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Chapter 6: Security Technology: Firewalls and VPNs
TRUE/FALSE
1. Firewalls can be categorized by processing mode, development era, or structure.
ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 250
2. The firewall can often be deployed as a separate network containing a number of supporting devices.
3. Packet filtering firewalls scan network data packets looking for compliance with or violation of the
rules of the firewall’s database.
4. A packet’s structure is independent from the nature of the packet.
ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 251
5. The ability to restrict a specific service is now considered standard in most routers and is invisible to
the user.
6. The application firewall runs special software that acts as a proxy for a service request.
7. A Web server is often exposed to higher levels of risk when placed in the DMZ than when it is placed
in the untrusted network.
8. Circuit gateway firewalls usually look at data traffic flowing between one network and another.
9. The Cisco security kernel contains three component technologies: the Interceptor/Packet Analyzer, the
Security Verification ENgine (SVEN), and Kernel Proxies.
10. Internal computers are always visible to the public network.
11. The SMC Barricade residential broadband router does not have an intrusion detection feature.

12. One method of protecting the residential user is to install a software firewall directly on the user’s
system.
13. There are limits to the level of configurability and protection that software firewalls can provide.
14. All organizations with an Internet connection have some form of a router at the boundary between the
organization’s internal networks and the external service provider.
15. The DMZ cannot be a dedicated port on the firewall device linking a single bastion host.
16. The screened subnet protects the DMZ systems and information from outside threats by providing a
network of intermediate security.
17. Good policy and practice dictates that each firewall device, whether a filtering router, bastion host, or
other firewall implementation, must have its own set of configuration rules.
ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 267-268
18. Syntax errors in firewall policies are usually difficult to identify.
19. When Web services are offered outside the firewall, HTTP traffic should be blocked from internal
networks through the use of some form of proxy access or DMZ architecture.
20. Firewall Rule Set 1 states that responses to internal requests are not allowed.
21. Some firewalls can filter packets by protocol name.
22. It is important that e-mail traffic reach your e-mail server and only your e-mail server.
23. Though not used much in Windows environments, Telnet is still useful to systems administrators on
Unix/Linux systems.

24. A content filter is technically a firewall.
25. A content filter is essentially a set of scripts or programs that restricts user access to certain networking
protocols and Internet locations.
26. Internet connections via dial-up and leased lines are becoming more popular.
27. The Extended TACACS version uses dynamic passwords and incorporates two-factor authentication.
28. Even if Kerberos servers are subjected to denial-of-service attacks, a client can request additional
services.
29. A VPN allows a user to use the Internet into a private network.
30. On the client end, a user with Windows 2000 or XP can establish a VPN by configuring his or her
system to connect to a VPN server.
MODIFIED TRUE/FALSE
1. Access control is achieved by means of a combination of policies, programs, and technologies.
_________________________
2. The outside world is known as the trusted network (e.g., the Internet). _________________________
ANS: F, untrusted
PTS: 1 REF: 250
3. Address grants prohibit packets with certain addresses or partial addresses from passing through the
device. _________________________
ANS: F, restrictions
PTS: 1 REF: 251
4. Static filtering is common in network routers and gateways. _________________________

5. The static packet filtering firewall allows only a particular packet with a particular source, destination,
and port address to enter through the firewall. _________________________
ANS: F, dynamic
PTS: 1 REF: 253
6. Circuit gateway firewalls prevent direct connections between one network and another.
_________________________
7. First generation firewalls are application-level firewalls. _________________________
ANS: F, Second
PTS: 1 REF: 256
8. SOHO assigns non-routing local addresses to the computer systems in the local area network and uses
the single ISP-assigned address to communicate with the Internet. _________________________
ANS: F, NAT
PTS: 1 REF: 258
9. In addition to recording intrusion attempts, a(n) router can be configured to use the contact information
to notify the firewall administrator of the occurrence of an intrusion attempt.
_________________________
10. When a dual-homed host approach is used, the bastion host contains four NICs.
_________________________
ANS: F
two
2
PTS: 1 REF: 264
11. A benefit of a(n) dual-homed host is its ability to translate between many different protocols at their
respective data link layers, including Ethernet, token ring, Fiber Distributed Data Interface, and
asynchronous transfer mode. _________________________
12. In a DMZ configuration, connections into the trusted internal network are allowed only from the DMZ
bastion host servers. _________________________

13. A(n) perimeter is a segment of the DMZ where additional authentication and authorization controls are
put into place to provide services that are not available to the general public.
_________________________
ANS: F, extranet
PTS: 1 REF: 267
14. When Web services are offered outside the firewall, SMTP traffic should be blocked from internal
networks through the use of some form of proxy access or DMZ architecture.
_________________________
ANS: F, HTTP
PTS: 1 REF: 269
15. Most firewalls use packet header information to determine whether a specific packet should be
allowed to pass through or should be dropped. _________________________
16. Best practices in firewall rule set configuration state that the firewall device is never accessible directly
from the public network. _________________________
17. Traces, formally known as ICMP Echo requests, are used by internal systems administrators to ensure
that clients and servers can communicate. _________________________
ANS: F, Pings
PTS: 1 REF: 273
18. The presence of external requests for Telnet services can indicate a potential attack.
_________________________
19. In order to keep the Web server inside the internal network, direct all HTTP requests to the proxy
server and configure the internal filtering router/firewall only to allow the proxy server to access the
internal Web server. _________________________
20. The filtering component of a content filter is like a set of firewall rules for Web sites, and is common
in residential content filters. _________________________
ANS: F, rating
PTS: 1 REF: 277
21. An attacker who suspects that an organization has dial-up lines can use a device called a(n) war dialer
to locate the connection points. _________________________

22. Kerberos uses asymmetric key encryption to validate an individual user to various network resources.
_________________________
ANS: F, symmetric
PTS: 1 REF: 279-280
23. SESAME may be obtained free of charge from MIT. _________________________
ANS: F, Kerberos
PTS: 1 REF: 280
24. Secure VPNs use security protocols and encrypt traffic transmitted across unsecured public networks
like the Internet. _________________________
25. The popular use for tunnel mode VPNs is the end-to-end transport of encrypted data.
_________________________
ANS: F, transport
PTS: 1 REF: 283
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Firewalls fall into ____ major processing-mode categories.
a. two c. four
b. three d. five
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 250
2. ____ firewalls examine every incoming packet header and can selectively filter packets based on
header information such as destination address, source address, packet type, and other key information.
a. Packet-filtering c. Circuit gateways
b. Application gateways d. MAC layer firewalls
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 250
3. The restrictions most commonly implemented in packet-filtering firewalls are based on ____.
a. IP source and destination address
b. Direction (inbound or outbound)
c. TCP or UDP source and destination port requests
d. All of the above
4. ____ filtering requires that the filtering rules governing how the firewall decides which packets are
allowed and which are denied be developed and installed with the firewall.
a. Dynamic c. Stateful
b. Static d. Stateless

