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Title: Historical Record of the Fourth, or the King's Own,
Regiment of Foot
Author: Richard Cannon
Release date: August 20, 2017 [eBook #55391]
Most recently updated: October 23, 2024
Language: English
Credits: Produced by Brian Coe, John Campbell and the Online
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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORICAL
RECORD OF THE FOURTH, OR THE KING'S OWN, REGIMENT OF
FOOT ***](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/19157-250612232907-8be41119/85/Principles-of-Operations-Management-9th-Edition-Heizer-Test-Bank-25-320.jpg)
![During a great part of the reign of Queen Elizabeth each company
of infantry usually consisted of men armed five different ways; in
every hundred men forty were "men-at-arms," and sixty "shot;" the
"men-at-arms" were ten halberdiers, or battle-axe men, and thirty
pikemen; and the "shot" were twenty archers, twenty musketeers,
and twenty harquebusiers, and each man carried, besides his
principal weapon, a sword and dagger.
Companies of infantry varied at this period in numbers from 150
to 300 men; each company had a colour or ensign, and the mode of
formation recommended by an English military writer (Sir John
Smithe) in 1590, was:—the colour in the centre of the company
guarded by the halberdiers; the pikemen, in equal proportions, on
each flank of the halberdiers; half the musketeers on each flank of
the pikes; half the archers on each flank of the musketeers; and the
harquebusiers (whose arms were much lighter than the musket then
in use) in equal proportions on each flank of the company for
skirmishing.[1] It was customary to unite a number of companies
into one body, called a Regiment, which frequently amounted to three
thousand men; but each company continued to carry a colour.
Numerous improvements were eventually introduced in the
construction of fire-arms, and, it having been found impossible to
make armour proof against the muskets then in use (which carried a
very heavy ball) without its being too weighty for the soldier, armour
was gradually laid aside by the infantry in the seventeenth century:
bows and arrows also fell into disuse, and the infantry were reduced
to two classes, viz.: musketeers, armed with matchlock muskets,
swords, and daggers; and pikemen, armed with pikes, from fourteen
to eighteen feet long, and swords.
In the early part of the seventeenth century Gustavus Adolphus,
King of Sweden, reduced the strength of regiments to 1000 men; he
caused the gunpowder, which had heretofore been carried in flasks,
or in small wooden bandaliers, each containing a charge, to be made
up into cartridges, and carried in pouches; and he formed each
regiment into two wings of musketeers, and a centre division of](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/19157-250612232907-8be41119/85/Principles-of-Operations-Management-9th-Edition-Heizer-Test-Bank-37-320.jpg)
![pikemen. He also adopted the practice of forming four regiments
into a brigade; and the number of colours was afterwards reduced to
three in each regiment. He formed his columns so compactly that his
infantry could resist the charge of the celebrated Polish horsemen
and Austrian cuirassiers; and his armies became the admiration of
other nations. His mode of formation was copied by the English,
French, and other European states; but, so great was the prejudice
in favour of ancient customs, that all his improvements were not
adopted until near a century afterwards.
In 1664 King Charles II. raised a corps for sea-service, styled the
Admiral's regiment. In 1678 each company of 100 men usually
consisted of 30 pikemen, 60 musketeers, and 10 men armed with
light firelocks. In this year the king added a company of men armed
with hand-grenades to each of the old British regiments, which was
designated the "grenadier company." Daggers were so contrived as
to fit in the muzzles of the muskets, and bayonets similar to those at
present in use were adopted about twenty years afterwards.
An Ordnance regiment was raised in 1685, by order of King James
II., to guard the artillery, and was designated the Royal Fusiliers
(now 7th Foot). This corps, and the companies of grenadiers, did not
carry pikes.
