![CRITICAL APPENDIX.
Dedication. In 1590 the Dedication runs simply:—‘To the most
mightie and magnificent empresse Elizabeth, by the grace of God
Queene of England, France and Ireland Defender of the Faith &c.
Her most humble Seruant: Ed. Spenser.’ The words ‘and of Virginia’
and ‘to liue with the eternitie of her fame’, added in 1596, give
evidence of the growing importance of the colony and of the
increased self-confidence of the poet.
I. i. Arg. 3. entrappe] entrape 1596. In the matter of double letters I
attach little weight to the evidence of either quarto. I cannot believe
(e.g.) that a scholar like Spenser could have written ‘oportunitie’ (I. ii.
41 l. 7); so with ‘entrape’ here, and ‘mishapen’ at I. vi. 8 l. 7.
I. i. 2 l. 1. But] And 1590. The reading of 1596 brings out finely the
contrast between the ‘jolly’ appearance of the Knight and his
dedicated purpose.
I. i. 5 l. 1. So pure an innocent] and innocent 1590: an Innocent
1609. 1596 makes ‘innocent’ substantive: and so 1609 took it, as the
capital shows.
I. i. 9 l. 6. sweete bleeding] sweet, bleeding 1609. But Morris is
probably right in regarding ‘sweete’ as an adverb to ‘bleeding’.
I. i. 15 l. 6. poisonous] poisnous 1590. 1596 is less shy of trisyllabic
feet than 1590, and both than F. E.; and the second part of F. Q. than
the first. Other trisyllabic feet left full in 1596 but elided or contracted
in 1590 will be found at I. iv. 37 l. 6; II. ix. 17 l. 4; II. x. 34 l. 1; III. viii.
46 l. 9; cf. also III. ix. 48 l. 6. (Per contra III. viii. 49 l. 1; III. xi. 28 l. 8.)
Elisions are proposed by F. E. but ignored by 1596 at I. xii. 32 l. 5, II.
vii. 54 l. 8.
1609 elides vowels left open in the quartos, e.g. at II. ix. 52 l. 9; III. v.
50 l. 8; III. vii. 5 l. I. Cf. also II. viii. 3 l. 8; II. xii. 27 l. 4, for its
avoidance of trisyllabic feet.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/7764-250223133318-7ab1058e/85/Principles-of-Information-Security-5th-Edition-Whitman-Solutions-Manual-29-320.jpg)
![I. i. 15 l. 7. shapes] Morris reports ‘shape 1596’: not so in Bodl. or B.
M. copies. But ‘shape,’ in 1609.
I. i. 20 l. 4. vildly] vilely 1609. The omission of ‘d’ marks the
seventeenth-century editor.
I. i. 21 l. 5. spring] ebbe 1590 &c.: corr. F. E. to auale] t’auale 1590:
corr. F. E. A good example of the relation of 1596 to F. E. The first
correction is ignored, the second accepted. But the second
correction is obvious, being required by the metre; it must have been
made independently. And this is generally the case when 1596 and
F. E. agree. For the significance of this ignoring of F. E. see
Introduction, p. xvii. Excluding ambiguous instances, I have noted
forty-eight places in which 1596 thus ignores F. E.; fifty-four in which
they agree. But of these fifty-four only six at most are significant, the
rest being obvious corrections. These are I. vi. 26 l. 5; I. vii. 37 l. 8; I.
vii. 43 l. 5; I. vii. 47 l. 3; I. ix. Arg. 2; I. ix. 9 l. 5. Whatever be the
explanation in these instances—and it will be noted that they all
come close together—they do not invalidate the conclusion
maintained in the Introduction, p. xvii, which is based on the negative
instances.
I. i. 31 l. 6. you] thee 1590. The plural pronoun is more courteous
than the singular. There is a similar change of ‘thy’ to ‘your’ in I. ii. 22
l. 5.
I. i. 48 l. 9. with om. 1596, 1609. One of the instances that show how
little use 1609 made of 1590. See further on I. ii. 29 l. 2.
I. ii. 11 ll. 3 and 4. One of several instances in which the punctuation
of 1609 brings out the true meaning or construction. See
Introduction, p. xvii.
I. ii. 27 l. 9. so dainty] so, Dainty 1609. The editor of 1609 wishes to
show that Spenser is quoting the proverb ‘Quae rara, cara’. The
quartos probably intend the same meaning.
I. ii. 29 l. 2. shade him] shade 1596: shadow 1609. On the
significance of this for the relations of 1590 and 1609 see
Introduction, p. xviii. Other instances in which 1609 ignores 1590,
supplying by conjecture a word or syllable that has been omitted in](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/7764-250223133318-7ab1058e/85/Principles-of-Information-Security-5th-Edition-Whitman-Solutions-Manual-30-320.jpg)
![1596, are I. vi. 26 l. 9 as a tyrans law 1590, as tyrans law 1596, as
proud tyrans law 1609; II. v. 8 l. 7 hurtle 1590, hurle 1596, hurlen
1609; II. vi. 29 l. 2 importune 1590, importance 1596, important
1609; II. x. 51 l. 7 Both in his armes, and crowne 1590, Both in
armes, and crowne 1596, In armes, and eke in crowne 1609; II. xii.
52 l. 9 Or Eden selfe, if ought 1590, Of Eden, if ought 1596, Or
Eden, if that ought 1609; III. iii. 44 l. 5 foure hundreth yeares shalbe
supplide 1590, foure hundreth shalbe supplide 1596, foure hundreth
shall be full supplide 1609; III. vii. 45 l. 1 the good Sir Satyrane gan
wake 1590, good Sir Satyrane gan wake 1596, good Sir Satyrane
gan awake 1609; III. ix. 13 l. 9 And so defide them each 1590, And
defide them each 1596, And them defied each 1609; III. xi. 26 l. 7
and with imperious sway 1590, and imperious sway 1596, and his
imperious sway 1609.
1609 ignores not only the text of 1590, but F. E., in favour of
conjecture, as at II. viii. 25 l. 1 Which those same foes, that stand
hereby 1590, 1596, same corr. to his cruell F. E., Which those same
foes that doen awaite hereby 1609.
I. iii. 32 l. 9. Who told her all that fell in iourney as she went] told,
1609. The meaning wanted is, ‘Who told all that befell her’; and so
1609 takes the line, as its punctuation shows. It is not impossible to
get this meaning out of the line as it stands; but the order is
excessively contorted, and I have suggested ‘all that her fell’.
I. iii. 36 l. 7. morning] mourning 1590. The words are, of course, the
same; and I now prefer 1590, for though Spenser uses ‘morne’ he
would scarcely employ so ambiguous a spelling in the participle.
I. iii. 38 l. 7. the] that F. E. referring probably to this line. As the
references in F. E. are to pages only, it is sometimes impossible to
identify them with certainty when they concern words like ‘the’ and
‘that’. See again on II. xii. 1 l. 6.
I. iii. 41 l. 9. swerd] sword 1609. It is ‘swerd’ in all our copies of 1590,
1596.
I. iv. 16 l. 3. hurtlen] hurlen 1609. 1609 makes the same change at I.
iv. 40 l. 1 and II. v. 8 l. 7, as if ‘hurtle’ were unfamiliar. Yet it has](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/7764-250223133318-7ab1058e/85/Principles-of-Information-Security-5th-Edition-Whitman-Solutions-Manual-31-320.jpg)
![‘hurtling’ in I. viii. 17, IV. iv. 29; and ‘hurtle’ in II. vii. 42.
I. iv. 23 l. 5. seldome] seeldome 1590, sildom 1609. See
Introduction, p. v.
I. iv. 23 l. 7. dry dropsie. Upton’s conjecture, ‘dire dropsie’ (‘dirus
hydrops’), is worth noticing.
I. v. 7 l. 9. helmets hewen] hewen helmets 1590. This is one of those
slight changes of order, made here for the sake of grammar, but
more often for the sake of rhythm, which reveal the poet’s own hand
in 1596 more conclusively than more conspicuous alterations.
Others are recorded at II. i. 18 l. 6; II. iii. 38 l. 4; II. v. 5 l. 9; II. vi. 3 l.
6; II. vi. 12 l. 9; III. ii. 8 l. 5; III. ii. 30 l. 5; III. iv. 59 l. 5; III. v. 40 l. 4; III.
xi. 4 ll. 4 and 9; III. xi. 22 l. 8.
I. v. 10 l. 6. Doest] Doost 1609 passim. See Introduction, p. v.
I. v. 17 l. 5. can] gan 1590. ‘Can’ (in the sense of ‘did’) and ‘gan’ are
easily confused, and difficult to pronounce between.
I. v. 23 l. 8. Nightes children] Nights drad children 1609. On the
significance of this variant see Introduction, p. xviii. Other instances
in which 1609 fails to recognize syllabic -es are I. x. 34 l. 8; III. vi. 6 l.
5; III. x. 46 l. 6.
I. v. 26 l. 6. am] ame 1590. This is the one eye-rhyme of 1590 that is
generally avoided in 1596. Otherwise, so far as I have compared
them in this respect, there is little or no difference; both are
excessively addicted to eye-rhyme. The current heresy on this
subject is expressed by Puttenham (1589):—‘It is somewhat more
tollerable to help the rime by false orthographie then to leaue an
vnpleasant dissonance to the eare by keeping trewe orthographie
and loosing the rime.’ (The Arte of English Poesie, Bk. II. ch. ix.)
I. v. 38 l. 6. cliffs] clifts 1590 &c.: corr. F. E. There is the same
correction in I. ix. 34 l. 6. Together they suggest that Spenser meant
at first to change ‘clift’ to ‘cliff’ throughout; but found that it would
impair the rhyme, e.g. in I. viii. 22 l. 5.
I. v. 45 l. 4. On the 1609 ‘woundez’ see Introduction, p. xviii.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/7764-250223133318-7ab1058e/85/Principles-of-Information-Security-5th-Edition-Whitman-Solutions-Manual-32-320.jpg)
![I. vi. 23 l. 8. noursled] nousled 1590. This change is systematically
made in 1596, which uses ‘nousle’ in a different senses = nuzzle; cf.
IV. xi. 32 l. 8. There is the same difference between the first quarto of
S. C. and later quartos.
I. vi. 26 l. 5. fierce and fell] swifte and cruell 1590: corr. F. E. In
Malone 615 these words are on a slip of paper, probably cut (says
Mr. Bliss) from 1596 and pasted over the original copy.
I. vi. 37 l. 9. hath] had Grosart: not so in any of our copies.
I. vi. 47 l. 8. to] two 1596, 1609. Morris assigns ‘two’ to 1611; but it is
in all our copies of 1596 and 1609.
I. vii. 37 l. 7. trample] amble 1590. One of those changes of words
which reveal Spenser’s hand clearly in 1596. A steed so spirited
would not amble.
I. viii. 11 ll. 5-9. Closely imitated in 2 Tamburlaine iv. 3. Cf.
Introduction, p. xi.
I. viii. 21 l. 5. their] his Grosart, adopting a suggestion by Church. But
‘their’ may mean ‘Orgoglio’s and Duessa’s’.
I. viii. 33 l. 5. sits] fits 1596, 1609. But ‘sits’ = sied, as in I. i. 30 l. 9.
I. viii. 44 l. 4. delight] dislike conj. J. Jortin. As ‘delight’ is repeated by
parablepsy from l. 3, the form of the word is not much of a guide in
emendation. Others suggest ‘despight’.
I. ix. 32 l. 7. nor for gold nor glee] nor for gold nor fee conj. Church;
cf. I. x. 43 l. 6. But the alliteration, if not the sense, favours ‘glee’. Cf.
VI. v. 39 l. 3; VI. vii. 49 l. 9.
I. ix. 42 l. 7. Morris reports ‘hold’ as in 1590: not so in any of our
copies.
I. ix. 53 l. 1. feeble] seely 1596: silly 1609. I do not think that Spenser
would have tolerated a combination like ‘seely, fleshly’; and
comparison with I. vii. 6 l. 5 and I. vii. 11 l. 8, where ‘fraile’ and
‘feeble’ occur together in lines which this line was meant to recall,
convinces me that ‘seely’ (= feelie) is a misprint for ‘feeble’.
I. x. 7 l. 8. simple true] simple, trew Morris. But see note on I. i. 9 l. 6.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/7764-250223133318-7ab1058e/85/Principles-of-Information-Security-5th-Edition-Whitman-Solutions-Manual-33-320.jpg)
![I. x. 20 l. 5. See Introduction, p. xviii.
I. x. 27 l. 6. The correction in 1596 (v. footnote) was apparently made
to avoid the ambiguity of ‘salt water sore’.
I. x. 52 l. 1. since] sith 1609. See Introduction, p. vi.
I. x. 62 l. 9. As for loose loues are vaine] As for loose loues they are
vaine 1590. The reading of 1596 eases the metre, and V. iii. 22 ll. 5
and 6 shows an exactly parallel construction. But the main reason for
preferring 1596 is the proximity of 62 l. 4 and 62 l. 8, which are
certainly author’s corrections. See Introduction, p. xvii.
I. xi. 3. See Introduction, p. xvi.
I. xi. 26 l. 6. swinged] singed 1609. The quartos are right. The form
‘swinge’ is wide-spread in modern dialect. Webster quotes the noun
‘swinge’ (= a singe) from Beaumont and Fletcher.
I. xi. 37 l. 2. yelded] yelled 1609. Though I have hesitated to change
the reading of the quartos, it is probably a misprint. Spenser
elsewhere has ‘yell’. The nearest parallel to ‘yeld’ is ‘befeld’ =
befallen, IV. iii. 50 l. 3. The true reading may, after all, be ‘yelped’.
I. xi. 41 l. 4. Nor 1609: For 1590, 1596. I am no longer sure that
Spenser did not write ‘For’. There is a very similar confusion in V. vi.
26 ll. 5 and 6.
I. xi. 51 ll. 7 and 8. The original punctuation makes l. 8 refer to the
lark.
I. xii. 7 l. 3. sung] song 1590. Here 1596 forgoes the eye-rhyme to
avoid ambiguity.
I. xii. 17 l. 1. that] the 1596, 1609. The change may be Spenser’s,
but cf. 21 l. 7 where ‘the’ of 1596 is probably wrong and occurs in the
same line with a word in which 1596 is certainly wrong.
I. xii. 17 l. 4. note] no’te 1609, 1611. Morris reports ‘no’te 1596’: not
so in Bodl. or B. M. copies.
I. xii. 28 l. 7. her] his 1596, 1609. The change may be Spenser’s.
Having personified truth as Una, he may have felt an objection to
personifying it here. But the misprint is not uncommon: cf. 40 l. 9.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/7764-250223133318-7ab1058e/85/Principles-of-Information-Security-5th-Edition-Whitman-Solutions-Manual-34-320.jpg)
![I. xii. 34 l. 3. improuided] vnprouided Todd &c.: not so in any of the
copies examined.
I. xii. 38 l. 3. frankincense] frankencense 1596, 1609. The spelling
‘encens’ was not yet quite extinct, and I now incline to think that the
more archaic form was deliberately introduced in 1596. Cf. note on
‘vpsidowne’ at II. vii. 4 l. 8.
II. i. 1 l. 7. caytiues hands] caytiue 1609. ‘Caytiue bands’ has been
conjectured, but perhaps needlessly.
II. i. 18 l. 6. did he] he did 1590. See note on I. v. 7 l. 9. This
transposition seems designed to get another alliteration in ‘d’.