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 253
5. A ____ filtering firewall can react to an emergent event and update or create rules to deal with the
event.
a. dynamic c. stateful
b. static d. stateless
6. ____ inspection firewalls keep track of each network connection between internal and external
systems.
a. Static c. Stateful
b. Dynamic d. Stateless
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 253
7. The application gateway is also known as a(n) ____.
a. application-level firewall c. proxy firewall
b. client firewall d. All of the above
8. The proxy server is often placed in an unsecured area of the network or is placed in the ____ zone.
a. fully trusted c. demilitarized
b. hot d. cold
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 254
9. The ____ is an intermediate area between a trusted network and an untrusted network.
a. perimeter c. domain
b. DMZ d. firewall
10. ____ firewalls are designed to operate at the media access control sublayer of the data link layer of the
OSI network model.
a. MAC layer c. Application gateways
b. Circuit gateway d. Packet filtering
11. In recent years, the broadband router devices that can function as packet-filtering firewalls have been
enhanced to combine the features of ____.
a. UDPs c. WANs
b. MACs d. WAPs
12. Since the bastion host stands as a sole defender on the network perimeter, it is commonly referred to as
the ____ host.
a. trusted c. single
b. domain d. sacrificial
13. The dominant architecture used to secure network access today is the ____ firewall.

a. static c. unlimited
b. bastion d. screened subnet
14. ____ is the protocol for handling TCP traffic through a proxy server.
a. SOCKS c. FTP
b. HTTPS d. Telnet
15. Telnet protocol packets usually go to TCP port ____.
a. 7 c. 14
b. 8 d. 23
16. ICMP uses port ____ to request a response to a query and can be the first indicator of a malicious
attack.
a. 4 c. 8
b. 7 d. 48
17. In most common implementation models, the content filter has two components: ____.
a. encryption and decryption c. rating and decryption
b. filtering and encoding d. rating and filtering
18. ____ and TACACS are systems that authenticate the credentials of users who are trying to access an
organization’s network via a dial-up connection.
a. RADIUS c. TUNMAN
b. RADIAL d. IPSEC
19. Which of the following is a valid version of TACACS?
a. TACACS c. TACACS+
b. Extended TACACS d. All of the above
20. ____ generates and issues session keys in Kerberos.
a. VPN c. AS
b. KDC d. TGS
21. Kerberos ____ provides tickets to clients who request services.
a. KDS c. AS
b. TGS d. VPN
22. In SESAME, the user is first authenticated to an authentication server and receives a token. The token
is then presented to a privilege attribute server as proof of identity to gain a(n) ____.

a. VPN c. ticket
b. ECMA d. PAC
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 280-281
23. A(n) ____ is “a private data network that makes use of the public telecommunication infrastructure,
maintaining privacy through the use of a tunneling protocol and security procedures.”
a. SVPN c. SESAME
b. VPN d. KERBES
24. In ____ mode, the data within an IP packet is encrypted, but the header information is not.
a. tunnel c. public
b. transport d. symmetric
25. ISA Server can use ____ technology.
a. PNP c. RAS
b. Point to Point Tunneling Protocol d. All of the above
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 284-285
COMPLETION
1. A(n) ____________________ is an information security program that prevents specific types of
information from moving between the outside world and the inside world.
ANS: firewall
PTS: 1 REF: 250
2. A packet-____________________ firewall installed on a TCP/IP based network typically functions at
the IP level and determines whether to drop a packet (deny) or forward it to the next network
connection (allow) based on the rules programmed into the firewall.
ANS: filtering
PTS: 1 REF: 250
3. Simple firewall models enforce address ____________________, which are rules designed to prohibit
packets with certain addresses or partial addresses from passing through the device.
ANS: restrictions
PTS: 1 REF: 251
4. The ____________________ packet-filtering firewall allows only a particular packet with a particular
source, destination, and port address to enter through the firewall.
ANS: dynamic
PTS: 1 REF: 253

5. The application firewall is also known as a(n) ____________________ server.
ANS: proxy
PTS: 1 REF: 254
6. The circuit gateway firewall operates at the ____________________ layer.
ANS: transport
PTS: 1 REF: 255
7. ____________________ firewalls combine the elements of other types of firewalls — that is, the
elements of packet filtering and proxy services, or of packet filtering and circuit gateways.
ANS: Hybrid
PTS: 1 REF: 256
8. The fifth generation firewalls include the ____________________ proxy, a specialized form that
works under Windows NT Executive, which is the kernel of Windows NT.
ANS: kernel
PTS: 1 REF: 256
9. Since the bastion host stands as a sole defender on the network perimeter, it is commonly referred to as
the ____________________ host.
ANS: sacrificial
PTS: 1 REF: 264
10. The architecture of a(n) ____________________ firewall provides a DMZ.
ANS: screened subnet
PTS: 1 REF: 266
11. The general approach of the ____________________ protocol is to place the filtering requirements on
the individual workstation rather than on a single point of defense (and thus point of failure).
ANS: SOCKS
PTS: 1 REF: 267
12. The firewall device is never accessible directly from the ____________________ network.
ANS:
public
untrusted
PTS: 1 REF: 271

13. ____________________ (terminal emulation) access to all internal servers from the public networks
should be blocked.
ANS: Telnet
PTS: 1 REF: 273
14. A(n) ____________________ filter is a software filter — technically not a firewall — that allows
administrators to restrict access to content from within a network.
ANS: content
PTS: 1 REF: 277
15. Content filters are often called ____________________ firewalls.
ANS: reverse
PTS: 1 REF: 277
16. A(n) ____________________ dialer is an automatic phone-dialing program that dials every number in
a configured range, and checks to see if a person, answering machine, or modem picks up.
ANS: war
PTS: 1 REF: 278
17. The Remote ____________________ Dial-In User Service system centralizes the management of user
authentication by placing the responsibility for authenticating each user in the central RADIUS server.
ANS: Authentication
PTS: 1 REF: 278-279
18. The ____________________ Access Controller Access Control System contains a centralized
database, and it validates the user’s credentials at this TACACS server.
ANS: Terminal
PTS: 1 REF: 279
19. The ____________________ authentication system is named after the three-headed dog of Greek
mythology, that guards the gates to the underworld.
ANS: Kerberos
PTS: 1 REF: 279-280
20. In Kerberos, a(n) ____________________ is an identification card for a particular client that verifies
to the server that the client is requesting services and that the client is a valid member of the Kerberos
system and therefore authorized to receive services.
ANS: ticket