King William III. incorporated the Admiral's regiment in the
Second Foot Guards, and raised two Marine regiments for sea-
service. During the war in this reign, each company of infantry
(excepting the fusiliers and grenadiers) consisted of 14 pikemen and
46 musketeers; the captains carried pikes; lieutenants, partisans;
ensigns, half-pikes; and serjeants, halberds. After the peace in 1697
the Marine regiments were disbanded, but were again formed on the
breaking out of the war in 1702.[2]
During the reign of Queen Anne the pikes were laid aside, and
every infantry soldier was armed with a musket, bayonet, and
sword; the grenadiers ceased, about the same period, to carry hand-
grenades; and the regiments were directed to lay aside their third](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/19157-250612232907-8be41119/85/Principles-of-Operations-Management-9th-Edition-Heizer-Test-Bank-38-320.jpg)
![During the seventy years' war between the United Provinces of the
Netherlands and the Spanish monarch, which commenced in 1578
and terminated in 1648, the British infantry in the service of the
States General were celebrated for their unconquerable spirit and
firmness;[3] and in the thirty years' war between the Protestant
Princes and the Emperor of Germany, the British troops in the
service of Sweden and other states were celebrated for deeds of
heroism.[4] In the wars of Queen Anne, the fame of the British army
under the great Marlborough was spread throughout the world; and
if we glance at the achievements performed within the memory of
persons now living, there is abundant proof that the Britons of the
present age are not inferior to their ancestors in the qualities which
constitute good soldiers. Witness the deeds of the brave men, of
whom there are many now surviving, who fought in Egypt in 1801,
under the brave Abercrombie, and compelled the French army, which
had been vainly styled Invincible, to evacuate that country; also the
services of the gallant Troops during the arduous campaigns in the
Peninsula, under the immortal Wellington; and the determined stand
made by the British Army at Waterloo, where Napoleon Bonaparte,
who had long been the inveterate enemy of Great Britain, and had
sought and planned her destruction by every means he could devise,
was compelled to leave his vanquished legions to their fate, and to
place himself at the disposal of the British government. These
achievements, with others of recent dates in the distant climes of
India, prove that the same valour and constancy which glowed in
the breasts of the heroes of Crècy, Poictiers, Agincourt, Blenheim,
and Ramilies, continue to animate the Britons of the nineteenth
century.
The British soldier is distinguished for a robust and muscular
frame,—intrepidity which no danger can appal,—unconquerable spirit
and resolution,—patience in fatigue and privation, and cheerful
obedience to his superiors. These qualities, united with an excellent
system of order and discipline to regulate and give a skilful direction
to the energies and adventurous spirit of the hero, and a wise
selection of officers of superior talent to command, whose presence](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/19157-250612232907-8be41119/85/Principles-of-Operations-Management-9th-Edition-Heizer-Test-Bank-40-320.jpg)
![inspires confidence,—have been the leading causes of the splendid
victories gained by the British arms.[5] The fame of the deeds of the
past and present generations in the various battle-fields where the
robust sons of Albion have fought and conquered, surrounds the
British arms with an halo of glory; these achievements will live in the
page of history to the end of time.
The records of the several regiments will be found to contain a
detail of facts of an interesting character, connected with the
hardships, sufferings, and gallant exploits of British soldiers in the
various parts of the world where the calls of their Country and the
commands of their Sovereign, have required them to proceed in the
execution of their duty, whether in active continental operations, or
in maintaining colonial territories in distant and unfavourable climes.
The superiority of the British infantry has been pre-eminently set
forth in the wars of six centuries, and admitted by the greatest
commanders which Europe has produced. The formations and
movements of this arme, as at present practised, while they are
adapted to every species of warfare, and to all probable situations
and circumstances of service, are calculated to show forth the
brilliancy of military tactics calculated upon mathematical and
scientific principles. Although the movements and evolutions have
been copied from the continental armies, yet various improvements
have from time to time been introduced, to ensure that simplicity
and celerity by which the superiority of the national military
character is maintained. The rank and influence, which Great Britain
has attained among the nations of the world, have in a great
measure been purchased by the valour of the Army, and to persons,
who have the welfare of their country at heart, the records of the
several regiments cannot fail to prove interesting.
1838.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/19157-250612232907-8be41119/85/Principles-of-Operations-Management-9th-Edition-Heizer-Test-Bank-41-320.jpg)
![FOOTNOTES:
[1] A company of 200 men would appear thus:—
20 20 20 30 20 30 20 20 20
Harquebuses. Muskets. Halberds. Muskets. Harquebuses.
Archers. Pikes. Pikes. Archers.
The musket carried a ball which weighed 1/10 of a pound; and
the harquebus a ball which weighed 1/25 of a pound.
[2] The 30th, 31st, and 32nd Regiments were formed as Marine
corps in 1702, and were employed as such during the wars in the
reign of Queen Anne. The Marine corps were embarked in the
Fleet under Admiral Sir George Rooke, and were at the taking of
Gibraltar, and in its subsequent defence in 1704; they were
afterwards employed at the siege of Barcelona in 1705.