II. i. 34 l. 6. Grosart reports ‘steady 1590’: not so in our copies.
II. i. 58 l. 4. fry] fryze sugg. Church. As a contrast is wanted to ‘melt’
in l. 3, there is much to be said for Church’s ‘fryze’ (i.e. freeze). (The
spelling actually suggested by Church is ‘frieze’, as in II. i. 42 l. 3, or
‘frize’, as in VI. x. 33 l. 9; but neither of these would so readily be
corrupted.)
II. ii. 7 l. 7. chace] pray sugg. Collier. This is the first of those
substitutions discussed in Introduction, p. viii.
II. ii. 21 l. 1. cald] calth 1596, 1609. Changes of tense like this are
not uncommon in 1596, but here ‘calth’ seems an error due to the
following ‘forth’.
II. i. 34 l. 9. thought their] though ther 1590. 1590 seems to be simply
a wrong division of ‘thought her’, which we should perhaps read.
II. ii. 42 l. 6. make] hold conj. edd. See Introduction, p. viii.
II. ii. 44 l. 4. introld] entrold 1590: enrold conj. edd. ‘Enrold’ is more
obvious than convincing: it is typographically improbable, and it
makes poor sense. The problem is complicated by the ambiguous
rhyme with ‘world’ and ‘told’, for which, however, cf. I. xi. 27 ll. 1, 3
‘world’ = ‘extold’. I am not convinced that Spenser did not coin
‘introld’, though I do not know what he meant by it.
II. iii. 4 l. 5. A pleasing vaine of glory vaine did find] A pleasing vaine
of glory he did find 1590. It is natural to regard the second ‘vaine’ as](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/7764-250223133318-7ab1058e/85/Principles-of-Information-Security-5th-Edition-Whitman-Solutions-Manual-35-320.jpg)
![a mere printer’s repetition of the first. But the collocation of ‘glory’
and ‘vaine’ appears in two other descriptions of Braggadocchio, viz.
III. viii. 11 ll. 8 and 9; IV. iv. 14 l. 5. And the play on words is quite
Spenserian; cf. I. iv. 6 l. 6 array ... arras; II. i. 37 l. 9 leaue ... leaue; II.
ii. 12 l. 3 fairely fare.
II. iii. 10 l. 1. On the spelling of Braggadocchio see Introduction, p. vi.
In the second volume of 1596 we find cc in IV. ii. 4; IV. iv. 14; IV. iv.
20; c in IV. iv. 8; IV. iv. 10; IV. v. 23; IV. v. 26; and always in V. iii.
II. iii. 20 l. 5. their haire on end does reare] does vnto them affeare
1590: vnto corr. to greatly F. E. It seems as if Spenser originally
wrote ‘appeare’, forgot this when he made F. E., and in turn forgot F.
E. when he corrected the copy for 1596; or knowingly changed his
mind twice.
II. iii. 28 l. 7. play] sport conj. ed. See Introduction, p. viii. I do not
wish to read ‘sport’ in the text, as the form of the footnote might
imply. This substitution does not seem to have been noticed by
previous editors.
II. iii. 38 l. 4. haue I] I haue 1590. See note on I. v. 7 l. 9.
II. iii. 45 l. 4. one] on 1590, 1596. For the converse misprint cf. II. i.
31 l. 4.
II. iii. 46 l. 9. erne] yerne 1609. These two words are regularly
interchanged in 1609, in accordance with modern usage. Cf. VI. vii.
15 l. 9.
II. iv. 17 ll. 6, 8, 9. A striking instance of author’s correction in 1596.
Spenser seems to have shrunk from the forms ‘trech’, ‘ketch.’
II. iv. 35. This is the stanza quoted by Fraunce in 1588. See
Introduction, p. xi.
II. iv. 41 l. 8. A hexameter in the eighth line. It might be corrected by
omitting ‘is sonne’; but for this there is no authority. See Introduction,
p. vii.
II. v. 5 l. 9. do not much me faile] doe me not much fayl 1590. See
note on I. v. 7 l. 9.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/7764-250223133318-7ab1058e/85/Principles-of-Information-Security-5th-Edition-Whitman-Solutions-Manual-36-320.jpg)
![II. v. 8 l. 7. hurtle] hurle, 1596; hurlen 1609. See notes on I. ii. 29 l. 2
and I. iv. 16 l. 3.
II. v. 12 ll. 8 and 9. A very difficult passage. The meaning wanted
seems to be, ‘Do not think that it is thy force but the unjust doom of
fortune that has thus laid me low.’ This meaning comes more easily if
we read ‘but’ for ‘by’: a conjecture in which I find that I was
anticipated by a friend of Jortin’s. But no good meaning can be got
out of ‘maugre her spight’ without taking ‘maugre’ in the sense of
‘curse on’, or the like, which it never bears outside F. Q., if there. The
nearest parallels are III. iv. 39 l. 8; III. v. 7 l. 5; VI. iv. 40 l. 3. See
Introduction, p. ix.
II. v. 19 l. 7. do] garre 1590. A very interesting change. Had it been
objected to ‘garre’ that it was peculiar to Northern dialect? I believe
that several changes in 1596 were made to meet such criticisms.
Spenser uses ‘garre’ in S. C., but not elsewhere in F. Q.
II. v. 29 l. 5. pricking] prickling 1590. The quartos differ repeatedly
over this particular letter—cf. II. i. 31 l. 2; II. vi. 18 l. 7; II. xi. 13 l. 5; II.
xii. 30 l. 6 (where 1590 is certainly right). Here usage favours 1596,
but sound 1590.
II. v. 31 l. 5. See note on II. iii. 20 l. 5.
II. vi. 3 l. 4. that nigh her breth was gone,] as merry as Pope Ione,
1590. The earlier reading was apparently thought too colloquial.
II. vi. 3 l. 6. might to her] to her might 1590. See note on I. v. 7 l. 9.
The authenticity of the transposition here is made probable by the
proximity of l. 4.
II. vi. 5 l. 6. cut away. We should perhaps read ‘cut a way’; cf. II. viii.
5 l. 9.
II. vi. 12 l. 9. See note on I. v. 7 l. 9.
II. vi. 14 l. 9. loud] loue 1590. The reading of 1596 is supported by
the proximity of II. vi. 12 l. 9.
II. vi. 18 l. 7. griesly] griesy 1590. On the variants see note on II. v.
29 l. 5. ‘Griesy’ is here explained as ‘sluggish’. But we find griesie’, I.
ix. 35 l. 4 (but ‘griesly’ 1611); ‘grysie’, II. xi. 12 l. 3 and III. xii. 19 l. 2;](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/7764-250223133318-7ab1058e/85/Principles-of-Information-Security-5th-Edition-Whitman-Solutions-Manual-37-320.jpg)
![‘gryesy’, III. i. 67 l. 7. These are all one word, and the meaning is
always ‘squalid’, ‘hideous’.
II. vi. 29 l. 2. importune] importance 1596: important 1609. See note
on I. ii. 29 l. 2.
II. vi. 42 l. 4. steept] stept 1590 should have been recorded in
footnote.
II. vii. 4 l. 8. vpsidowne] vpside downe 1590. The original form, as I
learn from Sir James Murray, was ‘upsodown’ or ‘upsadown’;
‘upsidown’ became current in the second quarter of the sixteenth
century; ‘upside-down’ appears first in Coverdale. By the last decade
of the century ‘upsodown’ was obsolete, ‘upsidown’ archaic, ‘upside-
down’ or ‘upset-down’ current. There is little doubt that here, as at I.
xii. 38 l. 3, Spenser deliberately returned in 1596 to the more archaic
form.
II. vii. 40 l. 5. that] the 1590 &c.: corr. F. E. F. E. might refer to 43 l. 2.
See note on I. iii. 38 l. 7. The earlier stanza is quoted with ‘the’ in
England’s Parnassus (1600). But the quotation is full of mistakes and
has no authority.
II. vii. 52 l. 6. With which] Which with 1590, 1596: Which-with 1609.
At IV. vii. 25 l. 1 ‘Which’ is ‘With’ in 1596.
II. viii. 3 l. 8. Come hither, come hither] Come hither, hither 1609. But
the trisyllabic foot is probably genuine, and expresses agitation. See
note on I. i. 15 l.
II. viii. 25 l. 1. See note on I. ii. 29 l. 2.
II. viii. 29 l. 7. vpreare] vpheaue MS. corr. in Malone 615. See
Introduction, p. viii. Kitchin speaks of these MS. corrections as ‘co-
temporary’; and a note in the Bodleian catalogue ascribes them to
Lord Burleigh. But most of them are in a hand much later than 1600.
II. viii. 40 l. 4. so wisely as it ought] so well, as he it ought 1590. 1596
means, ‘As wisely as it ought to be used.’ For the construction cf. II.
viii. 32 l. 4; VII. vii. 9 l. 8. But 1590 gives an excellent meaning, ‘As
well as he who owned it’; and it is hard to see why Spenser changed
it. This is one of the few corrections that I suspect of being editorial.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/7764-250223133318-7ab1058e/85/Principles-of-Information-Security-5th-Edition-Whitman-Solutions-Manual-38-320.jpg)
![Cf. II. x. 49 l. 8. A converse confusion of the two meanings of ‘ought’
is shown by the variants on VI. viii. 50 l. 4.
II. viii. 44 l. 8. no more] not thore 1590. ‘Thore’, if not a misprint (and
it does not look like one), was probably meant for ‘there’, as ‘tho’ =
then, rather than for ‘through’ (‘thorough’). In either case Spenser felt
it licentious.
II. viii. 48 l. 8. Prince Arthur 1609: Sir Guyon 1590, 1596. See
Introduction, p. xviii.
II. ix. 7 ll. 5 and 6. The time is shortened to agree with I. ix. 15. Cf.
also II. ix. 38.
II. ix. 9 l. 1. weete] wote 1590 &c. Not an imperfect rhyme, but a
misprint; for the form is wrong.
II. ix. 17 l. 4. perilous] perlous 1590. See note on I. i. 15 l. 6.
II. ix. 21 l. 1. them] him 1590. It is ‘them’ in England’s Parnassus.
See note on II. vii. 40 l. 5.
II. ix. 35 l. 3. idly] idle 1609 should have been recorded in the
footnote.
II. ix. 38 l. 2. mood] word 1590 &c. Collier credits Drayton with the
emendation (see on 49 l. 4 below); but Morris seems to have first
adopted it. There is a similar misprint of ‘word’ for ‘wood’ in 1590 at
III. xii. 7 l. 8.
II. ix. 38 l. 9. twelue moneths] three years 1590. See note on II. ix. 7
above.
II. ix. 49 l. 4. reason] season Drayton (teste Collier). Collier
professed to have a copy of the 1611 folio that had belonged to
Drayton and had corrections in his hand. On questions of this nature
no weight can be attached to Collier’s unverified statements, and I
am not aware that this statement has been verified. The corrections
with which he credits Drayton are often ingenious, but not more
ingenious than those which he puts forward as his own.
II. ix. 52 l. 9. the house] th’house 1609. See note on I. i. 15 l. 6.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/7764-250223133318-7ab1058e/85/Principles-of-Information-Security-5th-Edition-Whitman-Solutions-Manual-39-320.jpg)
![II. x. 6 l. 6. safeties sake] safety 1590. 7 l. 7. liued then] liueden
1590. Either of these corrections might be editorial; but by their
proximity they support each other.
II. x. 15 l. 9. munifience] munificence 1590, 1609. Spenser certainly
means ‘fortification’, and has either coined a noun from munify +
ence, or applied ‘munificence’ in this unexampled sense. The
reading ‘munifience’ is found only in 1596.
II. x. 24 l. 9. F. E. shows that Seuith was printed in some copies of
1590. Church, Upton, and Todd all had copies in which the missing
words were supplied.
II. x. 34 l. 1. Riuallo] Riuall’ 1590. See note on I. i. 15 l. 6.
II. x. 43 l. 1. Sisillus] Sifillus 1590 &c. We should perhaps read
Sisilius with Geoffrey of Monmouth (Historia Britonum, Lib. III, § 13:
in § 14 he spells it Sisillius).
II. x. 67 l. 2. Ambrose] Ambrise 1596, 1609. Geoffrey of Monmouth
(Historia Britonum, Lib. VI) supports 1590.
II. x. 49 1. 8. defrayd] did defray 1596, 1609. Here at least the printer
of 1596 is seen to have assumed the editor. He betrays himself by
losing the rhyme-scheme, rhyming line 8 with lines 2, 4, 5, 7 instead
of 6, 9. See note on II. viii. 40 l. 4.
II. x. 51 l. 7. See note on I. ii. 29 l. 2.
II. x. 67 l. 2. Ambrose] Ambrise 1596, 1609. Geoffrey of Monmouth
(Historia Britonum, Lib. VI) supports 1590.
II. xi. 10 l. 2. dessignment] assignment 1590. It is the proximity of the
indubitable author’s correction in 9 l. 9 that decides in favour of
1596.
II. xi. 11 l. 4. dismayd] mismayd conj. Jortin. Jortin’s ‘mismayd’ (i. e.
mismade, miscreated) gives a good meaning, and the misprint is
paralleled at III. ix. 7 l. 3 disdonne 1590, misdonne 1596. Others
think that ‘dismayd’ may bear the same meaning.
II. xi. 13 l. 5. assayled] assayed 1590. See note on II. v. 29 l. 5.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/7764-250223133318-7ab1058e/85/Principles-of-Information-Security-5th-Edition-Whitman-Solutions-Manual-40-320.jpg)
![II. xi. 21 l. 8. their] there 1609. I should now prefer to read ‘there’ in
all such cases.
II. xii. 1 l. 4. Formerly] ‘Formally’ is a conjecture of my own, and
should have been indicated as such in the footnote. It was
suggested by II. xii. 81 l. 5, where ‘formally’ = secundum artem.
‘Firmëly’ has been proposed; but that is impossible. The text may be
sound.
II. xii. 1 l. 6. Others take F. E. to refer to l. 1. See note on I. iii. 38 l. 7.
II. xii. 23 l. 9. Upton, Todd, &c., keep Monoceros, scanning
‘immeasúrëd’, which is without example. The reading adopted by
Child was originally suggested by Jortin.
II. xii. 27 l. 4. sea the resounding] sea resounding 1609. See note on
I. i. 15 l. 6.
II. xii. 30 l. 6. pleasaunt] peasaunt 1596. See note on II. v. 29 l. 5.
II. xii. 39 l. 8. vpstarting] vpstaring 1590. I. ix. 22 l. 3 and VI. xi. 27 l. 4
favour 1590.
II. xii. 43 l. 5. Nought feard their force] they conj. ed. This correction
gives the desired meaning, ‘They had no fear of force.’ Those who
defend the text take ‘feard’ to mean ‘frightened’, and ‘their’ to refer to
the beasts. (I find that my conjecture has been anticipated by Church
and others.)