PTS: 1 REF: 280
21. The Secure European System for Applications in a(n) ____________________ Environment is the
result of a European research and development project partly funded by the European Commission.
ANS: Multivendor
PTS: 1 REF: 280
22. A(n) ____________________ private network is a private and secure network connection between
systems that uses the data communication capability of an unsecured and public network.
ANS: virtual
PTS: 1 REF: 282
23. SESAME uses ____________________ key encryption to distribute secret keys.
ANS: public
PTS: 1 REF: 282
24. A trusted VPN is also known as a(n) ____________________ VPN.
ANS: legacy
PTS: 1 REF: 282
25. In ____________________ mode, the organization establishes two perimeter tunnel servers.
ANS: tunnel
PTS: 1 REF: 283
ESSAY
1. Briefly describe the seven best practices rules for firewall use.
ANS:
1. All traffic from the trusted network is allowed out.
2. The firewall device is never directly accessible from the public network for configuration or
management purposes.
3. Simple Mail Transport Protocol (SMTP) data is allowed to pass through the firewall, but it should
all be routed to a well-configured SMTP gateway to filter and route messaging traffic securely.
4. All Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) data should be denied.
5. Telnet (terminal emulation) access to all internal servers from the public networks should be
blocked.
6. When Web services are offered outside the firewall, HTTP traffic should be denied from reaching
your internal networks through the use of some form of proxy access or DMZ architecture.
7. All data that is not verifiably authentic should be denied.
PTS: 1 REF: 268-269

2. List and describe the three interacting services of the Kerberos system.
ANS:
Kerberos consists of three interacting services, all of which use a database library:
1. Authentication server (AS), which is a Kerberos server that authenticates clients and servers.
2. Key Distribution Center (KDC), which generates and issues session keys.
3. Kerberos ticket granting service (TGS), which provides tickets to clients who request services. In
Kerberos a ticket is an identification card for a particular client that verifies to the server that the client
is requesting services and that the client is a valid member of the Kerberos system and therefore
authorized to receive services. The ticket consists of the client’s name and network address, a ticket
validation starting and ending time, and the session key, all encrypted in the private key of the server
from which the client is requesting services.
PTS: 1 REF: 280
3. What must a VPN that proposes to offer a secure and reliable capability while relying on public
networks accomplish?
ANS:
- Encapsulation of incoming and outgoing data, wherein the native protocol of the client is embedded
within the frames of a protocol that can be routed over the public network as well as be usable by the
server network environment.
- Encryption of incoming and outgoing data to keep the data contents private while in transit over the
public network but usable by the client and server computers and/or the local networks on both ends of
the VPN connection.
- Authentication of the remote computer and, perhaps, the remote user as well. Authentication and the
subsequent authorization of the user to perform specific actions are predicated on accurate and reliable
identification of the remote system and/or user.
PTS: 1 REF: 282

Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content

“1. A commissioner, always a proprietor, who looks in of a night,
and the week’s account is audited by him and two other proprietors.
“2. A director, who superintends the room.
“3. An operator, who deals the cards at a cheating game called
‘faro.’
“4. Two crowpiers (croupiers) who watch the cards and gather in
the money for the bank.
“5. Two puffs, who have money given them to decoy others to
play.
“6. A clerk, who is a check upon the puffs, to see that they sink
none of the money given them to play with.
“7. A squib is a puff of lower rank who serves at half-pay salary
while he is learning to deal.
“8. A flasher, to swear how often a bank has been stripped.
“9. A dunner, who goes about to recover money lost at play.
“10. A waiter, to fill out wine, snuff candles, and attend to the
gaming rooms.
“11. An attorney, a Newgate solicitor.
“12. A captain, who is to fight any gentleman who is peevish at
losing his money.
“The green-rooms of the theatres even, were the scenes of great
doings in the gaming way, and Miss Bellamy tells us that thousands
were frequently lost there in a night—rings, brooches, watches,
professional wardrobes, and even salaries in advance, being staked
and lost as well as money.
“It was in vain that essays, satires and sermons were written with
a view to checking this universal vice. Hogarth has depicted it in all
its horrors, whether in the scene where it first leads the idle
apprentice into sin, or in others, where it shows the young rake on
the way to jail. But its dreadful consequences were most forcibly
placed before the eyes of the infatuated town by Edward Moore, in a
tragedy, first performed at Drury Lane in 1753, and entitled the
“Gamester.” How did “the town” receive this lesson? The “New
Theatrical Dictionary” says: “With all its merits, it met with but little
success, the general cry against it being that the distress was too
deep to be borne. Yet we are rather apt to imagine its want of

perfect approbation arose in one part, (and that no inconsiderable
one) of the audience from a tenderness of another kind than that of
compassion, and that they were less hurt by the distress of “Beverly”
than by finding their darling vice—their favorite folly—thus
vehemently attacked by the strong lance of reason, and dramatic
execution.”
But gambling in England has never been confined to the
aristocracy. If anything, it has been even more prevalent in the
“Lower orders of society.” The play in the “dens” frequented by them
has been less “heavy,” but none the less ruinous and far more
productive of misery and crime. Such resorts have thrived for
centuries in every part of London, and indeed, in every large English
city. Many of them have been known as “clubs,” as are those of to-
day, which the police raid from time to time.
In these places, as in those more aristocratic, hazard became the
favorite game immediately upon its introduction from Paris, early in
the century, and for a time almost superceded other gambling
devices. St. James street early became the center for aristocratic
gambling, and in no quarter of London were the third and fourth
class “hells” so numerous as in the section surrounding this district.
After “Crockford’s” was established and it became apparent that it
was not only prospering under the protection and patronage of the
ennobled and wealthy, but was also safe from police interference,
the gamblers who designed to prey upon the lower classes were not
slow to conclude that nowhere in London would they be so secure as
in the same vicinity. Accordingly, in a short time, scores of “clubs”
sprung up in Leicester Square, the Quadrant, in Regent street, and
between Bennett and Jermyn Streets. The Quadrant was known as
“Devil’s walk,” getting the name because of the half dozen or more
“hells” which flourished on its North side, between the County Fire
offices and Glasshouse street, and because of the hundreds of
abandoned women who promenaded the pavement then, as now,
during the closing hours of the day and far into the night. It was a
locality especially favorable to these “dens.” The throngs of people
were greater in its vicinity at night than in any other part of London.
Competition between the different houses was so sharp that each

