Mechanism of action of enzymes- By Hurnaum Karishma (Student SSR Medical College)
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The document summarizes various mechanisms by which enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions. It discusses how enzymes lower the activation energy of reactions by providing alternative transition states through covalent catalysis, acid-base catalysis, catalysis by bond strain, and catalysis by proximity and orientation of substrates. It also explains how enzymes remain unchanged after reactions and greatly increase reaction rates by enhancing the formation of products from substrates.
Mechanism of action of enzymes- By Hurnaum Karishma (Student SSR Medical College)
- 1. Selected for Publication in Student’s corner Biochemistry for Medics www.namrata.co
- 2. Presented by: Hurnaum karishma Roll number 32
- 3. • Introduction of enzymes • Active site • Thermodynamic changes • Covalent catalysis • Acid base catalysis • Catalysis by bond strain • Catalysis by proximity and orientation
- 4. • Biological catalysts • Neither consumed nor permanently altered • All enzymes are proteins in nature except ribozymes which are RNA in nature • Highly efficient • Act as selective catalysts
- 5. Site where actual reaction occurs Substrate –bound by weak interaction Specificity of enzyme depend on arrangement of atoms in active site
- 6. The catalytic efficiency of enzyme is explained by 2 perspectives: •Thermodynamic 1 changes •Processes at the active 2 site
- 8. Substrate products • acquire a transitional state. • The difference in energy level of transitional state and substrate is called activational barrier.
- 11. Only a few substrate can cross this barrier to be converted to products. That is why rate of uncatalysed reaction is much slow. When enzyme is present it provides an alternative pathway for conversion of substrate into products.
- 12. Enzymes accelerate reaction rate by providing transition states with low activational energy for formation of products Hence reaction rate is enhanced by many folds in the presence of enzymes The total energy of the system remains the same and equilibrium state is not disturbed
- 15. Processes at active site Covalent catalysis Acid base catalysis Catalysis by bond strain Catalysis by proximity & orientation
- 16. • Enzyme form covalent linkages with substrate forming transient enz-subs complex with very low activational barrier. • Enzyme is then released unchanged and unconsumed and substrate is converted into products.
- 18. • This process is mostly undertaken by transferases and hydrolases. • The hydrolytic enzyme especially proteolytic enzyme works in this manner for cleavage of peptide bonds in proteins. • Proteolytic enzymes mostly have serine at their active site so OH goup of serine makes a transient complex with COOH group of peptide bond with subsequent cleavage by water.
- 20. • Mostly undertaken by oxido-reductases. • Mostly at the active site, either histidine is present which act both as a proton donor and a proton acceptor. • Sometimes aspartic acid, glutamic acid and cysteine residues are also present which participate in Hydrogen transfer reaction.
- 21. LDH Lactate pyruvate NAD+ NADH + H+
- 23. • Mostly undertaken by lyases. • The enz-subs binding causes reorientation of the structure of substrate in the site due to being in a strain condition. • Thus transitional state is readily acquired and enzyme maintains that transitional state where the bond is in the unfavourable state and is eventually broken. • So enzyme induces a strain in the bond which is required to be broken.
- 25. • This mechanism is mostly undertaken by ligases. • The rate of reaction is ↑ by bringing substrate closer to each other at the a.site. • A region of high substrate conc is produced at the a.site. • The substrate molecule is placed at bond forming distances.
- 27. • Since substrate is placed at optimal distances. • The probability of collision ↑ and substrate is eventually converted into products. • This mechanism involve the condensation of substrate molecule.
- 29. • Class notes • Biochemistry for medics • Internet • Harper’s