II. xii. 52 l. 9. See note on I. ii. 29 l. 2.
III. i. 47 l. 7. which] that 1590. The correction is due to ‘that’ in l. 8.
III. i. 56 l. 8. Basciomani] Bascimano 1590. In Spenser’s day the
correct form was basciamano or basciamani, the latter not being
plural of the former, but an independent formation of verb stem +
plural noun, like Fr. porte-montres. Ordinarily it would be fair to credit
Spenser with a knowledge of the right Italian form. Yet in this place
the Bascimano of 1590 has clearly been corrected: a fresh
corruption in an author’s correction is not highly probable; and I am
accordingly disposed to think that Spenser really coined Basciomani
as a substantival use of the phrase bascio le mani. Cf. the familiar
Spanish bezo los manos.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/7764-250223133318-7ab1058e/85/Principles-of-Information-Security-5th-Edition-Whitman-Solutions-Manual-41-320.jpg)
![III. ii. 4 l. 1. Guyon] Redcrosse MS. corr. in Malone 615. See
Introduction, p. vii.
III. ii. 8 l. 5. Which I to proue] Which to proue, I 1590. See note on I.
v. 7 l. 9.
III. ii. 30 l. 5. in her warme bed her dight] her in her warme bed
dighte 1590. See note on I. v. 7 l. 9.
III. ii. 49 l. 7. a earthen] an earthen 1609. Spenser may have
intended to pronounce ‘yearthen’. N. E. D. describes the y-form of
‘earth’ as going down to the sixteenth century, though no y-forms are
quoted under ‘earthen’. In Northern dialect, with which Spenser was
familiar, ‘a’ takes the place of ‘an’ even before a vowel. If the quartos
are right, this is another archaism unfamiliar to 1609.
III. iii. 6 l. 1. auisd] aduis’d 1609. See note on IV. ii. 22.
III. iii. 15 l. 3. 1609 makes ‘businesse’ three syllables, and then
seeks to avoid the trisyllabic foot. See note on I. i. 15 l. 6.
III. iii. 44 l. 5. See note on I. ii. 29 l. 2.
III. iii. 50 l. 9. See Introduction, p. xviii.
III. iii. 53 l. 3. Evidently an author’s correction; but the reason for the
change is obscure.
III. iv. 39 l. 9. sith we no more shall meet] till we againe may meet
1590. Spenser has remembered, or been reminded, that Cymoent is
a heathen goddess.
III. iv. 40 l. 6. 1611 modernizes to ‘ielly’d blood’.
III. iv. 59 l. 5. See note on I. v. 7 l. 9.
III. v. Arg. 4. sownd] swound 1609. ‘Sownd’ is one of the rarer
spellings of the multiform ‘swound’, ‘swoune’, &c. At VI. i. 34 l. 2 we
find ‘sound’ (= swound) in both 1596 and 1609.
III. v. 5 l. 5. A] And 1596, 1609. ‘And’, though defensible, is probably
due to ‘And’ in l. 6.
III. v. 37 l. 6. follow] followd 1590 should have been recorded in
footnote.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/7764-250223133318-7ab1058e/85/Principles-of-Information-Security-5th-Edition-Whitman-Solutions-Manual-42-320.jpg)
![III. v. 40 l. 4. their loues sweet teene] their sweet loues teene 1590.
Spenser transposed, either for rhythm, or to bring out the oxymoron
‘sweet teene’. Cf. note on I. v. 7 l. 9.
III. v. 50 l. 8. To him, and to all] To him and all 1609. See note on I. i.
15 l. 6.
III. V. 51 l. 9. to] it 1611.
III. v. 52 l. 6. The punctuation of the quartos connects ‘admire’ with
‘In gentle Ladies brest’; but this leaves ‘and bounteous race’ without
construction.
III. v. 53 l. 3. Realmes] Reames 1590. So in V. vii. 23 ll. 6, 8, 9
‘realme’ rhymes with ‘extreame’ and ‘dreame’.
III. vi. 6 l. 5. his beames] his hot beames 1609. See on I. v. 23 l. 8
and Introduction, p. xvii.
III. vi. 12 l. 2. The rhyme is imperfect, but I find no authority for
reading ‘aspect’.
III. vi. 26 l. 4. both farre and nere om. 1590. 1596 here completes a
line left imperfect in 1590, which makes it possible than Spenser
may have intended to complete other broken lines, such as II. iii. 26
l. 9; II. viii. 55 l. 9.
III. vi. 39 l. 1. 1611 reads ‘and all’, to avoid the trisyllabic foot. See
note on I. i. 15 l. 6.
III. vi. 40 l. 6. See Introduction, p. viii.
III. vi. 45 l. 4. See Introduction, p. xviii.
III. vii. 5 l. I. the tops] th’tops 1609. See note on I. i. 15 l. 6.
III. vii. 9 l. 3. two] to conj. Hughes. Morris reports ‘to’ from 1596: not
so in copies examined. See also I. vi. 47 l. 8 and note there.
III. vii. 13 l. 6. had] hath 1590. The notes of Todd and Morris imply
that some copies of 1596 also read ‘hath’. If so, it should be adopted
as the better reading.
III. vii. 22 l. 4. Monstrous mishapt] Monstrous, mishapt 1590. Cf. I. i.
9 l. 6; 1. x. 7 l. 8.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/7764-250223133318-7ab1058e/85/Principles-of-Information-Security-5th-Edition-Whitman-Solutions-Manual-43-320.jpg)
![III. vii. 32 l. 7. muchell] much ill 1611, puzzled by the archaism.
III. vii. 34 l. 2. See Introduction, p. vii.
III. vii. 45 l. I. See note on I. ii. 29 l. 2.
III. vii. 48 l. 4. Spenser has remembered, or been reminded, that
Ollyphant reappears in III. xi.
III. viii. 30 l. 3. frory] frowy 1590, 1596. The reading of 1609 is
established by comparison with III. viii. 35 l. 2. ‘Frowie’ occurs in S.
C. (July III); but it means ‘musty’.
III. viii. 46 l. 9. vnworthy] vnworthy’ 1590. 49 l. 2 T’haue] To haue
1590. See note on I. i. 15 l. 6.
III. ix. 13 l. 9. See note on I. ii. 29 l. 2.
III. ix. 20 l. 9. persant] persent 1609: present 1611.
III. ix. 48 l. 6. to sea] to the sea 1596—perhaps rightly: cf. note on I. i.
15 l. 6.
III. x. 41 l. 7. Morris reports ‘wild forest 1609’: not so in any of the
copies examined.
III. x. 46 l. 6. th’Earthes] the Earthes 1609. See note on I. v. 23 l. 8
and Introduction, p. xviii.
III. xi. 4 ll. 4 and 9. These two transpositions support each other, the
first being made for grammar, the second for rhythm. See note on I.
v. 7 l. 9.
III. xi. 12 l. 1. singultes] singulfes 1590, 1596. This word occurs again
in F. Q. V. vi. 13, Colin Clout 168, Tears of the Muses 232; and in all
four places is spelt with ‘f’ in the original editions. We must suppose,
either that the printers made the same mistake four times, or that
Spenser misspelt a word with whose Latin form he must have been
quite familiar. Neither alternative is acceptable; but I find the second
incredible.
III. xi. 19 l. 9. death] life conj. Jortin. Jortin’s emendation gives the
sense required; yet Spenser was capable of writing ‘death’. Cf.
Introduction, p. ix.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/7764-250223133318-7ab1058e/85/Principles-of-Information-Security-5th-Edition-Whitman-Solutions-Manual-44-320.jpg)
![III. xi 22 l. 8. See note on I. v. 7 l. 9.
III. xi. 23 l. 2. Inglorious, beastlike 1611, to avoid the trisyllabic foot.
See note on I. i. 15 l. 6.
III. xi. 26 1. 7. See note on I. ii. 29 l. 2.
III. xi. 39 l. 8. Stag conj. Jortin: Hag 1590 &c. In support of Jortin’s
emendation Upton quotes Natalis Comes, Mythologia, iv. 10 ‘Fertur
hic deus [i.e. Apollo] in varias formas ob amores fuisse mutatus, in
leonem, in cervum, in accipitrem’. As the chapter deals with Apollo,
and mentions Hyacinth, Coronis, &c., it is clear that Spenser had
been reading it, and Jortin’s emendation is irresistible. (Spenser
would have written ‘an Hag’, not ‘a Hag’.)
III. xi. 47 l. 9. heauen bright] heauens hight conj. Church. But
identical rhymes are not infrequent in this particular place in a
stanza. Yet the possibility of parablepsy lowers the authority of the
quartos in such cases. The printers would be peculiarly liable to this
error in this place if, in Spenser’s manuscript, the Alexandrine
overflowed into the eighth line of the stanza. (Church spells ‘heuens’,
following 1590).
III. xii. 12 l. 6. wingyheeld] winged heeld 1590. The change seems to
have been made for euphony. See note on I. v. 7 l. 9.
III. xii. 18 l. 8. hony-lady. ‘Hony-laden’ is a tempting suggestion of
Upton’s, and Morris adopts it.
III. xii. 26 l. 7. with that Damozell] by the Damozell 1590. According
to 1596 the Damozell is Amoret, according to 1590 Britomart.
III. xii. 27 l. 3. and bore all away] nothing did remaine 1590. A striking
change, designed to remove the imperfect rhyme. l. 8. It] In 1611.
III. xii. 29 l. 1. wandering] wondering 1611.
III. xii. 34 l. 4. her] him 1590, 1596. Comparison with the variants in
stanza 42 suggests some oblivion in Spenser’s mind of the sex of his
Championess.
III. xii. 43 to 45. On these stanzas see Introduction, p. xvi.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/7764-250223133318-7ab1058e/85/Principles-of-Information-Security-5th-Edition-Whitman-Solutions-Manual-45-320.jpg)
![IV. ii. 22 l. 7. aduizing] auising 1609. For ‘aduize’ = observe cf. II. ix.
38 l. 3. Similarly we find ‘adward’ 1596, but ‘award’ 1609; conversely
‘dis-auentrous’ 1596, ‘disaduentrous’ 1609. Todd quotes from Sir T.
More, ‘Whoso well aduise her visage, &c.’
IV. iii. 43 l. 5. quite age] quiet-age Morris. Morris’s reading (originally
suggested to Jortin by a friend) is very plausible, though the word
does not occur elsewhere in F. Q.
IV. iv. 1 l. 4. minds] lines 16(11)-12-13. Morris reports ‘liues 1609’:
not so in genuine copies examined. See Bibliographical Note.
IV. iv. 2 l. 3. als] els 1596. I now think that 1596 is right. The
proposition illustrated is twofold:—(1) ‘For enmitie, that of no ill
proceeds, But of occasion, with th’occasion ends’; (2) ‘And
friendship, which a faint affection breeds Without regard of good,
dyes like ill grounded seeds’. Reading ‘As als’ we have two
illustrations of this twofold proposition. Reading ‘As els’ we have an
independent illustration of each of its parts. For ‘As els’ cf. the
second letter to Harvey:—‘For, why a Gods name, may not we, as
else the Greeks, &c.’
IV. iv. 8 l. 2. Ferrau] Ferrat 1596. Called Ferraugh in IV. ii. 4; Ferraù
in Ariosto, O. F. i. 14. Spenser mentions Ferragh as an Irish name in
the ‘Vue’.
IV. iv. 17 l. 4. maiden-headed] satyr-headed conj. Church, referring to
III. vii. 30 l. 6. In the Bodleian copy of Church’s edition is a note by
Mr. G. L. Way, the former owner: ‘Perhaps Maidenheaded Shield
may mean “the shield of him who was one of the Knights of
Maidenhead”—see st. 22.’
IV. iv. 24 l. 1. beamlike] Upton reports that one of his quartos had
‘brauelike’, the other ‘beamlike’.
IV. v. 4 l. 4. Lemno] Lemnos 16(11)-12-13.
IV. v. 5 l. 5; 6 l. 1. According to Upton and Todd some copies of 1596
here err with 1609.
IV. v. 35 l. 4. vnpared] prepared 16(11)-12-13.
IV. v. 40 l. 7. wheresoeuer] whersoere 16(11)-12-13.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/7764-250223133318-7ab1058e/85/Principles-of-Information-Security-5th-Edition-Whitman-Solutions-Manual-46-320.jpg)
![IV. vi. 24 l. 8. his om. 1609. But see note on I. i. 15 l. 6.
IV. vi. 33 l. 6. ranging] raging 16(11)-12-13.
IV. vi. 46 l. 5. who] whom 16(11)-12-13. Morris reports ‘whom 1609’:
not so in genuine copies examined.
IV. vii. 12 I. l. caytiue] captiue conj. Collier. But Spenser used the adj.
‘caytiue’ in this sense in I. vii. 19 l. 3; I. ix. 11 l. 9.
IV. vii. 32 l. 7. oft] eft conj. Hughes, to improve the rhyme.
IV. viii. 1 l. 9. infixed] infected 16(11)-12-13.
IV. viii. 64 l. 1. this] his 16(11)-12-13. Morris reports ‘his 1609’: not so
in genuine copies examined.
IV. ix. 11 l. 9. The conjecture ‘them’, approved by Church, was
originally made by Hughes.
IV. ix. 17 l 7. bequest] request 16(11)-12-13.
IV. x. 8 l. 8. Upton reports that one of his quartos had ‘his’, the other
‘this’.
IV. x. 23 ll. 2, 8. The words ‘ghesse’ and ‘bee’ are transposed in all
copies examined except 4o Art. Seld. S. 22 in the Bodleian and C.
12. h. 17, 18 in the British Museum. The correction was evidently
made as the sheets went through the press. See Introduction, p. xix.
16(11)-12-13 reads ‘I ghesse’.
IV. x. 27 l. 1. Hyllus 1596: Hylus 1609. Spenser evidently means
Hylas. There was a Hyllus, son of Hercules and Deianeira; but it is
unlikely that Spenser confused the two, for he has Hylas rightly in a
similar context, III. xii. 7.
IV. x. 35 ll. 5, 6.
Else would the waters ouerflow the lands,
And fire deuoure the ayre, and hell them quight.
In this difficult passage two lines of interpretation are offered:—(1)
taking ‘hell’ as sb. and ‘quight’ as vb., ‘And hell requite them,’ i.e.
punish the elements by reducing all to chaos: (2) taking ‘hell’ as vb.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/7764-250223133318-7ab1058e/85/Principles-of-Information-Security-5th-Edition-Whitman-Solutions-Manual-47-320.jpg)
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- 5. Principles of Information Security, 5th Edition 6-1 Chapter 6 Security Technology: Firewalls and VPNs At a Glance Instructor’s Manual Table of Contents • Overview • Objectives • Teaching Tips • Quick Quizzes • Class Discussion Topics • Additional Projects • Additional Resources • Key Terms
- 6. Principles of Information Security, 5th Edition 6-2 Lecture Notes Overview This chapter discusses various authentication and access control methods. The chapter also discusses the various approaches to firewall technologies and content filtering. The emphasis of this chapter is on technical controls for both network and system access control. Chapter Objectives In this chapter, your students will learn to: • Discuss the important role of access control in computer-based information systems, and identify and discuss widely used authentication factors • Describe firewall technology and the various approaches to firewall implementation • Identify the various approaches to control remote and dial-up access by authenticating and authorizing users • Discuss content filtering technology • Describe virtual private networks and discuss the technology that enables them Teaching Tips Introduction 1. Explain how technical controls are essential in enforcing policy for many IT functions that do not involve direct human control. 2. Discuss technical control solutions, which when properly implemented, can improve an organization’s ability to balance the often conflicting objectives of making information more readily and widely available against increasing the information’s levels of confidentiality and integrity. Access Control 1. Explain that access control is the method by which systems determine whether and how to admit a user into a trusted area of the organization. 2. Remind students that there are two general types of access control systems: discretionary and nondiscretionary. 3. Remind students that discretionary access controls (DACs) implement access control at the discretion of the data user, and the most common example is Microsoft Windows.