had its messengers on the street, mixing with the people, and
thrusting into their hands cards of invitation to their respective
resorts. Even the courtesans solicited for the dens at the time they
solicited for themselves.
The Quadrant “clubs” have been the ruin of thousands of young
men. Finally, the scandal became so great and openly offensive that
the public revolted. Some young men turned over the cards of
invitation to their parents, the latter in turn passing the invitations to
the police. With the cards as a clue the authorities began a
determined fight upon the evil, and finally exterminated the
infamous resorts. Their doors had opened readily, day and night,
Sundays included. Anyone, no matter how high or low in degree and
circumstances, was welcome, and all were systematically plucked.
As late as 1844 there were no less than fifteen gambling houses,
well known to the police, in the parishes of St. James’, St. George’s,
St. Ann’s, and St. Martin’s-in-the-fields, besides the rooms of public
houses, billiard rooms and coffee shops, in which gambling was
conducted. These latter, known as “copper halls,” usually accepted
the lowest stakes, down to a penny or a ha’penny, and were
patronized mainly by clerks and servants.
Gambling establishments, pure and simple, and of the lowest
order, have generally “followed the races;” that is, have been opened
during race week in the town where the courses are located—such
as Warwick, Doncaster, etc. Allusion has been made already to the
fact that betting on horse races is a favorite species of gambling in
England. That subject receives due attention in another part of this
work. Reference is proper here, however, to the gambling by those
who attend the races. It was said of Doncaster in 1846: “The
Eldorado, or grand source of income and wealth to the proprietors,
arises from the prolific revenue of the play of gaming tables, of
which there are usually six in constant nightly operation during the
racing week. The proprietors of the Subscription Betting Rooms are
not ostensibly connected in the co-partnership of the banks, or in
the business of the tables, but they are, nevertheless, largely
interested in the successful issue of the week, as will be shown. In
the first instance it should be stated that the sum of £350 or £400 is

paid down to them by the party contracting for the tables, and for
the privilege of putting down the banks. This is all clear profit, paid
for in advance, and without any contingency, and in addition to this
large sum so paid, for the mere privilege of finding capital, there is a
stipulation also on the part of the proprietors of the room, that they
shall receive a considerable part or share of the clear profits or gains
of the week, accruing from the tables, and this without the risk of a
single shilling by them under any unlooked-for reverse of fortune.”
Doncaster, at an earlier period, often harbored fully thirty or forty
gambling establishments during race week, which were conducted in
the most open manner. Men were stationed in front to hand to
passers by cards bearing such inscriptions as, “Roulette, £1,000 in
the bank.” A former magistrate of Warwick certified that once during
the races nearly every house in a certain street was utilized for
gambling purposes, and that the windows were wide open so that
those who were passing could see what was transpiring within.
Though the sporting gentry had usually to pay large fees for the
privilege of running race week “hells,” they could well afford to do so
in view of their enormous profits. The games usual at such places
were roulette and hazard. Both French and English hazard were in
favor, the latter to accommodate the older generation of “sports,”
with whom it was a favorite. French hazard is a quiet game; English
hazard a noisy one. In the former, the players have simply to place
their stakes in particular positions on the table; as they wish to bet,
and await the result of the cast. They need not utter a word. At the
English game, on the contrary, every player is usually shouting at the
top of his voice, and the scene is not unlike that in the wheat pit of a
Board of Trade or in the Stock Exchange in New York. “The caster’s
in for five pounds!” “done;” “I’ll bet fifteen to ten!” “What’s the main
and chance?” “Seven to five;” “I’ll take on doublets!” “The caster
throws before the five for ten pounds.” These are samples of the
exclamations made by those who are offering and taking bets. The
players in the English game bet against each other and not against
the banks as in the French game. Wranglings, disputes and hot
words are frequent, owing to misunderstandings and the efforts of

sharpers to impose upon those whom they take to be inexperienced
and susceptible to bravado.
An English hazard game is superintended by a “groom-porter,” as
he is called, who presides at the table to regulate the bets made
between the “caster,” or thrower of the dice, and the “setter,” or
person opposed to him. The proprietor does not get a percentage of
the money staked as in the French game, but derives his profit from
a stipulated amount from all the players who are fortunate enough
to throw on three mains, or win three times successively. Such
winnings, it has been estimated, occur eight times an hour.
Accordingly the proprietor gets about $40 an hour for each table, or
$400 a night on the basis of ten hours. Of course, the amount varies
with the number engaged in playing. But the amount, whatever it is,
is clear profit, for the use of the table only is involved. The “groom
porter” has very arduous duties to perform, and must, of necessity,
be quick and determined, in order to keep track of all the bets made
and to defeat the frequent attempts at fraud by knaves and
scoundrels who sometimes stake less than their proportion, or
endeavor to escape their “obligations.”(?) In return for this
protective vigilance he receives a gratuity of a guinea or more from
every one who throws six mains, or wins six times successively.
When betting is large his “doucers” are generally increased, and
sometimes he receives as much as five or ten pounds.
In these “dens” the roulette tables are usually more numerous
than those devoted to hazard, and they prove more remunerative to
the proprietors, as the percentage against the players is about five
and a half, or more than three times what it is in hazard. The profits
during race week averaged, some times, £2,500 each.
Of the low gambling resorts in London, early in this century,
Fraser’s Magazine, of August 1833, gives this interesting account:
“On an average, during the last twenty years, about thirty ‘hells’
have been regularly open in London for the accommodation of the
lowest and most vile set of hazard players. The game of hazard is
the principal one played at the low houses, and is, like the
characters who play it, the most desperate and ruinous of all games.
The wretched men who follow this play are partial to it, because it

gives a chance, from a run of good luck, to become possessed
speedily of all the money on the table. No man who plays hazard
ever despairs making his fortune at some time. Such is the nature of
this destructive game, that I can now point out several men, whom
you see daily, who were in rags and wretchedness on Monday, and,
before the termination of the week, they rode in a newly purchased
stanhope of their own, having several thousand pounds in their
possession. The few instances of such success, which unfortunately
occur, are generally well-known, and consequently encourage the
hopes of others who nightly attend these places, sacrificing all
considerations of life to the carrying their all (if it be only a few
shillings) every twenty-four hours to stake in this great lottery, under
the delusive hope of catching Dame Fortune at some time in a merry
mood. Thousands annually fall, in health, fame and fortune, by this
mad infatuation, while not one in a thousand finds an oasis in the
desert. The inferior houses of play are always situated in obscure
courts, or other places of retirement, and most frequently are kept
shut up during the day, as well as at night, as if unoccupied; or
some appearance of trade is carried on as a blind. A back room is
selected for all operations, if one can be secured sufficiently
capacious for the accommodation of forty or fifty persons at one
time. In the centre of the room is fixed a substantial circular table,
immovable to any power of pressure against it by the company who
go to play, a circle of inlaid white hollywood is formed in the middle
of the table, of about four feet diameter, and a lamp is suspended
immediately over this ring. A man, designated the “groom porter,” is
mounted on a stool, with a stick in his hand, having a transverse
piece of wood affixed at its end, which is used by him to rake in the
dice, after having been thrown out of the box by the caster, (the
person who throws the dice). The avowed profits of keeping a table
of this kind is the receipt of a piece for each box-hand—that is, when
a player wins three times successively, he pays a certain sum to the
table, and there is an aperture in the table made to receive these
contributions. At the minor establishments, the price of a box-hand
varies from one shilling to half-a-crown, according to the terms on
which the house is known to be originally opened. If there is much

