio trees to water stress as affected bytwo different rootstocks. Acta Hortic. 449, 513–519. - R. Fotouhi Ghazvini and H. Sajadian H. Hokmabadi., 2008. Effects of Some Pistachio Rootstocks on Leaf Photosynthesis Rate of Three Iranian Commercial Pistachio Cultivars. Acta Hort. 772, 241-244 References
- 56. 56 - Azza Chelli-Chaabounia,∗, Afef Ben Mosbahb, Mohamed Maalejb, Kamel Gargouric, Radhia Gargouri-Bouzidd, Noureddine Drirab,. 2010. vitro salinity tolerance of two pistachio rootstocks: Pistacia vera L. and P. atlantica Desf, Environmental and Experimental Botany 69 ,302–312. - Esmaeilpour, A., 2000. Combination of Different Pistachio Rootstocks and Scion on Some Quantity and Quality Characteristics of Pistachio. Final reports of Iran's Pistachio Research Institute (In Persian). -دستحزدی ًیکَیی.م.ب.ع ،پٌاّی.پَر آتادی تاج.1393.داًْالْای رٍیطی خصَصیات رٍی تز خطکی تٌص اثز سرًد تاداهی رقن ِپست.ایزاى ِپست ِهجل.1(1:)13-1 -م ٍ حیدری،م.راحوی.1381.ِپست ِپای چٌد تذر ٍ ُگزد ًِدا تزتٌژگی سدین کلزید اثز ِهطالع.علَم ِهجل ایزاى کطاٍرسی33(3:)385-393
- 57. 57 Thank you for your consideration