- 7. Principles of Information Security, 5th Edition 6-3 4. Explain that nondiscretionary access controls (NDACs) are managed by a central authority and access is based on either the individual’s role (role-based controls) or a set of tasks (task-based controls). 5. Discuss lattice-based access controls (LBACs). Explain that LBACs specify the level of access each subject has to each object, as implemented in access control lists (ACLs) and capability tables. 6. Describe the Mandatory Access Control scheme’s use of data classification schemes for granting access to data. Also, mention that MACs are a form of lattice-based, nondiscretionary access controls. 7. Introduce students to attribute-based access controls (ABACs), which is a newer approach to lattice-based access controls promoted by NIST. Access Control Mechanisms 1. Introduce students to the four fundamental functions of access control systems: • Identification • Authentication • Authorization • Accountability 2. Define identification as a mechanism whereby an unverified entities—called supplicants—who seek access to a resource proposes a label by which they are known to the system. 3. Ensure that students understand that the label applied to the supplicant must be mapped to one and only one entity within the security domain. 4. Explain how authentication is the validation of a supplicant’s identity. There are four general forms of authentication to consider: • What a supplicant knows • What a supplicant has • What a supplicant is 5. Discuss the concept of what a supplicant knows. • A password is a private word or combination of characters that only the user should know. • One of the biggest debates in the information security industry concerns the complexity of passwords. • A password should be difficult to guess but must be something the user can easily remember. • A passphrase is a series of characters, typically longer than a password, from which a virtual password is derived.
- 8. Principles of Information Security, 5th Edition 6-4 6. Discuss the concept of what a supplicant has. • Addresses something the supplicant carries in his or her possession—that is, something they have. • These include dumb cards, such as ID cards or ATM cards with magnetic stripes that contain the digital (and often encrypted) user personal identification number (PIN), against which the number a user inputs is compared. • An improved version of the dumb card is the smart card, which contains a computer chip that can verify and validate a number of pieces of information instead of just a PIN. • Another device often used is the token, a card or key fob with a computer chip and a liquid crystal display that shows a computer-generated number used to support remote login authentication. • Tokens are synchronous or asynchronous. • Once synchronous tokens are synchronized with a server, both devices (server and token) use the same time or a time-based database to generate a number that is displayed and entered during the user login phase. • Asynchronous tokens use a challenge-response system, in which the server challenges the supplicant during login with a numerical sequence. 7. Describe the concept of who a supplicant is or something they can produce. • The process of using body measurements is known as biometrics and includes: • Relies on individual characteristics, such as: fingerprints, palm prints, hand topography, hand geometry, or retina/iris scans • Also may rely on something a supplicant can produce on demand, such as: voice patterns, signatures, or keyboard kinetic measurements. • Strong authentication requires at least two authentication mechanisms drawn from two different factors of authentication. 8. Define authorization as the matching of an authenticated entity to a list of information assets and corresponding access levels, which can happen in one of three ways. • Authorization for each authenticated user, in which the system performs an authentication process to verify each entity and then grants access to resources for only that entity. This quickly becomes a complex and resource-intensive process in a computer system. • Authorization for members of a group, in which the system matches authenticated entities to a list of group memberships, and then grants access to resources based on the group’s access rights. This is the most common authorization method. • Authorization across multiple systems, in which a central authentication and authorization system verifies entity identity and grants it a set of credentials. 9. Explain that accountability or auditability is a system that directly attributes the actions on a system with an authenticated entity. Teaching Tip It may be helpful to have students read an explanation of MAC, such as the one provided by FreeBSD, http://www.freebsd.org/doc/handbook/mac.html.
- 9. Principles of Information Security, 5th Edition 6-5 Biometrics 1. Explain that biometric access control relies on recognition. This type of authentication is expected to have a significant impact in the future. 2. Discuss the types of biometric authentication technologies: • Fingerprint comparison of the supplicant’s actual fingerprint to a stored fingerprint • Palm print comparison of the supplicant’s actual palm print to a stored palm print • Hand geometry comparison of the supplicant’s actual hand to a stored measurement • Facial recognition using a photographic ID card, in which a human security guard compares the supplicant’s face to a photo • Facial recognition using a digital camera, in which a supplicant’s face is compared to a stored image • Retinal print comparison of the supplicant’s actual retina to a stored image • Iris pattern comparison of the supplicant’s actual iris to a stored image 3. Point out that among all possible biometrics, only three human characteristics are usually considered truly unique: ▪ Fingerprints ▪ Retina of the eye (blood vessel pattern) ▪ Iris of the eye (random pattern of features in the iris: freckles, pits, striations, vasculature, coronas, and crypts) • Most of the technologies that scan human characteristics convert these images to some form of minutiae, which are unique points of reference that are digitized and stored in an encrypted format when the user’s system access credentials are created. 4. Discuss the fact that signature and voice recognition technologies are also considered to be biometric access control measures. • Retail stores use signature recognition, or at least signature capture, for authentication during a purchase. Currently, the technology for signature capturing is much more widely accepted than that for signature comparison, because signatures change due to a number of factors, including age, fatigue, and the speed with which the signature is written. • In voice recognition, an initial voiceprint of the user reciting a phrase is captured and stored. Later, when the user attempts to access the system, the authentication process will require the user to speak this same phrase so that the technology can compare the current voiceprint against the stored value. 5. Explain the three basic criteria that biometric technologies are evaluated on: • False reject rate • False accept rate • Crossover error rate (CER) 6. Use Table 6-1 to discuss the acceptability of biometrics.
- 10. Principles of Information Security, 5th Edition 6-6 Access Control Architecture Models 1. Explain that security access control architecture models illustrate access control implementations and can help organizations quickly make improvements through adaptation. 2. Introduce students to the Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria (TCSEC). Point out that it is an older DoD standard that defines the criteria for assessing the access controls in a computer system. 3. Explain that TCSEC uses the concept of the trusted computing base (TCB) to enforce security policy. • TCB is made up of the hardware and software that has been implemented to provide security for a particular information system (usually includes the operating system kernel and a specified set of security utilities). 4. Point out that one of the biggest challenges in TCB is the existence of covert channels. Mention that TCSEC defines two kinds of covert channels: storage channels and timing channels. 5. Discuss the levels of protection assigned to products evaluated under TCSEC: • D: Minimal protection • C: Discretionary protection • B: Mandatory protection • A: Verified protection 6. Discuss the Information Technology System Evaluation Criteria (ITSEC), which is an international set of criteria for evaluating computer systems. 7. Introduce students to the Common Criteria for Information Technology Security Evaluation, often called the Common Criteria or just CC. Mention that it is an international standard for computer security certification. 8. Discuss the following CC terminology: • Target of Evaluation (ToE) • Protection Profile (PP) • Security Target (ST) • Security Functional Requirements (SFRs) • Evaluation Assurance Levels (EALs) 9. Explain that the Bell-LaPadula (BLP) model ensures the confidentiality of the modeled system by using MACs, data classification, and security clearances. 10. Discuss with students how the Biba integrity model is similar to BLP. Point out that it is based on the premise that higher levels of integrity are more worthy of trust than lower ones.
- 11. Principles of Information Security, 5th Edition 6-7 11. Introduce students to the Clark-Wilson integrity model, which is built upon principles of change control rather than integrity levels. The model’s change control principles are: • No changes by unauthorized subjects • No unauthorized changes by authorized subjects • The maintenance of internal and external consistency 12. Discuss the elements of the Clark-Wilson model: • Constrained data item (CDI) • Unconstrained data item • Integrity verification procedure (IVP) • Transformation procedure (TP) 13. Explain that the Graham-Denning access control model has three parts: a set of objects, a set of subjects, and a set of rights. Further explain the model describes eight primitive protection rights, called commands: • Create object • Create subject • Delete object • Delete subject • Read access right • Grant access right • Delete access right • Transfer access right 14. Introduce students to the Harrison-Ruzzo-Ullman (HRU) model that defines a method to allow changes to access rights and the addition and removal of subjects and objects. Mention that the Bell-LaPadula model does not allow changes. 15. Discuss the Brewer-Nash Model which is designed to prevent a conflict of interest between two parties. Point out that this model is sometimes known as a Chinese Wall. Quick Quiz 1 1. The method by which systems determine whether and how to admit a user into a trusted area of the organization is known as _____. Answer: access control 2. ____ is the process of validating a supplicant’s purported identity. Answer: Authentication 3. True or False: The authentication factor “something a supplicant has” relies upon individual characteristics, such as fingerprints, palm prints, hand topography, hand geometry, or retina and iris scans. Answer: False
- 12. Principles of Information Security, 5th Edition 6-8 4. The biometric technology criteria that describes the number of legitimate users who are denied access because of a failure in the biometric device in known as _____. Answer: false reject rate 5. Within TCB is an object known as the _____, which is the piece of the system that manages access controls. Answer: reference monitor Firewalls 1. Explain how a firewall prevents specific types of information from moving between an external network, known as the untrusted network, and an internal network, known as the trusted network. 2. Discuss how the firewall may be a separate computer system, a software service running on an existing router or server, or a separate network containing a number of supporting devices. Firewall Processing Modes 1. Point out to students that firewalls fall into four major categories of processing modes: packet filtering, application gateways, MAC layer firewalls, and hybrids. 2. Explain that packet filtering firewalls examine the header information of data packets that come into a network. The restrictions most commonly implemented are based on a combination of: • IP source and destination address • Direction (inbound or outbound) • Protocol, for firewalls capable of examining the IP protocol layer • Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) or User Datagram Protocol (UDP) source and destination port requests 3. Describe simple firewall models, which examine one aspect of the packet header: the destination and source address. Emphasize that they enforce address restrictions, rules designed to prohibit packets with certain addresses or partial addresses from passing through the device. 4. Explain that they accomplish this through access control lists (ACLs), which are created and modified by the firewall administrators. 5. Identify the three subsets of packet filtering firewalls: • Static filtering • Dynamic filtering • Stateful packet inspection (SPI) 6. Explain how static filtering requires that the filtering rules be developed and installed with the firewall.
- 13. Principles of Information Security, 5th Edition 6-9 7. Describe dynamic filtering, which allows the firewall to react to an emergent event and update or create rules to deal with the event. Note that while static filtering firewalls allow entire sets of one type of packet to enter in response to authorized requests, the dynamic packet filtering firewall allows only a particular packet with a particular source, destination, and port address to enter through the firewall. 8. Explain how stateful inspection firewalls, or stateful firewalls, keep track of each network connection between internal and external systems using a state table, which tracks the state and context of each packet in the conversation by recording which station sent which packet and when. 9. Discuss the difference between simple packet filtering firewalls and stateful firewalls. Whereas simple packet filtering firewalls only allow or deny certain packets based on their address, a stateful firewall can block incoming packets that are not responses to internal requests. 10. Explain how the primary disadvantage of a stateful firewall is the additional processing required to manage and verify packets against the state table, which can leave the system vulnerable to a DoS or DDoS attack. 11. Emphasize that the application layer firewall or application firewall, is frequently installed on a dedicated computer, separate from the filtering router, but is commonly used in conjunction with a filtering router. 12. Explain how the application firewall is also known as a proxy server, since it runs special software that acts as a proxy for a service request. 13. Emphasize that since the proxy server is often placed in an unsecured area of the network or in the DMZ, it—rather than the Web server—is exposed to the higher levels of risk from the less trusted networks. 14. Discuss how MAC layer firewalls are designed to operate at the media access control layer of the OSI network model. Point out that this type of firewall is not as well known or widely referenced. 15. Explain how using this approach, the MAC addresses of specific host computers are linked to ACL entries that identify the specific types of packets that can be sent to each host, and all other traffic is blocked. 16. Note that hybrid firewalls combine the elements of other types of firewalls—that is, the elements of packet filtering and proxy services, or of packet filtering and circuit gateways. 17. Explain how alternately, a hybrid firewall system can consist of two separate firewall devices; each is a separate firewall system, but they are connected so that they work in tandem.
- 14. Principles of Information Security, 5th Edition 6-10 18. Introduce students to the most recent generation of firewall, known as Unified Threat Management (UTM). Point out that these devices are categorized by their ability to perform the work of an SPI firewall, network intrusion detection and prevention system, content filter, spam filter, and malware scanner and filter. Firewall Architectures 1. Emphasize that each of the firewall devices noted earlier can be configured in a number of network connection architectures. 2. Emphasize that the firewall configuration that works best for a particular organization depends on three factors: the objectives of the network, the organization’s ability to develop and implement the architectures, and the budget available for the function. 3. Describe the four common architectural implementations of firewalls: • Packet filtering routers • Dual-homed host firewalls (also known as bastion hosts) • Screened host firewalls • Screened subnet firewalls 4. Emphasize that most organizations with an Internet connection have a router as the interface to the Internet at the perimeter between the organization’s internal networks and the external service provider. Mention that many of these routers can be configured to reject packets that the organization does not allow into the network. 5. Discuss the drawbacks to this type of system including a lack of auditing and strong authentication, and the complexity of the access control lists used to filter the packets can grow and degrade network performance. 6. Explain that with dual-homed firewalls, the bastion host contains two NICs. One NIC is connected to the external network, and one is connected to the internal network, providing an additional layer of protection. 7. Explain how with two NICs, all traffic must go through the firewall in order to move between the internal and external networks. 8. Discuss the implementation of this architecture, which often makes use of Network Address Translation (NAT). NAT is a method of mapping assigned IP addresses to special ranges of nonroutable internal IP addresses, thereby creating yet another barrier to intrusion from external attackers. 9. Introduce students to Port Address Translation (PAT), which is a variation of NAT. 10. Explain how this architecture combines the packet filtering router with a separate, dedicated firewall, such as an application proxy server, allowing the router to prescreen packets to minimize the network traffic and load on the internal proxy.
- 15. Principles of Information Security, 5th Edition 6-11 11. Describe how the application proxy examines an application layer protocol and performs the proxy services. Use Figure 6-17 in your discussion. 12. Emphasize that the dominant architecture used today, the screened subnet firewall provides a DMZ. 13. Explain how the DMZ can be a dedicated port on the firewall device linking a single bastion host, or it can be connected to a screened subnet. 14. Note that a common arrangement finds the subnet firewall consisting of two or more internal bastion hosts behind a packet filtering router, with each host protecting the trusted network: • Connections from the outside or untrusted network are routed through an external filtering router. • Connections from the outside or untrusted network are routed into—and then out of—a routing firewall to the separate network segment known as the DMZ. • Connections into the trusted internal network are allowed only from the DMZ bastion host servers. 15. Explain how the screened subnet is an entire network segment that performs two functions: • It protects the DMZ systems and information from outside threats by providing a network of intermediate security. • It protects the internal networks by limiting how external connections can gain access to internal systems. 16. Emphasize that DMZs can also create extranets, segments of the DMZ where additional authentication and authorization controls are put into place to provide services that are not available to the general public. 17. Note that SOCKS is the protocol for handling TCP traffic via a proxy server. 18. Explain how the general approach is to place the filtering requirements on the individual workstation rather than on a single point of defense (and thus point of failure). 19. Discuss how this frees the entry router from filtering responsibilities, but it requires that each workstation be managed as a firewall detection and protection device.