play, these payments produce ample profits to the keeper of the
house, but their remuneration for running the risk of keeping an
unlawful table of play, is plunder. At all these houses, as at the
better ones, there is always a set of men who hang about the table
like sharks for prey, waiting for those who stay late, or are
inebriated, and come in towards morning to play when there are but
few lookers-on. Unfair means are then resorted to with impunity,
and all share the plunder. About eleven o’clock, when all honest and
regular persons are preparing for rest, the play commences, the
adventurers being seated around the table, one takes the box of
dice, putting what he is disposed to play for into the ring marked on
the table, as soon as it is covered with a like sum, or ‘set,’ as it is
termed, by another person, the player calls ‘a main,’ and at the same
moment throws the dice, if the call comes up, the caster wins, but if
any other ‘main’ comes uppermost on the dice, the thrower takes
that chance for his own, and his adversary has the one he calls, the
throwing then continues, during which bets are made by others, on
the event, until it is decided. If the caster throws deuces or aces,
when he first calls ‘a main,’ it is said to be ‘crabbed,’ and he loses,
but if he throws the number named, he is said to have ‘nicked it,’
and thereby wins. Also, if he should call six or eight, and throws
double sizes, he wins, or if seven be the number called, and eleven
is thrown, it is a ‘nick,’ because those chances are ‘nicks’ to these
‘mains,’ which regulation is necessary to the equalization of all the
chances at this game when calling a ‘main.’
“The odds against any number being thrown against another
number varies from two to one, to six to five, and consequently
keeps all the table engaged in betting. All bets are staked, and the
noise occasioned by proposing and accepting wagers is most
uproarious and deafening among the low players, each having one
eye on the black spots marked on the dice, as they land from the
box, and the other on the stake, ready to snatch it if successful. To
prevent the noise being heard in the street, shutters closely fitted to
the window frames are affixed, which are padded and covered with
green baize. There is also invariably an inner door placed in the
passage, having an aperture in it, through which all who enter the

door from the street may be viewed. This precaution answers two
purposes, it deadens the sound of the noisy voices at the table, and
prevents surprise by the officer of justice. The generality of the
minor houses are kept by prize fighters, and other desperate
characters, who bully and hector the more timid out of their money,
by deciding that bets have been lost when in fact they have been
won. Bread, cheese, and beer are supplied to the players, and a
glass of gin is handed when called for, gratis. To these places thieves
resort, and such other loose characters as are lost to every feeling of
honesty and shame. A table of this nature in full operation is a
terrific sight, all the bad passions appertaining to the vicious
propensities of mankind are portrayed on the countenances of the
players. An assembly of the most horrible demons could not exhibit
a more appalling effect, recklessness and desperation overshadow
every noble trait, which should enlighten the countenance of a
human being. Many, in their desperation, stripped themselves on the
spot of their clothes, either to stake against money, or to pledge to
the table-keeper for a trifle to renew the play, and many instances
occur of men going home half naked, after having lost their all. They
assemble in parties of from forty to fifty persons, who probably bring
on an average each night of from one to twenty shillings to play
with. As the money is lost the players depart, if they can not borrow
or beg more, and this goes on some times in the winter season for
fourteen or sixteen hours in succession, so that from 100 to 150
persons may be calculated to visit one gambling table in the course
of a night; and it not unfrequently happens that, ultimately, all the
money brought to the table gets into the hands of one or two of the
most fortunate adventurers, save that which is paid to the table for
box-hands, whilst the losers separate, only to devise plans by which
a few more shilling may be secured for the next night’s play.
“Every man so engaged is destined either to become by success a
more finished and mischievous gambler, or to appear at the bar of
the ‘Old Bailey’ where, indeed, most of them may be said to have
figured already.
“The successful players, by degrees, improve their external
appearance, and obtain admittance to the houses of higher play,

where 2s. 6d., or 3s. 4d. is demanded for box-hands. At these places
silver counters are used, representing the aliquot parts of a pound;
these are called ‘pieces,’ one of which is a box-hand.
“If success attends them, in the first step of advancement, they
next become initiated into pound-houses, and associate with
gamblers of respectable exterior, where, if they show talent, they
either become confederates in forming schemes of plunder, and in
aiding establishments to carry on their concerns in defiance of the
law, or fall back to their old station of playing chicken-hazard, as the
small play is designated.
“The half-crown, or third rate houses, are not less mischievious
than the lower ones. These houses are chiefly opened at the west
end of the town, but there are some few at the east. In the parish of
St. James, I have counted seven, eight and nine, in one street,
which were open both day and night.
“One house in Oxenden street, Coventry, had an uninterrupted run
of sixteen or seventeen years. Thousands have been ruined there,
while every proprietor amassed a large fortune. The man who first
opened the house (G. S.) has resided at Kentish Town for years past,
in ease and affluence, keeping his servants and horses, although he
rose from the lowest of the low.
“Several others who have followed him have had equal success.
The watchmen and Bow street officers were kept in regular pay, and
the law openly and expressly set at defiance, cards being handed
about, on which were written these words: ‘Note, the house is
insured against all legal interruptions, and the players are
guaranteed to be as free from officious interruptions as they are at
their own homes.’
“At another of these medium houses, known by the numerals ‘77,’
the proprietor, (a broken down Irish publican, formerly residing in
the parish of St. Anne’s) accumulated in two years so much money
that he became a large builder of houses and assembly rooms at
Cheltenham, where he was at one time considered the most
important man of the place, although he continued his calling to the
day of his death. ‘Alas! J. D. K., hadst thou remained on earth thou
wouldst ere this have been honored with the title of Grand Master of

