Principles of extension
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This document outlines 14 principles of extension education. The principles include: 1) Prioritizing the needs and interests of local people over the agent's own interests. 2) Accounting for cultural differences between agents and farmers. 3) Engaging grassroots organizations familiar with local issues. 4) Understanding and utilizing indigenous knowledge systems. 5) Promoting learning through practical experience and participation.
Principles of extension
- 1. SUBMITTED TO- DR. A. K. CHAUBEY SUBMITTED BY- AKHIL BHARTI A-2014-01-006
- 2. PRINCIPLES Principle is a statement of policy which guide an individual to take decisions in a consistent manner. A principle is sufficiently proven or tested observation. These are generalized guidelines which form the basis for decision and action in a consistent way. A list of principles of extension education are given in next slides which are either fundamental in nature or widely accepted in literature or subject.
- 3. 1. Principle of needs and interests People’s needs and interests are the starting point of extension work. The extension agent should not pass on their own needs and interests as those of the people. The agent should give the priority to felt needs of local people.
- 4. 2. Principle of cultural difference This is cultural difference between the extension agents and farmers. Difference exist between group of farmers also. The difference maybe in their habits, customs, values, attitudes, and ways of life. Extension work to be successful, must be carried out in harmony with cultural pattern of the people.
- 5. 3. Principle of grass-root organisation Different groups work in rural areas. These groups are familiar with the local problems and interests of the local people. The extension agent should pay attention to needs and interests of these groups while planning extension programs.
- 6. 4. Principle of indigenous knowledge People everywhere have indigenous systems which they have developed through generations of work experience and problem solving in their own specific situation. Instead of ignoring the traditional system of knowledge as outdated the extension agent should try to understand them and their ramifications in the life of local people before recommending something new to them.
- 7. 5. Principle of learning by doing One learns better by actually being involved in the task. This gives practical experience and grip on new skills to be learnt. Simultaneously learner gains confidence as it involves maximum number of sensory organs, which can not be acquired by reading books. Learning by doing is most effective in changing people’s behaviour.
- 8. 6. Principle of participation Most people of village community should willingly cooperate and participate in identifying the problems. Planning of projects for solving the problems and implementing the projects in getting the desired results. The participation of the people is of fundamental importance for the success of extension program.
- 9. 7. Principle of democratic approach Extension work is democratic both in philosophy and procedure. It aims to operate through discussion and suggestion. The people are left free to decide their line of action, the methods to be adopted in the local situation with their own resources and available government assistance.
- 10. 8.Principle of whole family approach Family is the primary unit of society. The target for extension work should therefore be the family. That is developing the family as a whole economically and socially.
- 11. 9. Principle of trained specialist Trained specialists have to be provided to keep themselves in touch with their respective research institute on the one hand, and extend the latest scientific developments to the extension agent, which have scope for adoption in a particular area.
- 12. 10. Principle of leadership Identifying different types of leaders and working through them is essential in extension. Leadership traits are to be developed in the local people so that they on their own shall seek change from less desirable to more desirable situation.
- 13. 11. Principle of adaptability in the use of teaching methods Extension work and extension teaching methods must be flexible and adapted to suit the local condition. This is necessary because the local people, their situation, their resources and constraints vary from place to place and time to time.
- 14. 12. Principle of use of local resources Extension agent has to mobilize and organize the local resources in man and material and social groups for joint and cooperative action.
- 15. 13. Principle of evaluation There should be a continuous built in method of finding out the extent to which the results obtained are in agreement with the objectives fixed earlier. Evaluation should indicate the gaps and steps to be taken for further improvement.
- 16. 14. Principle of satisfaction The ultimate objective of all extension programs is satisfaction of people with whom work is done. If the results of adoption of new technology are not satisfying, farmers will lose faith in it. Extension agent will also lose credibility. Therefore the extension work should produce satisfying results which motivate people to seek further improvements.