- 16. Principles of Information Security, 5th Edition 6-12 Selecting the Right Firewall 1. Explain how when selecting the best firewall for an organization, you should consider a number of factors. The most important of these is the extent to which the firewall design provides the desired protection. • Which type of firewall technology offers the right balance between protection and cost for the needs of the organization? • What features are included in the base price? What features are available at extra cost? Are all cost factors known? • How easy is it to set up and configure the firewall? How accessible are the staff technicians who can competently configure the firewall? • Can the candidate firewall adapt to the growing network in the target organization? 2. Emphasize that the second most important issue is cost. Configuring and Managing Firewalls 1. Discuss good policy and practice, which dictate that each firewall device, whether a filtering router, bastion host, or other firewall implementation, must have its own set of configuration rules that regulate its actions. 2. Emphasize that the configuration of firewall policies can be complex and difficult. Explain how each configuration rule must be carefully crafted, debugged, tested, and sorted. 3. Emphasize that when configuring firewalls, keep one thing in mind: when security rules conflict with the performance of business, security often loses. 4. Discuss best practices for firewalls. The following are some of the best practices for firewall use: • All traffic from the trusted network is allowed out • The firewall device is never directly accessible from the public network. • SMTP data is allowed to pass through the firewall, but it should be routed to a well- configured SMTP gateway to filter and route messaging traffic securely. • All ICMP data should be denied. • Telnet access to all internal servers from the public networks should be blocked. • When Web services are offered outside the firewall, HTTP traffic should be denied from reaching your internal networks through the use of some form of proxy access or DMZ architecture. • All data that is not verifiably authentic should be denied. 5. Explain how firewalls operate by examining a data packet and performing a comparison with some predetermined logical rules. 6. Discuss the logic, which is based on a set of guidelines programmed in by a firewall administrator, or created dynamically and based on outgoing requests for information. 7. Note that this logical set is most commonly referred to as firewall rules, rule base, or firewall logic.
- 17. Principles of Information Security, 5th Edition 6-13 8. Explain how most firewalls use packet header information to determine whether a specific packet should be allowed to pass through or should be dropped. 9. Discuss the rule sets given in the textbook, starting on page 334. Be sure to use Tables 6-5 through 6-19 in your discussion. Content Filters 1. Describe a content filter, which is a software filter—technically not a firewall—that allows administrators to restrict access to content from within a network. It is a set of scripts or programs that restricts user access to certain networking protocols and Internet locations, or restricts users from receiving general types or specific examples of Internet content. 2. Note that some refer to content filters as reverse firewalls, as their primary focus is to restrict internal access to external material. 3. Explain to students that in most common implementation models, the content filter has two components: rating and filtering. 4. Emphasize that the rating is like a set of firewall rules for Web sites, and it is common in residential content filters. 5. Explain how the filtering is a method used to restrict specific access requests to the identified resources, which may be Web sites, servers, or whatever resources the content filter administrator configures. 6. Discuss the most common content filters, which restrict users from accessing Web sites with obvious non-business related material, such as pornography, or deny incoming spam e-mail. Teaching Tip Explain to students that the line between these various devices blurs with each new product introduction as more and more vendors are attempting to broaden their coverage with a single device rather than a suite of devices. Quick Quiz 2 1. What type of firewall examines every incoming packet header and can selectively filter packets based on header information, such as destination address, source address, packet type, and other key information? Answer: Packet filtering 2. Which type of firewall filtering allows the firewall to react to an emergent event and update or create rules to deal with the event? Answer: Dynamic
- 18. Principles of Information Security, 5th Edition 6-14 3. True or False: The commonly used name for an intermediate area between a trusted network and an untrusted network is the DMZ. Answer: True 4. True or False: All traffic exiting from the trusted network should be filtered. Answer: False 5. A network filter that allows administrators to restrict access to external content from within a network is known as a _____. Answer: content filter or reverse firewall Protecting Remote Connections 1. Discuss installing Internetwork connections, which requires using leased lines or other data channels provided by common carriers, and therefore these connections are usually permanent and secured under the requirements of a formal service agreement. 2. Explain how in the past, organizations provided remote connections exclusively through dial-up services like Remote Authentication Service (RAS). Since the Internet has become more widespread in recent years, other options, such as Virtual Private Networks (VPNs), have become more popular. Remote Access 1. Explain how it is a widely held view that these unsecured, dial-up connection points represent a substantial exposure to attack. 2. Note that an attacker who suspects that an organization has dial-up lines can use a device called a war dialer to locate the connection points. 3. Explain how a war dialer is an automatic phone-dialing program that dials every number in a configured range and checks to see if a person, answering machine, or modem picks up. 4. Discuss how some technologies, such as RADIUS systems, TACACS, and CHAP password systems, have improved the authentication process. RADIUS, Diameter, and TACACS 1. Explain how RADIUS and TACACS are systems that authenticate the credentials of users who are trying to access an organization’s network via a dial-up connection. 2. Explain how Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service systems place the responsibility for authenticating each user in the central RADIUS server.
- 19. Principles of Information Security, 5th Edition 6-15 3. Note that when a remote access server (NAS) receives a request for a network connection from a dial-up client, it passes the request along with the user’s credentials to the RADIUS server, which then validates the credentials and passes the resulting decision (accept or deny) back to the accepting RAS. 4. Explain how the Diameter protocol defines the minimum requirements for a system that provides Authentication, Authorization and Accounting (AAA) services and can go beyond these basics and add commands and/or object attributes. 5. Discuss diameter security, which uses respected encryption standards including IPSEC or TLS, and its cryptographic capabilities are extensible and will be able to use future encryption protocols as they are implemented. 6. Describe how the RADIUS system is similar in function to the Terminal Access Controller Access Control System (TACACS). 7. Note that like RADIUS, it is a centralized database, and it validates the user’s credentials at the TACACS server. Securing Authentication with Kerberos 1. Emphasize that Kerberos uses symmetric key encryption to validate an individual user to various network resources. 2. Explain that Kerberos keeps a database containing the private keys of clients and servers. Note that in the case of a client, this key is simply the client’s encrypted password. 3. Explain how the Kerberos system knows these private keys and how it can authenticate one network node (client or server) to another. Kerberos consists of the following interacting services, all of which use a database library: • Authentication server (AS), which is a Kerberos server that authenticates clients and servers • Key Distribution Center (KDC), which generates and issues session keys • Kerberos ticket granting service (TGS), which provides tickets to clients who request services 4. Point out that Kerberos is based on the following principles: • The KDC knows the secret keys of all clients and servers on the network • The KDC initially exchanges information with the client and server by using these secret keys • Kerberos authenticates a client to a requested service on a server through TGS and by issuing temporary session keys for communications between the client and KDC, the server and KDC, and the client and server • Communications then take place between the client and server using these temporary session keys
- 20. Principles of Information Security, 5th Edition 6-16 Sesame 1. Discuss how the Secure European System for Applications in a Multivendor Environment (SESAME) is similar to Kerberos in that the user is first authenticated to an authentication server and receives a token. 2. Explain how the token is then presented to a privilege attribute server (instead of a ticket granting service as in Kerberos) as proof of identity to gain a privilege attribute certificate (PAC). 3. Note that SESAME also builds on the Kerberos model by adding additional and more sophisticated access control features, more scalable encryption systems, as well as improved manageability, auditing features, and the delegation of responsibility for allowing access. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) 1. Define VPN as a private and secure network connection between systems that uses the data communication capability of an unsecured and public network. VPNs are commonly used to extend securely an organization’s internal network connections to remote locations beyond the trusted network. 2. Discuss the three VPN technologies that the VPNC defines: • A trusted VPN, or legacy VPN, uses leased circuits from a service provider and conducts packet switching over these leased circuits. • A secure VPN uses security protocols and encrypts traffic transmitted across unsecured public networks like the Internet. • A hybrid VPN combines the two, providing encrypted transmissions (as in secure VPN) over some or all of a trusted VPN network. 3. Note that a VPN that proposes to offer a secure and reliable capability while relying on public networks must address: • Encapsulation of incoming and outgoing data, wherein the native protocol of the client is embedded within the frames of a protocol that can be routed over the public network as well as be usable by the server network environment. • Encryption of incoming and outgoing data to keep the data contents private while in transit over the public network, but usable by the client and server computers and/or the local networks on both ends of the VPN connection. • Authentication of the remote computer and, perhaps, the remote user. Authentication and the subsequent authorization of the user to perform specific actions are predicated on accurate and reliable identification of the remote system and/or user. Transport Mode 1. Explain how in transport mode, the data within an IP packet is encrypted, but the header information is not.
- 21. Principles of Information Security, 5th Edition 6-17 2. Note that this allows the user to establish a secure link directly with the remote host, encrypting only the data contents of the packet. 3. Describe the two popular uses for transport mode VPNs: • The end-to-end transport of encrypted data. • A remote access worker or teleworker connects to an office network over the Internet by connecting to a VPN server on the perimeter. Tunnel Mode 1. Explain how in tunnel mode, the organization establishes two perimeter tunnel servers. These servers serve as the encryption points, encrypting all traffic that will traverse an unsecured network. 2. Note that in tunnel mode, the entire client packet is encrypted and added as the data portion of a packet that is addressed from one tunneling server and to another. The receiving server decrypts the packet and sends it to the final address. 3. Discuss the primary benefit to this model, which is that an intercepted packet reveals nothing about the true destination system. Teaching Tip Remind students that a VPN technology is simply a method for providing network-based access to resources with varying levels of security, and that a VPN connection does not necessarily imply an application delivery method. VPN technology is becoming very common in use cases beyond the WAN. Quick Quiz 3 1. What is the system most often used to authenticate the credentials of users who are trying to access an organization’s network via a dial-up connection? Answer: RADIUS 2. In which mode of IPSEC is the data within an IP packet encrypted, while the header information is not? Answer: Transport mode 3. A _____ dials every number in a configured range and checks to see if a person, answering machine, or modem picks up. Answer: war dialer 4. Which authentication system is a result of a European research and development project and is similar to Kerberos? Answer: SESAME
- 22. Principles of Information Security, 5th Edition 6-18 5. Which VPN technology uses leased circuits from a service provider and conducts packet switching over these leased circuits? Answer: trusted VPN Class Discussion Topics 1. Which architecture for deploying a firewall is most commonly used in businesses today? Why? 2. What are the reasons that VPN technology has become the dominant method for remote workers to connect to the organizational network? Additional Projects 1. A hands-on exercise or even a classroom demonstration can go a long way to cementing the learning objectives of this chapter. A simple SOHO or residential router with NAT and limited firewall reporting can be brought into the classroom with two or three portable computers and used to show how a simple NAT firewall approach can be used. 2. If a more elaborate firewall environment is needed, a field trip to your organization’s main network operations center may be in order. Additional Resources 1. Virtual Private Network Consortium http://www.vpnc.org/vpn-standards.html 2. Exposing the Underground: Adventures of an Open Proxy http://www.secureworks.com/research/articles/proxies 3. Firewall http://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia_term/0,2542,t%3Dfirewall&i%3D43218,00.asp 4. ICSA labs IPSec Testing http://www.icsa.net/technology-program/ipsec 5. Network Policy and Access Services http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/network/bb643123.aspx Key Terms ➢ Access control: the selective method by which systems specify who may use a particular resource and how they may use it. ➢ Access control list (ACL): a specification of an organization’s information asset, the users who may access and use it, and their rights and privileges for using the asset.
- 23. Principles of Information Security, 5th Edition 6-19 ➢ Access control matrix: an integration of access control lists (focusing on assets) and capability tables (focusing on users) that results in a matrix with organizational assets listed in the column headings and users listed in the row headings. The matrix contains ACLs in columns for a particular device or asset and capability tables in rows for a particular person. ➢ Accountability: the access control mechanism that ensures all actions on a system— authorized or unauthorized—can be attributed to an authenticated identity. Also known as auditability. ➢ Address restrictions: firewall rules designed to prohibit packets with certain addresses or partial addresses from passing through the device. ➢ Application firewall: see application layer firewall. ➢ Application layer firewall: a firewall type capable of performing filtering at the application layer of the OSI model, most commonly based on the type of service (for example, HTTP, SMTP, or FTP). Also known as an application firewall. See also proxy server. ➢ Asynchronous token: an authentication component in the form of a token—a card or key fob that contains a computer chip and a liquid crystal display and shows a computer-generated number used to support remote login authentication. This token does not require calibration of the central authentication server; instead, it uses a challenge/response system. ➢ Attribute: a characteristic of a subject (user or system) that can be used to restrict access to an object. Also known as a subject attribute. ➢ Attribute-based access control (ABAC): An access control approach whereby the organization specifies the use of objects based on some attribute of the user or system. ➢ Auditability: See accountability. ➢ Authentication: the access control mechanism that requires the validation and verification of a supplicant’s purported identity. ➢ Authentication factors: three mechanisms that provide authentication based on something a supplicant knows, something a supplicant has, and something a supplicant is. ➢ Authorization: the access control mechanism that represents the matching of an authenticated entity to a list of information assets and corresponding access levels. ➢ Bastion host: a firewall implementation strategy in which the device is connected directly to the untrusted area of the organization’s network rather than being placed in a screened area. Also known as a sacrificial host. ➢ Biometric access control: An access control approach based on the use of a measurable human characteristic or trait to authenticate the identity of a proposed systems user (a supplicant). ➢ Capability table: a specification of an organization’s users, the information assets that users may access, and their rights and privileges for using the assets. Also known as user profiles or user policies. ➢ Configuration rules: the instructions a system administrator codes into a server, networking device, or security device to specify how it operates. ➢ Content filter: a network filter that allows administrators to restrict access to external content from within a network. Also known as a reverse firewall. ➢ Covert channel: Unauthorized or unintended methods of communications hidden inside a computer system.
- 24. Principles of Information Security, 5th Edition 6-20 ➢ Crossover error rate (CER): in biometric access controls, the level at which the number of false rejections equals the false acceptance. Also known as the equal error rate. ➢ Demilitarized zone (DMZ): an intermediate area between two networks designed to provide servers and firewall filtering between a trusted internal network and the outside, untrusted network. Traffic on the outside network carries a higher level of risk. ➢ Discretionary access controls (DACs): controls that are implemented at the discretion or option of the data user. ➢ Dumb card: an authentication card that contains digital user data, such as a personal identification number (PIN), against which user input is compared. ➢ Dynamic filtering: a firewall type that can react to an adverse event and update or create its configuration rules to deal with that event. ➢ Extranet: a segment of the DMZ where additional authentication and authorization controls are put into place to provide services that are not available to the general public. ➢ False accept rate: In biometric access controls, the percentage of identification instances in which unauthorized users are allowed access. Also known as a Type II error. ➢ False reject rate: In biometric access controls, the percentage of identification instances in which authorized users are denied access. Also known as a Type I error. ➢ Firewall: in information security, a combination of hardware and software that filters or prevents specific information from moving between the outside network and the inside network. Each organization defines its own firewall. ➢ Hybrid VPN: a combination of trusted and secure VPN implementations. ➢ Identification: the access control mechanism whereby unverified entities or supplicants who seek access to a resource provide a label by which they are known to the system. ➢ Kerberos: a remote authentication system that uses symmetric key encryption-based tickets managed in a central database to validate an individual user to various network resources. ➢ Lattice-based access control (LBAC): an access control approach that uses a matrix or lattice of subjects (users and systems needing access) and objects (resources) to assign privileges. LBAC is an example of an NDAC. ➢ MAC layer firewall: a firewall designed to operate at the media access control sublayer of the network’s data link layer (Layer 2). ➢ Mandatory access control (MAC): an access control approach whereby the organization specifies use of resources based on the assignment of data classification schemes to resources and clearance levels to users. MAC is an example of an LBAC approach. ➢ Minutiae: in biometric access controls, unique points of reference that are digitized and stored in an encrypted format when the user’s system access credentials are created. ➢ Network Address Translation (NAT): a method of mapping valid external IP addresses to special ranges of nonroutable internal IP addresses, known as private addresses, on a one-to-one basis. ➢ Nondiscretionary access controls (NDACs): a strictly enforced version of MACs that are managed by a central authority in the organization and can be based on an individual user’s role or a specified set of tasks.