all the Blarney Clubs throughout the United Kingdom. Many a
coroner hast thou found employ, and many a guinea hast thou
brought into their purses, and many a family hast thou cast into the
depths of sorrow.’ So runs the world. Fools are the natural prey of
knaves, nature designed them so, when she made lambs for wolves.
The laws that fear and policy framed, nature disclaims; she knows
but two, and those are force and cunning. The nobler law is force,
but then there’s danger in’t; while cunning, like a skillful miner,
works safely and unseen.
“The subject of these remarks was not only subtle, wily, and in
some measure fascinating, but most athletic and active in person.
He was part proprietor of No. —, Pall Mall, for many years, where he
would himself play for heavy stakes. And it was a favorite hobby of
his to go into St. James’ Square, after having been up all night, to
jump over the iron railings and back again, from the enclosure to the
paved way.
“The average number of these third-rate houses in London, open
for play, may be calculated at about twenty-five. If there were not a
constant influx of tyro-gamblers this number would not be
supported. Their agents stroll about the town, visiting public house
parlors, and houses where cribbage-players resort, whist clubs, also
billiard and bagatelle tables, experience having taught them that the
man who plays at one game, if the opportunity be afforded him, is
ever ready to plunge deeper into the vice of gambling on a large
scale. Junior clerks, and the upper class of gentlemen’s servants are
the men whom they chiefly attack.
“It is an extraordinary and uncomfortable fact that no set of men
are more open to seduction than the servants of the nobility, and the
menials of club-houses, an instance of which occurred a few months
since, in the case of a servant of the Athenæum Club, who was
inveigled into a house in the Quadrant, where he lost, in two or
three days, a considerable sum of money belonging to his
employers.
“The sum annually lost by the servants of the present day may
reasonably be laid at one million and a half sterling. At most of the
middle class gambling houses, play is going on from three o’clock, p.

m. to five or six o’clock a. m. In the afternoon, from three to seven,
it is called morning play, being generally rouge-et-noir or roulette.
“As soon as the proprietor of a ‘crown-house’ amasses money
enough to appear on the turf, and becomes known at Tattersall’s as
a speculator on horse-racing, he is dubbed a gentleman. Associating
now with another class of men, a high ambitious spirit prompts him
to open a superior house of play, where the upper class of gamblers
and young nobility may not be ashamed of meeting together. All
petty players are excluded. When he has accomplished his object he
deems himself in the high road for the acquirement of a splendid
fortune, being now master of a concern where money and estate are
as regularly bought and sold as any commodity in a public market;
one man of fashion betraying another—the most intimate and bosom
friends colleaguing with these monsters for the purpose of sacrificing
each other to the god Plutus, instances of which occur in this
viciated town as often as the sun rises and sets.
“It might be thought invidious to mention names by innuendo, but
every man of the world, or rather of the London world (which
comprehends some thousand swindlers intermingled with the same
number of nobility and gentry), must have a knowledge of those
characters who have elevated themselves from the lowest state in
society by gambling, to associate on terms of equality with nobles.
One married his daughters to peers of the realm, and was treated
with respect daily at the table of those who enact laws for the
punishment of swindlers, and also of bishops who expatiate daily
against all kinds of vice, including that of gambling, and the sin of
countenancing those who promote it. Another, whose confederate
was executed for poisoning horses, to secure for himself and his
honorable employer a large sum of money, now stalks through the
halls of our proud Norman, but too susceptible aristocracy, with as
much freedom and nonchalance as one who could trace his ancestry
back to William the Conqueror, and was possessed of a pure and
unblemished reputation. When the history of this individual and that
of six others, who, to use their own phraseology, have rowed
through life together in the same boat, are before the world, scenes

will be developed which will stand as beacons to warn future
generations against coming in contact with such characters.
“In accordance with the reigning spirit of the day, such persons
having acquired money, no matter how, rank as gentlemen, and are
qualified to sit at the tables of the nobility. The company of
fashionable or club society is that of black-legs, and it would not be
difficult for me to name from twenty to thirty individuals at this
moment who associate with, and move among, persons of high life,
who were, but a few years back, in low vice and penury, and who
have possessed themselves of a sum of money certainly not less
than from eight to nine millions sterling.
“Again, there are hundreds of others who have amassed from ten
to twenty thousand pounds each. Add to these the two or three
thousand who annually make smaller sums of money, or manage to
keep themselves and families in comfortable style by ‘hokey-pokey’
gambling ways, as Brother Jonathan would say, some estimate may
be made of the evil occasioned to society by the movements of
these men in it.”
One of the most deplorable phases of gambling in England is that
women have figured prominently. Incredible as it may seem,
numerous instances are recorded where the honor of wives and
daughters has been staked in the desperation of cowardly men. It
may be believed that this occurred only when all else had been
swept away, and by persons from whom every vestige of manhood
had departed. Ethiopians, it is said, have been known to gamble
away their wives and children, and Schouten tells of a Chinaman
who lost his family in this manner. A similar story is told of a
Venetian, by Paschasius Justus, and in the wicked Paris of Louis XV,
debauched nobles played at dice for the favor of a notorious
courtesan.
English literature contains many allusions to women gamblers. So
far did ladies of fashion carry the vice that certain nights for meeting
were set apart in their private mansions, at which young and old,
married and single, played with a desperation that must have made
their husbands and fathers tremble. Professionals, whose morals
were not above reproach, were engaged to conduct the games, and

thus the women were thrown into association with bad characters,
and their names and reputations bandied about in the mouths of the
sporting gentry of London.
In 1820, James Lloyd, a harpy who practiced on the credulity of
the lower orders by keeping an illegal lottery, was arrested for the
twentieth time to answer for the offense. Lloyd was a Methodist
preacher, and on Sundays expounded the gospel to his neighbors;
the remainder of the week he instructed them in the gambling vice.
“In the same years,” says a writer of the time, “parties of young
persons robbed their masters to play at a certain establishment
called ‘Morley’s Gambling House,’ in the city of London, and were
there ruined. Some were brought to justice at the Old Bailey, others
in the madness caused by their losses, destroyed themselves while
some escaped to other countries.”
To the games of faro, hazard, macao, doodle-doo and rouge-et-
noir, at this time, more than to horse-racing, may be ascribed the
ruin of many London merchants who once possessed fortunes and
prosperous business. Thousands upon thousands were thus ruined
in the vicinity of St. James; but this was not confined to youths of
fortune only, but to decent and respectable merchants, who were
engulfed in its vortex.
Of the “South Sea Bubble,” a writer in the Eclectic Magazine for
May, 1885, says: “If not the earliest, at least the most remarkable
instance of this national spirit of gambling displayed itself in the last
century, and was the infatuation which led all classes to commit
themselves to the alluring prospects held out to them by the South
Sea Company. The public creditor was offered six per cent. interest,
and a participation in the profits of a new trading company,
incorporated under the style of ‘The Governor and Company of
Merchants of Great Britain trading to the South Seas and other parts
of America.’ But, whatever chances of success this company might
have had, were soon dispersed by the breaking out of the war with
Spain, in 1718, which rendered it necessary for the concoctors of the
scheme to circulate the most exaggerated reports, falsify their
books, bribe members of the government, and resort to every
fraudulent means, for the purpose of propping up their tottering