[3] The brave Sir Roger Williams, in his discourse on war, printed
in 1590, observes:—"I persuade myself ten thousand of our
nation would beat thirty thousand of theirs (the Spaniards) out of
the field, let them be chosen where they list." Yet at this time the
Spanish infantry was allowed to be the best disciplined in Europe.
For instances of valour displayed by the British Infantry during the
Seventy Years' War, see the Historical Record of the Third Foot, or
Buffs.
[4] Vide the Historical Record of the First, or Royal Regiment of
Foot.
[5] "Under the blessing of Divine Providence, His Majesty ascribes
the successes which have attended the exertions of his troops in
Egypt, to that determined bravery which is inherent in Britons;
but His Majesty desires it may be most solemnly and forcibly
impressed on the consideration of every part of the army, that it
has been a strict observance of order, discipline, and military
system, which has given the full energy to the native valour of
the troops, and has enabled them proudly to assert the](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/19157-250612232907-8be41119/85/Principles-of-Operations-Management-9th-Edition-Heizer-Test-Bank-42-320.jpg)
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- 5. 8-1 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Operations Management, 11e (Heizer/Render) Chapter 8 Location Strategies Section 1 The Strategic Importance of Location 1) FedEx chose Memphis, Tennessee, for its central location, or "hub," primarily because of the incentives offered by the city of Memphis and the state of Tennessee. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Learning Outcome: Discuss factors affecting location decision and describe common methods for location selection 2) FedEx chose Memphis, Tennessee, as its U.S. hub because: A) the city is in the center of the United States, geographically. B) the airport has relatively few hours of bad weather closures. C) it needed a means to reach cities to which it did not have direct flights. D) the firm believed that a hub system was superior to traditional city-to-city flight scheduling. E) All of the above are true. Answer: E Diff: 1 Learning Outcome: Discuss factors affecting location decision and describe common methods for location selection 3) Which of the following statements regarding FedEx is TRUE? A) Its hub in Memphis, Tennessee, was selected because of its low cost. B) Memphis, Tennessee, is the only hub in the company's global flight network. C) FedEx believes the hub system helps reduce mishandling and delays due to better controls. D) FedEx uses a hub system in the United States, but a city-to-city network in other countries. E) Memphis is FedEx's only hub airport in the United States. Answer: C Diff: 1 Key Term: Global company profile 4) Industrial location analysis typically attempts to: A) minimize costs. B) maximize sales. C) focus more on human resources. D) avoid countries with strict environmental regulations. E) ignore exchange rates and currency risks. Answer: A Diff: 2 Objective: LO1 Learning Outcome: Discuss factors affecting location decision and describe common methods for location selection
- 6. 8-2 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 5) A location decision for an appliance manufacturer would tend to have what type of focus? A) cost focus B) focus on finding very highly skilled technicians C) revenue focus D) environmental focus E) education focus Answer: A Diff: 2 Objective: LO1 Learning Outcome: Discuss factors affecting location decision and describe common methods for location selection 6) A location decision for a traditional department store (e.g., Macy's) would tend to have what type of focus? A) cost focus B) labor focus C) revenue focus D) environmental focus E) education focus Answer: C Diff: 2 Objective: LO1 Learning Outcome: Discuss factors affecting location decision and describe common methods for location selection 7) As described in the book Aerotropolis, nowadays location decisions worldwide are often being based on what? A) rivers B) rail hubs C) interstate highways D) ports E) airports Answer: E Diff: 2 Objective: LO1 Learning Outcome: Discuss factors affecting location decision and describe common methods for location selection 8) FedEx schedules its aircraft using a(n) ________ system, which it credits with reducing package mishandling and delay in transit. Answer: central hub Diff: 2 Learning Outcome: Discuss factors affecting location decision and describe common methods for location selection
- 7. 8-3 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 9) Why does FedEx use a central hub airline network, rather than a "point-to-point" network? Describe FedEx's approach to choosing its superhub. Answer: The hub system is more centralized, and allows for greater control; greater control reduces package mishandling and transit delays. Also, the hub permits service to a far greater number of points with fewer aircraft than a point-to-point network would. Their U.S. hub in Memphis reflects a need to be geographically centralized, and in a location where schedules can more reliably be kept because weather delays are minimized. Diff: 2 Learning Outcome: Discuss factors affecting location decision and describe common methods for location selection 10) State the fundamental objective of a firm's location strategy. How is this basic objective carried out by industrial or goods-producing firms; how does that differ for service firms? Answer: The fundamental objective is to maximize the benefit of location to the firm. For industrial location decisions, the focus is frequently on minimizing cost, because cost often varies dramatically from one location to another. Service location decisions often focus on maximizing revenues. Diff: 2 Objective: LO1 Learning Outcome: Discuss factors affecting location decision and describe common methods for location selection Section 2 Factors That Affect Location Decisions 1) Lists have been developed that rank countries on issues such as "competitiveness" and "corruption." Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Objective: LO1 Learning Outcome: Discuss factors affecting location decision and describe common methods for location selection 2) The ratio of labor cost per day to productivity, in units per day, is the labor cost per unit. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Objective: LO2 Learning Outcome: Discuss factors affecting location decision and describe common methods for location selection 3) For a location decision, labor productivity may be important in isolation, but low wage rates are a more important criterion. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Objective: LO1 Learning Outcome: Discuss factors affecting location decision and describe common methods for location selection
- 8. 8-4 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 4) Unfavorable exchange rates can offset other savings in a location decision. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Objective: LO1 Learning Outcome: Discuss factors affecting location decision and describe common methods for location selection 5) An example of an intangible cost, as it relates to location decisions, is the quality of education. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Key Term: Intangible costs Objective: LO1 Learning Outcome: Discuss factors affecting location decision and describe common methods for location selection 6) In location decisions, intangible costs are easier to measure than tangible costs. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Key Term: Intangible costs Objective: LO1 Learning Outcome: Discuss factors affecting location decision and describe common methods for location selection 7) Location decisions are based on many things, including costs, revenues, incentives, attitudes, and intangibles, but not on ethical considerations. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 AACSB: Ethical understanding and reasoning abilities Objective: LO1 Learning Outcome: Discuss factors affecting location decision and describe common methods for location selection 8) Manufacturers may want to locate close to their customers if the transportation of finished goods is expensive or difficult. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Objective: LO1 Learning Outcome: Discuss factors affecting location decision and describe common methods for location selection 9) One reason for a firm locating near its competitors is the presence of a major resource it needs. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Key Term: Clustering Objective: LO1 Learning Outcome: Discuss factors affecting location decision and describe common methods for location selection
- 9. 8-5 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 10) Why is Northern Mexico used as a cluster for electronics firms? A) high traffic flows B) venture capitalists located nearby C) natural resources of land and climate D) NAFTA E) high per capita GDP Answer: D Diff: 2 Key Term: Clustering AACSB: Dynamics of the global economy Objective: LO1 Learning Outcome: Discuss factors affecting location decision and describe common methods for location selection 11) Among the following choices, an operations manager might best evaluate political risk of a country by looking at which type of country ranking? A) based on competitiveness B) based on cost of doing business C) based on corruption D) based on magnitude of government social programs E) based on average duration between presidential/prime minister elections Answer: C Diff: 1 Objective: LO1 Learning Outcome: Discuss factors affecting location decision and describe common methods for location selection 12) ________ and ________ are to key country success factors as ________ and ________ are to key region success factors. A) Cultural issues, location of markets; site size and cost, zoning restrictions B) Exchange rates, labor availability; site size and cost, environmental impact C) Labor cost, currency risk; land costs, proximity to customers D) Land costs, proximity to customers; labor cost, air and rail systems E) All of the above are accurate relationships. Answer: C Diff: 3 Objective: LO1 Learning Outcome: Discuss factors affecting location decision and describe common methods for location selection
- 10. 8-6 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 13) Which of the following workers is the most productive? A) $50 wages, 10 parts produced B) $10 wages, 1 part produced C) $30 wages, 5 parts produced D) $100 wages, 21 parts produced E) $500 wages, 100 parts produced Answer: D Diff: 2 AACSB: Analytic skills Objective: LO2 Learning Outcome: Discuss factors affecting location decision and describe common methods for location selection 14) A employee produces 15 parts during a shift in which he made $90. What is the labor content of the product? A) $90 B) $5 C) $6 D) $0.167 E) $1,350 Answer: C Diff: 2 AACSB: Analytic skills Objective: LO2 Learning Outcome: Discuss factors affecting location decision and describe common methods for location selection 15) The reason fast food restaurants often are found in close proximity to each other is: A) they enjoy competition. B) location clustering near high traffic flows. C) low cost. D) availability of skilled labor. E) all of the above. Answer: B Diff: 2 Key Term: Clustering Objective: LO1 Learning Outcome: Discuss factors affecting location decision and describe common methods for location selection