- 25. Principles of Information Security, 5th Edition 6-21 ➢ Packet-filtering firewall: also referred to as a filtering firewall, a networking device that examines the header information of data packets that come into a network and determines whether to drop them (deny) or forward them to the next network connection (allow), based on its configuration rules. ➢ Passphrase: an authentication component that consists of an expression known only to the user, from which a virtual password is derived. See also virtual password. ➢ Password: An authentication component that consists of a private word or combination of characters that only the user should know. ➢ Port Address Translation (PAT): A method of mapping a single valid external IP address to special ranges of nonroutable internal IP addresses, known as private addresses, on a one-to-many basis, using port addresses to facilitate the mapping. ➢ Proxy server: a server or firewall device capable of serving as an intermediary by retrieving information from one network segment and providing it to a requesting user on another.. ➢ Reference monitor: the piece of the system that mediates all access to objects by subjects. ➢ Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS): A computer connection system that centralizes the management of user authentication by placing the responsibility for authenticating each user on a central authentication server. ➢ Reverse firewalls: see content filter. ➢ Reverse proxy: a proxy server that most commonly retrieves information from inside an organization and provides it to a requesting user or system outside the organization. ➢ Role-based access control (RBAC): an example of a nondiscretionary control where privileges are tied to the role a user performs in an organization, and are inherited when a user is assigned to that role. Roles are considered more persistent than tasks. RBAC is an example of an LDAC. ➢ Sacrificial host: see bastion host. ➢ Screened host firewall: a single firewall or system designed to be externally accessible and protected by placement behind a filtering firewall. ➢ Screened subnet: an entire network segment that protects externally accessible systems by placing them in a demilitarized zone behind a filtering firewall and protects the internal networks by limiting how external connections can gain access to them.. ➢ Secure VPN: a VPN implementation that uses security protocols to encrypt traffic transmitted across unsecured public networks. ➢ Smart card: an authentication component similar to a dumb card that contains a computer chip to verify and validate several pieces of information instead of just a PIN. ➢ State table: a tabular database of the state and context of each packet in a conversation between an internal and external user or system. A state table is used to expedite firewall filtering. ➢ Stateful packet inspection (SPI): a firewall type that keeps track of each network connection between internal and external systems using a state table and that expedites the filtering of those communications. Also known as a stateful inspection firewall. ➢ Static filtering: a firewall type that requires the configuration rules to be manually created, sequenced, and modified within the firewall. ➢ Storage channel: A covert channel that communicates by modifying a stored object. ➢ Strong authentication: in access control, the use of at least two different authentication mechanisms drawn from two different factors of authentication. ➢ Subject attribute: See attribute.
- 26. Principles of Information Security, 5th Edition 6-22 ➢ Synchronous token: an authentication component in the form of a token—a card or key fob that contains a computer chip and a liquid crystal display and shows a computer-generated number used to support remote login authentication. This token must be calibrated with the corresponding software on the central authentication server. ➢ Task-based access control (TBAC): an example of a nondiscretionary control where privileges are tied to a task a user performs in an organization and are inherited when a user is assigned to that task. Tasks are considered more temporary than roles. TBAC is an example of an LDAC ➢ Timing channel: a covert channel that transmits information by managing the relative timing of events. ➢ Trusted computing base (TCB): according to the TCSEC, the combination of all hardware, firmware, and software responsible for enforcing the security policy. ➢ Trusted network: the system of networks inside the organization that contains its information assets and is under the organization’s control. ➢ Trusted VPN: also known as a legacy VPN, a VPN implementation that uses leased circuits from a service provider who gives contractual assurance that no one else is allowed to use these circuits and that they are properly maintained and protected. ➢ Unified Threat Management (UTM): a security approach that seeks a comprehensive solution for identifying and responding to network-based threats from a variety of sources. UTM brings together firewall and IDPS technology with antimalware, load balancing, content filtering, and data loss prevention. UTM integrates these tools with management, control, and reporting functions. ➢ Untrusted network: the system of networks outside the organization over which the organization has not control. The Internet is an example of an untrusted network. ➢ Virtual password: a password composed of a seemingly meaningless series of characters derived from a passphrase. ➢ Virtual private network (VPN): a private and secure network connection between systems that uses the data communication capability of an unsecured and public network. ➢ War dialer: an automatic phone-dialing program that dials every number in a configured range to determine if one of the numbers belongs to a computer connection such as a dial-up line.
- 27. Discovering Diverse Content Through Random Scribd Documents
- 29. CRITICAL APPENDIX. Dedication. In 1590 the Dedication runs simply:—‘To the most mightie and magnificent empresse Elizabeth, by the grace of God Queene of England, France and Ireland Defender of the Faith &c. Her most humble Seruant: Ed. Spenser.’ The words ‘and of Virginia’ and ‘to liue with the eternitie of her fame’, added in 1596, give evidence of the growing importance of the colony and of the increased self-confidence of the poet. I. i. Arg. 3. entrappe] entrape 1596. In the matter of double letters I attach little weight to the evidence of either quarto. I cannot believe (e.g.) that a scholar like Spenser could have written ‘oportunitie’ (I. ii. 41 l. 7); so with ‘entrape’ here, and ‘mishapen’ at I. vi. 8 l. 7. I. i. 2 l. 1. But] And 1590. The reading of 1596 brings out finely the contrast between the ‘jolly’ appearance of the Knight and his dedicated purpose. I. i. 5 l. 1. So pure an innocent] and innocent 1590: an Innocent 1609. 1596 makes ‘innocent’ substantive: and so 1609 took it, as the capital shows. I. i. 9 l. 6. sweete bleeding] sweet, bleeding 1609. But Morris is probably right in regarding ‘sweete’ as an adverb to ‘bleeding’. I. i. 15 l. 6. poisonous] poisnous 1590. 1596 is less shy of trisyllabic feet than 1590, and both than F. E.; and the second part of F. Q. than the first. Other trisyllabic feet left full in 1596 but elided or contracted in 1590 will be found at I. iv. 37 l. 6; II. ix. 17 l. 4; II. x. 34 l. 1; III. viii. 46 l. 9; cf. also III. ix. 48 l. 6. (Per contra III. viii. 49 l. 1; III. xi. 28 l. 8.) Elisions are proposed by F. E. but ignored by 1596 at I. xii. 32 l. 5, II. vii. 54 l. 8. 1609 elides vowels left open in the quartos, e.g. at II. ix. 52 l. 9; III. v. 50 l. 8; III. vii. 5 l. I. Cf. also II. viii. 3 l. 8; II. xii. 27 l. 4, for its avoidance of trisyllabic feet.
- 30. I. i. 15 l. 7. shapes] Morris reports ‘shape 1596’: not so in Bodl. or B. M. copies. But ‘shape,’ in 1609. I. i. 20 l. 4. vildly] vilely 1609. The omission of ‘d’ marks the seventeenth-century editor. I. i. 21 l. 5. spring] ebbe 1590 &c.: corr. F. E. to auale] t’auale 1590: corr. F. E. A good example of the relation of 1596 to F. E. The first correction is ignored, the second accepted. But the second correction is obvious, being required by the metre; it must have been made independently. And this is generally the case when 1596 and F. E. agree. For the significance of this ignoring of F. E. see Introduction, p. xvii. Excluding ambiguous instances, I have noted forty-eight places in which 1596 thus ignores F. E.; fifty-four in which they agree. But of these fifty-four only six at most are significant, the rest being obvious corrections. These are I. vi. 26 l. 5; I. vii. 37 l. 8; I. vii. 43 l. 5; I. vii. 47 l. 3; I. ix. Arg. 2; I. ix. 9 l. 5. Whatever be the explanation in these instances—and it will be noted that they all come close together—they do not invalidate the conclusion maintained in the Introduction, p. xvii, which is based on the negative instances. I. i. 31 l. 6. you] thee 1590. The plural pronoun is more courteous than the singular. There is a similar change of ‘thy’ to ‘your’ in I. ii. 22 l. 5. I. i. 48 l. 9. with om. 1596, 1609. One of the instances that show how little use 1609 made of 1590. See further on I. ii. 29 l. 2. I. ii. 11 ll. 3 and 4. One of several instances in which the punctuation of 1609 brings out the true meaning or construction. See Introduction, p. xvii. I. ii. 27 l. 9. so dainty] so, Dainty 1609. The editor of 1609 wishes to show that Spenser is quoting the proverb ‘Quae rara, cara’. The quartos probably intend the same meaning. I. ii. 29 l. 2. shade him] shade 1596: shadow 1609. On the significance of this for the relations of 1590 and 1609 see Introduction, p. xviii. Other instances in which 1609 ignores 1590, supplying by conjecture a word or syllable that has been omitted in
- 31. 1596, are I. vi. 26 l. 9 as a tyrans law 1590, as tyrans law 1596, as proud tyrans law 1609; II. v. 8 l. 7 hurtle 1590, hurle 1596, hurlen 1609; II. vi. 29 l. 2 importune 1590, importance 1596, important 1609; II. x. 51 l. 7 Both in his armes, and crowne 1590, Both in armes, and crowne 1596, In armes, and eke in crowne 1609; II. xii. 52 l. 9 Or Eden selfe, if ought 1590, Of Eden, if ought 1596, Or Eden, if that ought 1609; III. iii. 44 l. 5 foure hundreth yeares shalbe supplide 1590, foure hundreth shalbe supplide 1596, foure hundreth shall be full supplide 1609; III. vii. 45 l. 1 the good Sir Satyrane gan wake 1590, good Sir Satyrane gan wake 1596, good Sir Satyrane gan awake 1609; III. ix. 13 l. 9 And so defide them each 1590, And defide them each 1596, And them defied each 1609; III. xi. 26 l. 7 and with imperious sway 1590, and imperious sway 1596, and his imperious sway 1609. 1609 ignores not only the text of 1590, but F. E., in favour of conjecture, as at II. viii. 25 l. 1 Which those same foes, that stand hereby 1590, 1596, same corr. to his cruell F. E., Which those same foes that doen awaite hereby 1609. I. iii. 32 l. 9. Who told her all that fell in iourney as she went] told, 1609. The meaning wanted is, ‘Who told all that befell her’; and so 1609 takes the line, as its punctuation shows. It is not impossible to get this meaning out of the line as it stands; but the order is excessively contorted, and I have suggested ‘all that her fell’. I. iii. 36 l. 7. morning] mourning 1590. The words are, of course, the same; and I now prefer 1590, for though Spenser uses ‘morne’ he would scarcely employ so ambiguous a spelling in the participle. I. iii. 38 l. 7. the] that F. E. referring probably to this line. As the references in F. E. are to pages only, it is sometimes impossible to identify them with certainty when they concern words like ‘the’ and ‘that’. See again on II. xii. 1 l. 6. I. iii. 41 l. 9. swerd] sword 1609. It is ‘swerd’ in all our copies of 1590, 1596. I. iv. 16 l. 3. hurtlen] hurlen 1609. 1609 makes the same change at I. iv. 40 l. 1 and II. v. 8 l. 7, as if ‘hurtle’ were unfamiliar. Yet it has
- 32. ‘hurtling’ in I. viii. 17, IV. iv. 29; and ‘hurtle’ in II. vii. 42. I. iv. 23 l. 5. seldome] seeldome 1590, sildom 1609. See Introduction, p. v. I. iv. 23 l. 7. dry dropsie. Upton’s conjecture, ‘dire dropsie’ (‘dirus hydrops’), is worth noticing. I. v. 7 l. 9. helmets hewen] hewen helmets 1590. This is one of those slight changes of order, made here for the sake of grammar, but more often for the sake of rhythm, which reveal the poet’s own hand in 1596 more conclusively than more conspicuous alterations. Others are recorded at II. i. 18 l. 6; II. iii. 38 l. 4; II. v. 5 l. 9; II. vi. 3 l. 6; II. vi. 12 l. 9; III. ii. 8 l. 5; III. ii. 30 l. 5; III. iv. 59 l. 5; III. v. 40 l. 4; III. xi. 4 ll. 4 and 9; III. xi. 22 l. 8. I. v. 10 l. 6. Doest] Doost 1609 passim. See Introduction, p. v. I. v. 17 l. 5. can] gan 1590. ‘Can’ (in the sense of ‘did’) and ‘gan’ are easily confused, and difficult to pronounce between. I. v. 23 l. 8. Nightes children] Nights drad children 1609. On the significance of this variant see Introduction, p. xviii. Other instances in which 1609 fails to recognize syllabic -es are I. x. 34 l. 8; III. vi. 6 l. 5; III. x. 46 l. 6. I. v. 26 l. 6. am] ame 1590. This is the one eye-rhyme of 1590 that is generally avoided in 1596. Otherwise, so far as I have compared them in this respect, there is little or no difference; both are excessively addicted to eye-rhyme. The current heresy on this subject is expressed by Puttenham (1589):—‘It is somewhat more tollerable to help the rime by false orthographie then to leaue an vnpleasant dissonance to the eare by keeping trewe orthographie and loosing the rime.’ (The Arte of English Poesie, Bk. II. ch. ix.) I. v. 38 l. 6. cliffs] clifts 1590 &c.: corr. F. E. There is the same correction in I. ix. 34 l. 6. Together they suggest that Spenser meant at first to change ‘clift’ to ‘cliff’ throughout; but found that it would impair the rhyme, e.g. in I. viii. 22 l. 5. I. v. 45 l. 4. On the 1609 ‘woundez’ see Introduction, p. xviii.