creation. Wonderful discoveries of valuable resources were trumped
up, and, by the mystery which they contrived to throw around the
whole concern, people’s curiosity was excited, and a general, but
vague impression got abroad that one of the South Sea Company’s
bonds was talismanic, and there was no reckoning the amount of
profit it would bring to the fortunate possessor. The smallest result
expected from the enterprise was that in twenty-six years it would
pay off the entire amount of the National debt.
“How it was to be done no one knew, or cared to inquire, it was
sufficient to know that it was to be done. Trade and business of all
kinds was suspended, every pursuit and calling neglected, and the
interest of the whole nation absorbed by this enchanting dream.
Money was realized in every way, and at every sacrifice and risk, to
be made available in the purchase of South Sea stock, which rose in
price with the demand from £150 to £325. Fresh speculators came
pouring in, and the price went up to £1,000. This was at the latter
end of July, but alas, a whisper went forth that there was something
wrong with the South Sea Company. The chairman, Sir John Blunt,
and some of the directors had sold their shares. There was a screw
loose somewhere, and on the 2nd of September it was quoted at
£700. An attempt to allay the panic was made by the directors, who
called a meeting on the 8th, at Merchant Tailors’ Hall, but in the
evening it fell to £640, and next day stood at £540. The fever had
been succeeded by a shivering fit, and it was rapidly running down
to zero. In this emergency, the king, who was at Hanover, was sent
for, and Sir Robert Walpole called in, when the case was desperate.
He endeavored to persuade the Bank of England to circulate the
company’s bonds, but in vain. The stock fell to £135, and the bubble
burst. The duration of this public delirium, as Smallett has truly
called it, may be estimated when we state that the bill enabling the
company to raise the subscription received the royal assent on the
7th of April, 1720, with the stock at £150; that the price
subsequently ran up to £1,000; and that, on the 27th day of
September it had again sunk to £150, and the delusion was over,
and the nation in a state of panic, with public credit shaken to its
center. Investigations were now made into the conduct of the

managers of this marvelous fraud. A bill was first passed through
parliament to prevent the escape of the directors from the kingdom,
and then a Committee of Secrecy appointed to examine into their
accounts. It then came out that the books had been destroyed, or
concealed, entries erased and altered, and accounts falsified; that
the king’s mistress, even, the Duchess of Kendal, had received stock
to the amount of £10,000; another favorite, the Countess of Platen,
£10,000; Mr. Aislabie, Chancellor of the Exchequer, £70,000; Mr.
Graggs, father of the Secretary of State, £659,000; the Duke of
Sutherland, £160,000; Mr. Graggs, Jr., £30,000; and Mr. Charles
Stanhope, Secretary of the Treasury, two amounts, one of £10,000,
and another of £47,000. The manner in which these worthies, who
were in the secret, could anticipate and influence the markets, is
obvious. Poor Gay had received an allotment of stock from Mr.
Secretary Graggs which was at one time worth £20,000, but he
clung fast to the bubble, refused to sell at that price, and waited till
it was worthless, when he found himself hugging the shadow of a
fortune. The amount of the company’s stock, at the time of the
inquiry, was found to be £37,800,000, of which £24,500,000
belonged to individual proprietors. As some compensation to these
rash and ruined speculators, the estates of the directors were
confiscated. Sir George Caswell was expelled from the House of
Commons, and made to disgorge £250,000; Aislabie, the Chancellor
of the Exchequer, was expelled, and committed to the Tower; Sir
John Blunt, the chairman, was stripped of all but £5,000, and the
excitement and popular resentment was so intense that it is
marvelous that they escaped with their lives.
“The South Sea frenzy was not sufficient to engross the gambling
spirit that it had generated, simultaneously there oozed up a crowd
of smaller bubbles, of which Malcom counted 156. The titles to some
of them were sufficient to illustrate the madness which had seized
upon the nation. There were companies for carrying on the
undertaking business and furnishing funerals, capital £1,200,000 at
the ‘Fleece Tavern’ (ominous sign,) Cornhill; for discounting
pensions, 2,000 shares at the Globe Tavern; for preventing and
suppressing thieves, and insuring all persons’ goods from the same

(?), capital £2,000,000, at Cooper’s; for making Joppa and Castile
soap, at the Castile Tavern; for sweeping the streets, for maintaining
bastard children; for improving gardens and raising fruit trees, at
Carraway’s, for insuring horses against natural death, accident or
theft, at the Brown Tavern, Smithfield, another at Robin’s, of the
same nature, capital £2,000,000; for introducing the breed of asses;
an insurance company against the thefts of servants, 3,000 shares of
£1,000 each, at the Devil Tavern; for perpetual motion, by means of
a wheel moving by force of its own weight, capital £1,000,000 at the
Ship Tavern,” etc., etc. The Prince of Wales became governor of a
Welsh Copper Company. The Duke of Chandos was Chairman of the
York Building Company, and of another Company for building houses
in London and Westminster.
“Many of these speculators were jealously prosecuted by the
South Sea Company, but they all succeeded, in a greater or less
degree, in spreading the general panic. The amount of capital
proposed to be raised by these countless schemes was three
hundred million sterling—exceeding the value of all the lands in
England. The most amusing instance of the blind credulity of the
public was in the success which attended one wary projector, who,
well knowing the value of mystery, published the following proposal:
“‘This day, the 28th inst., at Sam’s Coffee-house, behind the Royal
Exchange, at three in the afternoon, a book will be opened for
entering into a joint co-partnership for carrying on a thing that will
turn to the advantage of all concerned.’
“The particulars of this notable scheme were not to be revealed
for a month, and, ‘in the meantime’ says Smallet, he declared that
every person paying two guineas should be entitled to a subscription
of one hundred pounds, which would produce that sum yearly.’ In
the forenoon, the adventurer received a thousand of these
subscriptions, and, in the evening, set out for another kingdom.
“Some curious satires on these several schemes are preserved in
the British Museum, in the shape of a book of playing-cards. Thus,
one is a caricature of York-buildings, with the following lines beneath
it:

‘You that are blessed with wealth by your Creator,
And want to drown you money in Thames water,
Buy but York-buildings, and the cistern there
Will sink more pence than any fool can spare.’
“A ship-building company is thus ridiculed:
‘Who but a nest of blockheads to their cost
Would build new ships for freight when trade is lost?
To raise fresh barques must surely be amusing,
When hundreds rot in dock for want of using.’
“The Pennsylvania Land Company comes in for a share of the
satire:
‘Come, all ye saints, that would for little buy
Great tracts of land, and care not where they lie,
Deal with your Quaking friends—They’re men of light,
The spirit hates deceit and scorns to bite.’
“The Company for the insurance of horses’ lives against death, or
accident, is thus dealt with:
‘You that keep horses to preserve your ease,
And pads to please your wives and mistresses,
Insure their lives, and, if they die we’ll make
Full satisfaction—or be bound to break.’
“Smallett gives us a more dismal picture. ‘The whole nation,’ he
says, ‘was infested with a spirit of stock-jobbing, to an astonishing
degree. All distinctions of party, religion, sex, character, and
circumstances were swallowed up. Exchange-alley was filled with a
strange concourse of statesmen and clergymen, churchmen and
dissenters, Whigs, and Tories, physicians, lawyers, tradesmen, and
even with females. All other professions and employments were
utterly neglected.’

