Presentration dual axis solar tracking system.
- 1. DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION OF DUAL AXIS ROBOTING SOLAR PANEL TRACKER SUBMITTED BY MD. ABDUL KADER Reg. No. WUB/09/13/55/2444 MIZANUR ROHMAN Reg. No. WUB/09/13/53/2133 SUPERVISED BY Mir Afzal Hossain Sr. Lecturer, Dept. of EEE World University Of Bangladesh
- 2. BACKGROUND 1839 The Photovoltaic Effect: Edmond Becquerel, in 1839, discovered that when two electrodes were placed in an electrolyte (electricity- conducting solution),a voltage developed when light fell upon the electrolyte. 1883 – The First Working Solar Cell: American inventor Charles Frits developed the first solar cell, applying selenium to a thin layer of gold. This method was only able to achieve 1% efficiency, making it impractical for general use. 1904 – Einstein’s Paper on Light & Electrons: In the snappily titled “On a Heuristic Viewpoint Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light,” Einstein set out for the first time the relationship between light and electrons. Although controversial at the time, it was gradually accepted by the scientific community and led to his winning of the Nobel Prize in 1921. 1954 –A Major Breakthrough: Three researchers at Bell Labs— Daryl Chapin, Calvin Fuller, and Gerald Pearson — discover silicon solar cells.
- 3. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This is a maximum power point tracking base solar charge controller which will controlled by microcontroller. Microcontroller wills co-ordinate the total system. The control algorithm executes the P&O (Perturbation and Observation) maximum power point tracking function allowing, according to solar irradiance, the transfer of maximum energy generated by photovoltaic panel to the battery. This P&O algorithm increase the efficiency power transference in comparison to systems that have not a MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracker) (direct connection), reducing the size and the cost of the PV (Photo Voltaic) panel. In this project, we have focused how to increase the efficiency of a solar charge controller with a reduced cost the overall system.
- 4. OBJECTIVE The main aim of our project is to utilize the maximum solar energy through solar panel. The solar panel tracks the sun from east to west automatically for maximum intensity of light.
- 5. METHODOLOGY Collection of data from books and internet. Purchase of component from local market.
- 6. PV ARRAY CHARGE CONTROLLER UNIT MICRO CONTROLLER UNIT AXIS SENSOR MOTOR CONTROL LCD DISPLAY VOLTAGE REGULATOR BATTERY BLOCK DIAGRAM SYSTEM
- 8. WORKING PRINCIPLE The above figure is a circuit diagram of 2x roboting Solar Panel Tracker which consist of a voltmeter array, a microprocessor, solar panel, axis sensor, LED display, survey motor and battery. When sun lights heat the solar panel, then it started the current flow into the solar panel, which used to charge the batteries. Since, here we are using 2x solar panel, we can heat it all day long by the sun rays and charge the batteries as well. When the charge is fulfilled then the microprocessor signals to the charge controller, and then the battery charge become off. To move the solar panel along with the sun we have used an axis sensor, and for this we have used four LDR. To rotate in X and Y axis we have used LDR1, LDR2, LDR3; and LDR4 calculate the power of light and gives the micro power; the micro power survey motor gives the PWM signal and that rotate the panel board in the right direction. LCD display shows battery charging, low voltage, full charge etc as micro power unit.
- 9. SOLAR PANEL Solar panel is mainly designed as a panel which absorbed the sun’s rays and convert light into electricity. Most of the time the most powerful source of light available is the Sun, called Sol by astronomers. It is called photovoltaic which means, basically, "light-electricity.“ A solar panel is a collection of solar cells. Lots of small solar cells spread over a large area can work together to provide enough power to be useful. Solar power generating systems take advantage of this property to convert sunlight directly into electrical energy . When sunlight hits the semiconductor, an electron springs up and is attracted to the n-type semiconductor. This causes more negative electrons in the n-type semiconductor and more positive electrons in the p-type, thus generating a flow of electricity in a process known as the photovoltaic effect.•The majority of solar modules use wafer-based crystalline silicon cells or thin- film cells based on cadmium telluride or silicon.
- 10. LCD DISPLAY LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly used in various devices and circuits. These modules are preferred over seven segments and other multi segment LEDs. The reasons being: LCDs are economical; easily programmable; have no limitation of displaying special & even custom characters (unlike in seven segments), animations and so on. A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In this LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers, namely, Command and Data. A register which commanded storage the command instructions to the given LCD like initializing it, clearing its screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display etc. The data register stores the data to be displayed on the LCD.
- 11. LDR LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) is called as light detecting sensor to build solar track which has included phototransistors, photodiodes and LDR. It is a made up of semiconductor materials which has high resistance. LDR is the most common in electronics and it is spread used in many types of electronics. LDR can use for street lamp, outside lights, a number of indoor home appliances, and so on. It is utilize the light sensor circuit for automatic switch OFF the loads based on daylight’s intensity by helping of a light sensor. In daylight the rays of sun falls on the photovoltaic panel and photo resistor and when the light falls on the resistor, then the resistance changes. There are two types of photoresist or based on material used and they are Intrinsic Photo Resistors and Extrinsic Photo Resistors. Intrinsic Photo Resistors are made up of pure semiconductor devices like silicon or germanium.