- 33. I. vi. 23 l. 8. noursled] nousled 1590. This change is systematically made in 1596, which uses ‘nousle’ in a different senses = nuzzle; cf. IV. xi. 32 l. 8. There is the same difference between the first quarto of S. C. and later quartos. I. vi. 26 l. 5. fierce and fell] swifte and cruell 1590: corr. F. E. In Malone 615 these words are on a slip of paper, probably cut (says Mr. Bliss) from 1596 and pasted over the original copy. I. vi. 37 l. 9. hath] had Grosart: not so in any of our copies. I. vi. 47 l. 8. to] two 1596, 1609. Morris assigns ‘two’ to 1611; but it is in all our copies of 1596 and 1609. I. vii. 37 l. 7. trample] amble 1590. One of those changes of words which reveal Spenser’s hand clearly in 1596. A steed so spirited would not amble. I. viii. 11 ll. 5-9. Closely imitated in 2 Tamburlaine iv. 3. Cf. Introduction, p. xi. I. viii. 21 l. 5. their] his Grosart, adopting a suggestion by Church. But ‘their’ may mean ‘Orgoglio’s and Duessa’s’. I. viii. 33 l. 5. sits] fits 1596, 1609. But ‘sits’ = sied, as in I. i. 30 l. 9. I. viii. 44 l. 4. delight] dislike conj. J. Jortin. As ‘delight’ is repeated by parablepsy from l. 3, the form of the word is not much of a guide in emendation. Others suggest ‘despight’. I. ix. 32 l. 7. nor for gold nor glee] nor for gold nor fee conj. Church; cf. I. x. 43 l. 6. But the alliteration, if not the sense, favours ‘glee’. Cf. VI. v. 39 l. 3; VI. vii. 49 l. 9. I. ix. 42 l. 7. Morris reports ‘hold’ as in 1590: not so in any of our copies. I. ix. 53 l. 1. feeble] seely 1596: silly 1609. I do not think that Spenser would have tolerated a combination like ‘seely, fleshly’; and comparison with I. vii. 6 l. 5 and I. vii. 11 l. 8, where ‘fraile’ and ‘feeble’ occur together in lines which this line was meant to recall, convinces me that ‘seely’ (= feelie) is a misprint for ‘feeble’. I. x. 7 l. 8. simple true] simple, trew Morris. But see note on I. i. 9 l. 6.
- 34. I. x. 20 l. 5. See Introduction, p. xviii. I. x. 27 l. 6. The correction in 1596 (v. footnote) was apparently made to avoid the ambiguity of ‘salt water sore’. I. x. 52 l. 1. since] sith 1609. See Introduction, p. vi. I. x. 62 l. 9. As for loose loues are vaine] As for loose loues they are vaine 1590. The reading of 1596 eases the metre, and V. iii. 22 ll. 5 and 6 shows an exactly parallel construction. But the main reason for preferring 1596 is the proximity of 62 l. 4 and 62 l. 8, which are certainly author’s corrections. See Introduction, p. xvii. I. xi. 3. See Introduction, p. xvi. I. xi. 26 l. 6. swinged] singed 1609. The quartos are right. The form ‘swinge’ is wide-spread in modern dialect. Webster quotes the noun ‘swinge’ (= a singe) from Beaumont and Fletcher. I. xi. 37 l. 2. yelded] yelled 1609. Though I have hesitated to change the reading of the quartos, it is probably a misprint. Spenser elsewhere has ‘yell’. The nearest parallel to ‘yeld’ is ‘befeld’ = befallen, IV. iii. 50 l. 3. The true reading may, after all, be ‘yelped’. I. xi. 41 l. 4. Nor 1609: For 1590, 1596. I am no longer sure that Spenser did not write ‘For’. There is a very similar confusion in V. vi. 26 ll. 5 and 6. I. xi. 51 ll. 7 and 8. The original punctuation makes l. 8 refer to the lark. I. xii. 7 l. 3. sung] song 1590. Here 1596 forgoes the eye-rhyme to avoid ambiguity. I. xii. 17 l. 1. that] the 1596, 1609. The change may be Spenser’s, but cf. 21 l. 7 where ‘the’ of 1596 is probably wrong and occurs in the same line with a word in which 1596 is certainly wrong. I. xii. 17 l. 4. note] no’te 1609, 1611. Morris reports ‘no’te 1596’: not so in Bodl. or B. M. copies. I. xii. 28 l. 7. her] his 1596, 1609. The change may be Spenser’s. Having personified truth as Una, he may have felt an objection to personifying it here. But the misprint is not uncommon: cf. 40 l. 9.
- 35. I. xii. 34 l. 3. improuided] vnprouided Todd &c.: not so in any of the copies examined. I. xii. 38 l. 3. frankincense] frankencense 1596, 1609. The spelling ‘encens’ was not yet quite extinct, and I now incline to think that the more archaic form was deliberately introduced in 1596. Cf. note on ‘vpsidowne’ at II. vii. 4 l. 8. II. i. 1 l. 7. caytiues hands] caytiue 1609. ‘Caytiue bands’ has been conjectured, but perhaps needlessly. II. i. 18 l. 6. did he] he did 1590. See note on I. v. 7 l. 9. This transposition seems designed to get another alliteration in ‘d’. II. i. 34 l. 6. Grosart reports ‘steady 1590’: not so in our copies. II. i. 58 l. 4. fry] fryze sugg. Church. As a contrast is wanted to ‘melt’ in l. 3, there is much to be said for Church’s ‘fryze’ (i.e. freeze). (The spelling actually suggested by Church is ‘frieze’, as in II. i. 42 l. 3, or ‘frize’, as in VI. x. 33 l. 9; but neither of these would so readily be corrupted.) II. ii. 7 l. 7. chace] pray sugg. Collier. This is the first of those substitutions discussed in Introduction, p. viii. II. ii. 21 l. 1. cald] calth 1596, 1609. Changes of tense like this are not uncommon in 1596, but here ‘calth’ seems an error due to the following ‘forth’. II. i. 34 l. 9. thought their] though ther 1590. 1590 seems to be simply a wrong division of ‘thought her’, which we should perhaps read. II. ii. 42 l. 6. make] hold conj. edd. See Introduction, p. viii. II. ii. 44 l. 4. introld] entrold 1590: enrold conj. edd. ‘Enrold’ is more obvious than convincing: it is typographically improbable, and it makes poor sense. The problem is complicated by the ambiguous rhyme with ‘world’ and ‘told’, for which, however, cf. I. xi. 27 ll. 1, 3 ‘world’ = ‘extold’. I am not convinced that Spenser did not coin ‘introld’, though I do not know what he meant by it. II. iii. 4 l. 5. A pleasing vaine of glory vaine did find] A pleasing vaine of glory he did find 1590. It is natural to regard the second ‘vaine’ as
- 36. a mere printer’s repetition of the first. But the collocation of ‘glory’ and ‘vaine’ appears in two other descriptions of Braggadocchio, viz. III. viii. 11 ll. 8 and 9; IV. iv. 14 l. 5. And the play on words is quite Spenserian; cf. I. iv. 6 l. 6 array ... arras; II. i. 37 l. 9 leaue ... leaue; II. ii. 12 l. 3 fairely fare. II. iii. 10 l. 1. On the spelling of Braggadocchio see Introduction, p. vi. In the second volume of 1596 we find cc in IV. ii. 4; IV. iv. 14; IV. iv. 20; c in IV. iv. 8; IV. iv. 10; IV. v. 23; IV. v. 26; and always in V. iii. II. iii. 20 l. 5. their haire on end does reare] does vnto them affeare 1590: vnto corr. to greatly F. E. It seems as if Spenser originally wrote ‘appeare’, forgot this when he made F. E., and in turn forgot F. E. when he corrected the copy for 1596; or knowingly changed his mind twice. II. iii. 28 l. 7. play] sport conj. ed. See Introduction, p. viii. I do not wish to read ‘sport’ in the text, as the form of the footnote might imply. This substitution does not seem to have been noticed by previous editors. II. iii. 38 l. 4. haue I] I haue 1590. See note on I. v. 7 l. 9. II. iii. 45 l. 4. one] on 1590, 1596. For the converse misprint cf. II. i. 31 l. 4. II. iii. 46 l. 9. erne] yerne 1609. These two words are regularly interchanged in 1609, in accordance with modern usage. Cf. VI. vii. 15 l. 9. II. iv. 17 ll. 6, 8, 9. A striking instance of author’s correction in 1596. Spenser seems to have shrunk from the forms ‘trech’, ‘ketch.’ II. iv. 35. This is the stanza quoted by Fraunce in 1588. See Introduction, p. xi. II. iv. 41 l. 8. A hexameter in the eighth line. It might be corrected by omitting ‘is sonne’; but for this there is no authority. See Introduction, p. vii. II. v. 5 l. 9. do not much me faile] doe me not much fayl 1590. See note on I. v. 7 l. 9.
- 37. II. v. 8 l. 7. hurtle] hurle, 1596; hurlen 1609. See notes on I. ii. 29 l. 2 and I. iv. 16 l. 3. II. v. 12 ll. 8 and 9. A very difficult passage. The meaning wanted seems to be, ‘Do not think that it is thy force but the unjust doom of fortune that has thus laid me low.’ This meaning comes more easily if we read ‘but’ for ‘by’: a conjecture in which I find that I was anticipated by a friend of Jortin’s. But no good meaning can be got out of ‘maugre her spight’ without taking ‘maugre’ in the sense of ‘curse on’, or the like, which it never bears outside F. Q., if there. The nearest parallels are III. iv. 39 l. 8; III. v. 7 l. 5; VI. iv. 40 l. 3. See Introduction, p. ix. II. v. 19 l. 7. do] garre 1590. A very interesting change. Had it been objected to ‘garre’ that it was peculiar to Northern dialect? I believe that several changes in 1596 were made to meet such criticisms. Spenser uses ‘garre’ in S. C., but not elsewhere in F. Q. II. v. 29 l. 5. pricking] prickling 1590. The quartos differ repeatedly over this particular letter—cf. II. i. 31 l. 2; II. vi. 18 l. 7; II. xi. 13 l. 5; II. xii. 30 l. 6 (where 1590 is certainly right). Here usage favours 1596, but sound 1590. II. v. 31 l. 5. See note on II. iii. 20 l. 5. II. vi. 3 l. 4. that nigh her breth was gone,] as merry as Pope Ione, 1590. The earlier reading was apparently thought too colloquial. II. vi. 3 l. 6. might to her] to her might 1590. See note on I. v. 7 l. 9. The authenticity of the transposition here is made probable by the proximity of l. 4. II. vi. 5 l. 6. cut away. We should perhaps read ‘cut a way’; cf. II. viii. 5 l. 9. II. vi. 12 l. 9. See note on I. v. 7 l. 9. II. vi. 14 l. 9. loud] loue 1590. The reading of 1596 is supported by the proximity of II. vi. 12 l. 9. II. vi. 18 l. 7. griesly] griesy 1590. On the variants see note on II. v. 29 l. 5. ‘Griesy’ is here explained as ‘sluggish’. But we find griesie’, I. ix. 35 l. 4 (but ‘griesly’ 1611); ‘grysie’, II. xi. 12 l. 3 and III. xii. 19 l. 2;
- 38. ‘gryesy’, III. i. 67 l. 7. These are all one word, and the meaning is always ‘squalid’, ‘hideous’. II. vi. 29 l. 2. importune] importance 1596: important 1609. See note on I. ii. 29 l. 2. II. vi. 42 l. 4. steept] stept 1590 should have been recorded in footnote. II. vii. 4 l. 8. vpsidowne] vpside downe 1590. The original form, as I learn from Sir James Murray, was ‘upsodown’ or ‘upsadown’; ‘upsidown’ became current in the second quarter of the sixteenth century; ‘upside-down’ appears first in Coverdale. By the last decade of the century ‘upsodown’ was obsolete, ‘upsidown’ archaic, ‘upside- down’ or ‘upset-down’ current. There is little doubt that here, as at I. xii. 38 l. 3, Spenser deliberately returned in 1596 to the more archaic form. II. vii. 40 l. 5. that] the 1590 &c.: corr. F. E. F. E. might refer to 43 l. 2. See note on I. iii. 38 l. 7. The earlier stanza is quoted with ‘the’ in England’s Parnassus (1600). But the quotation is full of mistakes and has no authority. II. vii. 52 l. 6. With which] Which with 1590, 1596: Which-with 1609. At IV. vii. 25 l. 1 ‘Which’ is ‘With’ in 1596. II. viii. 3 l. 8. Come hither, come hither] Come hither, hither 1609. But the trisyllabic foot is probably genuine, and expresses agitation. See note on I. i. 15 l. II. viii. 25 l. 1. See note on I. ii. 29 l. 2. II. viii. 29 l. 7. vpreare] vpheaue MS. corr. in Malone 615. See Introduction, p. viii. Kitchin speaks of these MS. corrections as ‘co- temporary’; and a note in the Bodleian catalogue ascribes them to Lord Burleigh. But most of them are in a hand much later than 1600. II. viii. 40 l. 4. so wisely as it ought] so well, as he it ought 1590. 1596 means, ‘As wisely as it ought to be used.’ For the construction cf. II. viii. 32 l. 4; VII. vii. 9 l. 8. But 1590 gives an excellent meaning, ‘As well as he who owned it’; and it is hard to see why Spenser changed it. This is one of the few corrections that I suspect of being editorial.
- 39. Cf. II. x. 49 l. 8. A converse confusion of the two meanings of ‘ought’ is shown by the variants on VI. viii. 50 l. 4. II. viii. 44 l. 8. no more] not thore 1590. ‘Thore’, if not a misprint (and it does not look like one), was probably meant for ‘there’, as ‘tho’ = then, rather than for ‘through’ (‘thorough’). In either case Spenser felt it licentious. II. viii. 48 l. 8. Prince Arthur 1609: Sir Guyon 1590, 1596. See Introduction, p. xviii. II. ix. 7 ll. 5 and 6. The time is shortened to agree with I. ix. 15. Cf. also II. ix. 38. II. ix. 9 l. 1. weete] wote 1590 &c. Not an imperfect rhyme, but a misprint; for the form is wrong. II. ix. 17 l. 4. perilous] perlous 1590. See note on I. i. 15 l. 6. II. ix. 21 l. 1. them] him 1590. It is ‘them’ in England’s Parnassus. See note on II. vii. 40 l. 5. II. ix. 35 l. 3. idly] idle 1609 should have been recorded in the footnote. II. ix. 38 l. 2. mood] word 1590 &c. Collier credits Drayton with the emendation (see on 49 l. 4 below); but Morris seems to have first adopted it. There is a similar misprint of ‘word’ for ‘wood’ in 1590 at III. xii. 7 l. 8. II. ix. 38 l. 9. twelue moneths] three years 1590. See note on II. ix. 7 above. II. ix. 49 l. 4. reason] season Drayton (teste Collier). Collier professed to have a copy of the 1611 folio that had belonged to Drayton and had corrections in his hand. On questions of this nature no weight can be attached to Collier’s unverified statements, and I am not aware that this statement has been verified. The corrections with which he credits Drayton are often ingenious, but not more ingenious than those which he puts forward as his own. II. ix. 52 l. 9. the house] th’house 1609. See note on I. i. 15 l. 6.
- 40. II. x. 6 l. 6. safeties sake] safety 1590. 7 l. 7. liued then] liueden 1590. Either of these corrections might be editorial; but by their proximity they support each other. II. x. 15 l. 9. munifience] munificence 1590, 1609. Spenser certainly means ‘fortification’, and has either coined a noun from munify + ence, or applied ‘munificence’ in this unexampled sense. The reading ‘munifience’ is found only in 1596. II. x. 24 l. 9. F. E. shows that Seuith was printed in some copies of 1590. Church, Upton, and Todd all had copies in which the missing words were supplied. II. x. 34 l. 1. Riuallo] Riuall’ 1590. See note on I. i. 15 l. 6. II. x. 43 l. 1. Sisillus] Sifillus 1590 &c. We should perhaps read Sisilius with Geoffrey of Monmouth (Historia Britonum, Lib. III, § 13: in § 14 he spells it Sisillius). II. x. 67 l. 2. Ambrose] Ambrise 1596, 1609. Geoffrey of Monmouth (Historia Britonum, Lib. VI) supports 1590. II. x. 49 1. 8. defrayd] did defray 1596, 1609. Here at least the printer of 1596 is seen to have assumed the editor. He betrays himself by losing the rhyme-scheme, rhyming line 8 with lines 2, 4, 5, 7 instead of 6, 9. See note on II. viii. 40 l. 4. II. x. 51 l. 7. See note on I. ii. 29 l. 2. II. x. 67 l. 2. Ambrose] Ambrise 1596, 1609. Geoffrey of Monmouth (Historia Britonum, Lib. VI) supports 1590. II. xi. 10 l. 2. dessignment] assignment 1590. It is the proximity of the indubitable author’s correction in 9 l. 9 that decides in favour of 1596. II. xi. 11 l. 4. dismayd] mismayd conj. Jortin. Jortin’s ‘mismayd’ (i. e. mismade, miscreated) gives a good meaning, and the misprint is paralleled at III. ix. 7 l. 3 disdonne 1590, misdonne 1596. Others think that ‘dismayd’ may bear the same meaning. II. xi. 13 l. 5. assayled] assayed 1590. See note on II. v. 29 l. 5.