“It is not to be wondered at that various lottery schemes were
started and prospered immensely at a time when the public mind
was in the state indicated above. They were launched by the State,
by private companies and by individuals. These institutions played
no small part in the general debasement of the public mind and the
ruin of fortunes and families.” This will appear more fully in the
treatment accorded to lotteries elsewhere in this book.
The history of anti gambling legislation in England, and the various
efforts which have been made to suppress or regulate the vice forms
an interesting phase of the subject, and also suggests how the evil
was regarded from time to time in the public mind. The earliest
legislation on the subject appears to have been based on the idea,
not that gambling was immoral and degrading, but that it interfered
with the usefulness of servants and employes, induced idleness, and
diverted attention from archery. “The first statute (12 R. 2, c. 6) in
England (1388) prohibiting gambling, applied only to servants of
husbandry, artificers, and victuallers—not to servants of gentlemen—
and commanded such to refrain from ‘hand and foot ball, quoits,
dice, throwing of stone kayles, and such other importune games.’
The next statute (1409) enforced the above, with a penalty of six
days imprisonment for such offence. The next act (17 Ed. 4, c. 3,
1477,) after naming in a preamble the foregoing games, says,
‘Contrary to such laws, games called kayles, half-bowles, hand-in-
hand-out, and queckeborde, from day to day are used in divers parts
of the land,’ then provides that no occupier or master of a house
shall voluntarily permit any prohibited person to play at any such
game in said house, under pain of three years’ imprisonment and
forfeiture of £20 for each offense. No prohibited person could play
under pain of two years’ imprisonment and £10 default. Another act
(11 H. 7, c. 2, 1494,) provided that no artificer, laborer or servant
should play any unlawful game except at Christmas, while the law
(19 H. 7, c, 12) of 1503, absolutely prohibited certain persons
named therein from playing at any game. In 1511, (3 H. 8, c. 3)
unlawful games were again prohibited, and a still more stringent law
enacted in 1535 (22 H. 8, c. 35).

“In 1541, (33 H. 8, c. 25) the manufacturers and dealers in
archery petitioned Parliament to prohibit all games and enforce the
practice of archery. Accordingly, in 1542, a most stringent act was
passed, obliging all able-bodied men, between the ages of 17 and 60
years, except ministers and judges, to own bows and arrows, and to
practice with the same. Masters were required to see that their
servants were provided with bows and arrows and instructed in their
use; if not provided, the master must furnish the same, and was
empowered to deduct the price from the servant’s wages. This act
repeals all other laws concerning gaming, and then prohibits the
keeping of any ‘common house, or place of bowling, coytinge,
cloyshe, cayles, half-bowle, tannys, dysing table, or cardianage, or
any other unlawful new game hereafter to be invented,’ under a
penalty of 40s. for each offense. Magistrates, sheriffs, bailiffs,
constables, and head officers of cities, boroughs and towns, were
required and authorized to enter all such places, at any time, and
arrest offenders; they must also search at least once a month to
discover such places, and suppress the same under a monthly
penalty of 40s. for every default.”
Section 16, of this act then provided that “No manner of artificer,
craftsman, husbandman, apprentice, laborer, servant at husbandry,
journeyman, or servant of artificer, mariner, fisherman, waterman, or
servingman shall play at the tables, tennis, dice, cards, bowles,
clash, coyting, logating, or any other unlawful game, out of
Christmas, under pain of 20s. for each offense.” At Christmas, this
class could play only in their master’s house or presence. This act
made no game in itself unlawful. It only became unlawful by being
used by certain persons at certain times, or certain places. The
keeping of a common gambling house for any unlawful game, for
lucre or gain was prohibited, but no game was made unlawful unless
played in such common house. Faro and rouge et noir were not then
considered unlawful games.
In 1745, faro, bassett, ace of hearts, hazard, passage, roly-poly,
roulette, and all games of dice, except backgammon, were
prohibited under a penalty to the “setter-up,” of £200, and £50 fine

for players. A subsequent act repealed so much of the act of 1542 as
prohibited bowling, tennis and other games of mere skill.
Justices of the Peace, at their annual licensing meetings, were
empowered to grant license to persons to keep a room for billiards,
bagatelle-boards, and the like, but these were prohibited between
the hours of 1 and 8 A. M., and on Sundays, Christmas, Good Friday,
or any public feast, or Thanksgiving day. Gambling was not then
indictable at common law. In England, at common law, it was held,
“a common gambling house kept for lucre or gain, was per se a
common nuisance, as it tends to draw together idle and evil-
disposed persons, to corrupt their morals and ruin their fortunes,
being the same reasons given in the case of houses of common
prostitution.” (King vs. Rogers and Humphrey.)
The following curious piece of evidence is probably an extract
from the Journal of the House of Lords, although there is no
reference to the subject in the published debates.
“DIE LUNÆ, 29 DEGREES, APRILIS, 1745—GAMING.”
“A bill for preventing the excessive and deceitful use of it having
been brought from the Commons and proceeded on, so far as to be
agreed to in the committee of the whole house with amendments,
information was given to the house that Mr. Burdus, Chairman of the
Quarter Session for the sitting and liberty of Westminster; Sir
Thomas Deveil, and Mr. Lane, Chairman of the Quarter Session for
the County of Middlesex, were at the door. They were called in and
at the bar severally gave an account that claims of the privilege of
peerage were made and insisted on by Ladies Mordington and
Cassilis, in order to intimidate the peace officers from doing their
duty in suppressing the public gaming houses kept by said ladies.
And the said Burdus thereupon delivered the instrument in the
written hand of said Lady Mordington, containing the claim she
made of privilege for her officers and servants employed by her in
her said gambling house; and then they were directed to withdraw,
and the said instrument was read as follows: ‘I, Dame Mary,

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