- 12. SERVO MOTOR Servo motor is a self-contained electric devices and simple electrical motor, which is controlled with the help of servomechanism. It is a motor which has a output shaft and can be moved to a specific angular position by sending it a coded signal. The servo motor will maintain the position of the shaft .When we changed the coded signal, the angular position of the shaft will changed. Servo motors are used for various applications. They are normally small in size and have good energy efficiency . Servo motor also used in robotic projects for every moving of their joint. The servo circuitry is built inside the motor unit and comes with a position able shaft that is fitted with a gear. The motor is controlled with an electric signal that determines the amount of shaft movement. In a market there are found two types of servo motor, one are made up of metal gear and another are made up of plastic gear. The metallic one is much heavier than other gear one. The size of metallic gear servo motor is also bigger than plastic gear servo motor.
- 13. MICROCONTROLLER A microcontroller is a single chip micro-computer on a single integrated circuit containing a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals. Basically microcontrollers are used in automatically controlled products and devices, such as automobile engine control systems, implantable medical devices, remote controls, office machines, appliances, power tools, toys and other embedded systems. A microcontroller is available in different word lengths like microprocessors (4bit,8bit,16bit,32bit,64bit and 128 bit microcontrollers are available today). Here we use PIC16F877A microcontrollers (Peripheral Interface Controller Microcontroller). Fig: PIC16F877A Microcontroller
- 14. VOLTAGE REGULATOR A voltage regulator generates a fixed output voltage of changes to its input voltage or load conditions. The voltage regulator must be stable with its condition. Here we use IC7805 voltage Regulator. IC7805 is a 5V Voltage Regulator that restricts the voltage output to 5V and draws 5V regulated power supply. The voltage source in a circuit may have fluctuations and would not give the fixed voltage output. The voltage regulator IC maintains the output voltage at a constant value. IC7805 is a 5V Voltage Regulator that restricts the voltage output to 5V and draws 5V regulated power supply. It comes with provision to add heat sink. The maximum value for input to the voltage regulator is 35V. It can provide a fixed steady voltage flow of 5V for higher voltage input till the threshold limit of 35V. If the voltage is near to 7.5V then it does not produce any heat and hence no need for heat sink. If the voltage input is more, then excess electricity is liberated as heat from
- 15. LIST OF COMPONENTS WITH PRICE Name Quantity Total price(TK) PIC 16F876 MICROCONTROLLER 01 90/= MOTOR 01 200 /= CRYSTAL 16MHz 01 5 /= LCD DISPLAY 01 160/= CAPACITORS 01 20/= RESISTOR SOME 10/= DIODE 01 5/= INDUCTOR 220uH 01 5/= CONNECTOR 01 16/= AC TO DC POWER SUPPLY 01 180/= SOME WIRES 01 30/= SAMPLE PCB 01 1000/= SOLAR PANEL 01 250/= SOLDERING LEAD AND ETC 01 50/= BATTERY 3 120/= TOTAL =2141/= MARKET PRICE: = 5000/=
- 16. ADVANTAGES There are many advantages to using 2x tracker such as improved turnaround, reduced costs, error. No man controller are required. it’s easy to use and ensures reliability the system. The sun is a constantly moving target. The All Earth Solar Tracker produces up to 45% more energy than a fixed roof system and up to 30% more energy than a fixed ground-mount system.
- 17. DISCUSSION In this work, a MPPT charge controller is presented. A microcontroller is used to control the maximum power point tracking algorithm, which is used in PV systems to maximize the photovoltaic array o/p power. An optimized and effective technique has been proposed considering the discussed drawbacks. The proposed system was simulated and constructed, and the functionality of the suggested control concept was proven. The proposed system was simulated and constructed, and the functionality of the suggested control concept was proven. From the results acquired during the simulations and hardware experiments, it was confirmed that, with a well-designed system including a proper converter and selecting an efficient and proven algorithm, the implementation of MPPT is simple and can be easily constructed to achieve an acceptable efficiency level of the PV modules. The results also indicate that the proposed control system is capable of tracking the PV array maximum power and thus improves the efficiency of the PV system and reduces low power loss and system cost.
- 18. CONCLUSION The rapid increase in energy demand cannot be resolved easily until there is an alternative way to meet the demand. The micro grid can undertake to solve this sort of situation in future. Solar, wind and biomass energy is the main source of energy used for optimizing the overall system and hence to make it efficient. So the user will become less compulsive on the convenient fossil fuel energy. The stored energy also plays a significant role to avoid the imbalance of the power system. To ensure the photovoltaic generator operating its maximum power point, MPPT controllers are often used. These controllers are intended for MPP tracking and to thus minimize the error between the operating power and the reference maximum power which is variable according to the load and of the weather conditions. The MPPT based charge controllers are best suitable for wind and solar systems as they track the maximum power in case of power fluctuations at the input side due to environmental condition variation. Hence it is recommended to use the MPPT based charge controllers. Use of microcontroller based systems provides huge computational capability and reduction in the hardware. The MPPT charge controller operates with high efficiency (90% or even higher) as compared to existing charge controllers.
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