- 41. II. xi. 21 l. 8. their] there 1609. I should now prefer to read ‘there’ in all such cases. II. xii. 1 l. 4. Formerly] ‘Formally’ is a conjecture of my own, and should have been indicated as such in the footnote. It was suggested by II. xii. 81 l. 5, where ‘formally’ = secundum artem. ‘Firmëly’ has been proposed; but that is impossible. The text may be sound. II. xii. 1 l. 6. Others take F. E. to refer to l. 1. See note on I. iii. 38 l. 7. II. xii. 23 l. 9. Upton, Todd, &c., keep Monoceros, scanning ‘immeasúrëd’, which is without example. The reading adopted by Child was originally suggested by Jortin. II. xii. 27 l. 4. sea the resounding] sea resounding 1609. See note on I. i. 15 l. 6. II. xii. 30 l. 6. pleasaunt] peasaunt 1596. See note on II. v. 29 l. 5. II. xii. 39 l. 8. vpstarting] vpstaring 1590. I. ix. 22 l. 3 and VI. xi. 27 l. 4 favour 1590. II. xii. 43 l. 5. Nought feard their force] they conj. ed. This correction gives the desired meaning, ‘They had no fear of force.’ Those who defend the text take ‘feard’ to mean ‘frightened’, and ‘their’ to refer to the beasts. (I find that my conjecture has been anticipated by Church and others.) II. xii. 52 l. 9. See note on I. ii. 29 l. 2. III. i. 47 l. 7. which] that 1590. The correction is due to ‘that’ in l. 8. III. i. 56 l. 8. Basciomani] Bascimano 1590. In Spenser’s day the correct form was basciamano or basciamani, the latter not being plural of the former, but an independent formation of verb stem + plural noun, like Fr. porte-montres. Ordinarily it would be fair to credit Spenser with a knowledge of the right Italian form. Yet in this place the Bascimano of 1590 has clearly been corrected: a fresh corruption in an author’s correction is not highly probable; and I am accordingly disposed to think that Spenser really coined Basciomani as a substantival use of the phrase bascio le mani. Cf. the familiar Spanish bezo los manos.
- 42. III. ii. 4 l. 1. Guyon] Redcrosse MS. corr. in Malone 615. See Introduction, p. vii. III. ii. 8 l. 5. Which I to proue] Which to proue, I 1590. See note on I. v. 7 l. 9. III. ii. 30 l. 5. in her warme bed her dight] her in her warme bed dighte 1590. See note on I. v. 7 l. 9. III. ii. 49 l. 7. a earthen] an earthen 1609. Spenser may have intended to pronounce ‘yearthen’. N. E. D. describes the y-form of ‘earth’ as going down to the sixteenth century, though no y-forms are quoted under ‘earthen’. In Northern dialect, with which Spenser was familiar, ‘a’ takes the place of ‘an’ even before a vowel. If the quartos are right, this is another archaism unfamiliar to 1609. III. iii. 6 l. 1. auisd] aduis’d 1609. See note on IV. ii. 22. III. iii. 15 l. 3. 1609 makes ‘businesse’ three syllables, and then seeks to avoid the trisyllabic foot. See note on I. i. 15 l. 6. III. iii. 44 l. 5. See note on I. ii. 29 l. 2. III. iii. 50 l. 9. See Introduction, p. xviii. III. iii. 53 l. 3. Evidently an author’s correction; but the reason for the change is obscure. III. iv. 39 l. 9. sith we no more shall meet] till we againe may meet 1590. Spenser has remembered, or been reminded, that Cymoent is a heathen goddess. III. iv. 40 l. 6. 1611 modernizes to ‘ielly’d blood’. III. iv. 59 l. 5. See note on I. v. 7 l. 9. III. v. Arg. 4. sownd] swound 1609. ‘Sownd’ is one of the rarer spellings of the multiform ‘swound’, ‘swoune’, &c. At VI. i. 34 l. 2 we find ‘sound’ (= swound) in both 1596 and 1609. III. v. 5 l. 5. A] And 1596, 1609. ‘And’, though defensible, is probably due to ‘And’ in l. 6. III. v. 37 l. 6. follow] followd 1590 should have been recorded in footnote.
- 43. III. v. 40 l. 4. their loues sweet teene] their sweet loues teene 1590. Spenser transposed, either for rhythm, or to bring out the oxymoron ‘sweet teene’. Cf. note on I. v. 7 l. 9. III. v. 50 l. 8. To him, and to all] To him and all 1609. See note on I. i. 15 l. 6. III. V. 51 l. 9. to] it 1611. III. v. 52 l. 6. The punctuation of the quartos connects ‘admire’ with ‘In gentle Ladies brest’; but this leaves ‘and bounteous race’ without construction. III. v. 53 l. 3. Realmes] Reames 1590. So in V. vii. 23 ll. 6, 8, 9 ‘realme’ rhymes with ‘extreame’ and ‘dreame’. III. vi. 6 l. 5. his beames] his hot beames 1609. See on I. v. 23 l. 8 and Introduction, p. xvii. III. vi. 12 l. 2. The rhyme is imperfect, but I find no authority for reading ‘aspect’. III. vi. 26 l. 4. both farre and nere om. 1590. 1596 here completes a line left imperfect in 1590, which makes it possible than Spenser may have intended to complete other broken lines, such as II. iii. 26 l. 9; II. viii. 55 l. 9. III. vi. 39 l. 1. 1611 reads ‘and all’, to avoid the trisyllabic foot. See note on I. i. 15 l. 6. III. vi. 40 l. 6. See Introduction, p. viii. III. vi. 45 l. 4. See Introduction, p. xviii. III. vii. 5 l. I. the tops] th’tops 1609. See note on I. i. 15 l. 6. III. vii. 9 l. 3. two] to conj. Hughes. Morris reports ‘to’ from 1596: not so in copies examined. See also I. vi. 47 l. 8 and note there. III. vii. 13 l. 6. had] hath 1590. The notes of Todd and Morris imply that some copies of 1596 also read ‘hath’. If so, it should be adopted as the better reading. III. vii. 22 l. 4. Monstrous mishapt] Monstrous, mishapt 1590. Cf. I. i. 9 l. 6; 1. x. 7 l. 8.
- 44. III. vii. 32 l. 7. muchell] much ill 1611, puzzled by the archaism. III. vii. 34 l. 2. See Introduction, p. vii. III. vii. 45 l. I. See note on I. ii. 29 l. 2. III. vii. 48 l. 4. Spenser has remembered, or been reminded, that Ollyphant reappears in III. xi. III. viii. 30 l. 3. frory] frowy 1590, 1596. The reading of 1609 is established by comparison with III. viii. 35 l. 2. ‘Frowie’ occurs in S. C. (July III); but it means ‘musty’. III. viii. 46 l. 9. vnworthy] vnworthy’ 1590. 49 l. 2 T’haue] To haue 1590. See note on I. i. 15 l. 6. III. ix. 13 l. 9. See note on I. ii. 29 l. 2. III. ix. 20 l. 9. persant] persent 1609: present 1611. III. ix. 48 l. 6. to sea] to the sea 1596—perhaps rightly: cf. note on I. i. 15 l. 6. III. x. 41 l. 7. Morris reports ‘wild forest 1609’: not so in any of the copies examined. III. x. 46 l. 6. th’Earthes] the Earthes 1609. See note on I. v. 23 l. 8 and Introduction, p. xviii. III. xi. 4 ll. 4 and 9. These two transpositions support each other, the first being made for grammar, the second for rhythm. See note on I. v. 7 l. 9. III. xi. 12 l. 1. singultes] singulfes 1590, 1596. This word occurs again in F. Q. V. vi. 13, Colin Clout 168, Tears of the Muses 232; and in all four places is spelt with ‘f’ in the original editions. We must suppose, either that the printers made the same mistake four times, or that Spenser misspelt a word with whose Latin form he must have been quite familiar. Neither alternative is acceptable; but I find the second incredible. III. xi. 19 l. 9. death] life conj. Jortin. Jortin’s emendation gives the sense required; yet Spenser was capable of writing ‘death’. Cf. Introduction, p. ix.
- 45. III. xi 22 l. 8. See note on I. v. 7 l. 9. III. xi. 23 l. 2. Inglorious, beastlike 1611, to avoid the trisyllabic foot. See note on I. i. 15 l. 6. III. xi. 26 1. 7. See note on I. ii. 29 l. 2. III. xi. 39 l. 8. Stag conj. Jortin: Hag 1590 &c. In support of Jortin’s emendation Upton quotes Natalis Comes, Mythologia, iv. 10 ‘Fertur hic deus [i.e. Apollo] in varias formas ob amores fuisse mutatus, in leonem, in cervum, in accipitrem’. As the chapter deals with Apollo, and mentions Hyacinth, Coronis, &c., it is clear that Spenser had been reading it, and Jortin’s emendation is irresistible. (Spenser would have written ‘an Hag’, not ‘a Hag’.) III. xi. 47 l. 9. heauen bright] heauens hight conj. Church. But identical rhymes are not infrequent in this particular place in a stanza. Yet the possibility of parablepsy lowers the authority of the quartos in such cases. The printers would be peculiarly liable to this error in this place if, in Spenser’s manuscript, the Alexandrine overflowed into the eighth line of the stanza. (Church spells ‘heuens’, following 1590). III. xii. 12 l. 6. wingyheeld] winged heeld 1590. The change seems to have been made for euphony. See note on I. v. 7 l. 9. III. xii. 18 l. 8. hony-lady. ‘Hony-laden’ is a tempting suggestion of Upton’s, and Morris adopts it. III. xii. 26 l. 7. with that Damozell] by the Damozell 1590. According to 1596 the Damozell is Amoret, according to 1590 Britomart. III. xii. 27 l. 3. and bore all away] nothing did remaine 1590. A striking change, designed to remove the imperfect rhyme. l. 8. It] In 1611. III. xii. 29 l. 1. wandering] wondering 1611. III. xii. 34 l. 4. her] him 1590, 1596. Comparison with the variants in stanza 42 suggests some oblivion in Spenser’s mind of the sex of his Championess. III. xii. 43 to 45. On these stanzas see Introduction, p. xvi.
- 46. IV. ii. 22 l. 7. aduizing] auising 1609. For ‘aduize’ = observe cf. II. ix. 38 l. 3. Similarly we find ‘adward’ 1596, but ‘award’ 1609; conversely ‘dis-auentrous’ 1596, ‘disaduentrous’ 1609. Todd quotes from Sir T. More, ‘Whoso well aduise her visage, &c.’ IV. iii. 43 l. 5. quite age] quiet-age Morris. Morris’s reading (originally suggested to Jortin by a friend) is very plausible, though the word does not occur elsewhere in F. Q. IV. iv. 1 l. 4. minds] lines 16(11)-12-13. Morris reports ‘liues 1609’: not so in genuine copies examined. See Bibliographical Note. IV. iv. 2 l. 3. als] els 1596. I now think that 1596 is right. The proposition illustrated is twofold:—(1) ‘For enmitie, that of no ill proceeds, But of occasion, with th’occasion ends’; (2) ‘And friendship, which a faint affection breeds Without regard of good, dyes like ill grounded seeds’. Reading ‘As als’ we have two illustrations of this twofold proposition. Reading ‘As els’ we have an independent illustration of each of its parts. For ‘As els’ cf. the second letter to Harvey:—‘For, why a Gods name, may not we, as else the Greeks, &c.’ IV. iv. 8 l. 2. Ferrau] Ferrat 1596. Called Ferraugh in IV. ii. 4; Ferraù in Ariosto, O. F. i. 14. Spenser mentions Ferragh as an Irish name in the ‘Vue’. IV. iv. 17 l. 4. maiden-headed] satyr-headed conj. Church, referring to III. vii. 30 l. 6. In the Bodleian copy of Church’s edition is a note by Mr. G. L. Way, the former owner: ‘Perhaps Maidenheaded Shield may mean “the shield of him who was one of the Knights of Maidenhead”—see st. 22.’ IV. iv. 24 l. 1. beamlike] Upton reports that one of his quartos had ‘brauelike’, the other ‘beamlike’. IV. v. 4 l. 4. Lemno] Lemnos 16(11)-12-13. IV. v. 5 l. 5; 6 l. 1. According to Upton and Todd some copies of 1596 here err with 1609. IV. v. 35 l. 4. vnpared] prepared 16(11)-12-13. IV. v. 40 l. 7. wheresoeuer] whersoere 16(11)-12-13.
- 47. IV. vi. 24 l. 8. his om. 1609. But see note on I. i. 15 l. 6. IV. vi. 33 l. 6. ranging] raging 16(11)-12-13. IV. vi. 46 l. 5. who] whom 16(11)-12-13. Morris reports ‘whom 1609’: not so in genuine copies examined. IV. vii. 12 I. l. caytiue] captiue conj. Collier. But Spenser used the adj. ‘caytiue’ in this sense in I. vii. 19 l. 3; I. ix. 11 l. 9. IV. vii. 32 l. 7. oft] eft conj. Hughes, to improve the rhyme. IV. viii. 1 l. 9. infixed] infected 16(11)-12-13. IV. viii. 64 l. 1. this] his 16(11)-12-13. Morris reports ‘his 1609’: not so in genuine copies examined. IV. ix. 11 l. 9. The conjecture ‘them’, approved by Church, was originally made by Hughes. IV. ix. 17 l 7. bequest] request 16(11)-12-13. IV. x. 8 l. 8. Upton reports that one of his quartos had ‘his’, the other ‘this’. IV. x. 23 ll. 2, 8. The words ‘ghesse’ and ‘bee’ are transposed in all copies examined except 4o Art. Seld. S. 22 in the Bodleian and C. 12. h. 17, 18 in the British Museum. The correction was evidently made as the sheets went through the press. See Introduction, p. xix. 16(11)-12-13 reads ‘I ghesse’. IV. x. 27 l. 1. Hyllus 1596: Hylus 1609. Spenser evidently means Hylas. There was a Hyllus, son of Hercules and Deianeira; but it is unlikely that Spenser confused the two, for he has Hylas rightly in a similar context, III. xii. 7. IV. x. 35 ll. 5, 6. Else would the waters ouerflow the lands, And fire deuoure the ayre, and hell them quight. In this difficult passage two lines of interpretation are offered:—(1) taking ‘hell’ as sb. and ‘quight’ as vb., ‘And hell requite them,’ i.e. punish the elements by reducing all to chaos: (2) taking ‘hell’ as vb.
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