- 11. 8-7 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 16) Currency risk is based on what assumption? A) Firms that do not continuously innovate will lose market share. B) Values of foreign currencies continually rise and fall in most countries. C) Changing product lines by reacting to every current trend may alienate the customer base. D) The value of one dollar today is greater than the value of one dollar to be received one year from now. E) The U.S. stock market fluctuates daily. Answer: B Diff: 1 AACSB: Dynamics of the global economy Objective: LO1 Learning Outcome: Discuss factors affecting location decision and describe common methods for location selection 17) Governmental attitudes toward issues such as private property, intellectual property, zoning, pollution, and employment stability may change over time. What is the term associated with this phenomenon? A) bureaucratic risk B) political risk C) legislative risk D) judicial risk E) democratic risk Answer: B Diff: 2 AACSB: Dynamics of the global economy Objective: LO1 Learning Outcome: Discuss factors affecting location decision and describe common methods for location selection 18) Globalization of the location decision is the result of all EXCEPT which of the following? A) market economics B) higher quality of labor overseas C) ease of capital flow between countries D) high differences in labor costs E) more rapid, reliable travel and shipping Answer: B Diff: 2 AACSB: Dynamics of the global economy Objective: LO1 Learning Outcome: Discuss factors affecting location decision and describe common methods for location selection
- 12. 8-8 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 19) In location planning, environmental regulations, cost and availability of utilities, and taxes are: A) global factors. B) country factors. C) regional/community factors. D) site-related factors. E) none of the above. Answer: C Diff: 3 Objective: LO1 Learning Outcome: Discuss factors affecting location decision and describe common methods for location selection 20) Which of the following is usually NOT one of the top considerations in choosing a country for a facility location? A) availability of labor and labor productivity B) exchange rates C) attitude of governmental units D) zoning regulations E) location of markets Answer: D Diff: 3 AACSB: Dynamics of the global economy Objective: LO1 Learning Outcome: Discuss factors affecting location decision and describe common methods for location selection 21) When making a location decision at the country level, which of these would be considered? A) corporate desires B) land/construction costs C) air, rail, highway, waterway systems D) zoning restrictions E) location of markets Answer: E Diff: 3 AACSB: Dynamics of the global economy Objective: LO1 Learning Outcome: Discuss factors affecting location decision and describe common methods for location selection
- 13. 8-9 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 22) Which of these factors would be considered when making a location decision at the region/community level? A) government rules, attitudes, stability, incentives B) cultural and economic issues C) zoning restrictions D) environmental impact issues E) proximity to raw materials and customers Answer: E Diff: 3 Objective: LO1 Learning Outcome: Discuss factors affecting location decision and describe common methods for location selection 23) When making a location decision at the region/community level, which of these would be considered? A) government rules, attitudes, stability, incentives B) cultural and economic issues C) cost and availability of utilities D) zoning restrictions E) air, rail, highway, waterway systems Answer: C Diff: 3 Objective: LO1 Learning Outcome: Discuss factors affecting location decision and describe common methods for location selection 24) Which of these factors would be considered when making a location decision at the site level? A) government rules, attitudes, stability, incentives B) cultural and economic issues C) zoning regulations D) cost and availability of utilities E) proximity to raw materials and customers Answer: C Diff: 3 Objective: LO1 Learning Outcome: Discuss factors affecting location decision and describe common methods for location selection
- 14. 8-10 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 25) Tangible costs include which of the following? A) climatic conditions B) availability of public transportation C) taxes D) quality and attitude of prospective employees E) zoning regulations Answer: C Diff: 2 Key Term: Tangible costs Objective: LO1 Learning Outcome: Discuss factors affecting location decision and describe common methods for location selection 26) Intangible costs include which of the following? A) quality of prospective employees B) quality of education C) availability of public transportation D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Diff: 2 Key Term: Intangible costs Objective: LO1 Learning Outcome: Discuss factors affecting location decision and describe common methods for location selection 27) Which of the following statements regarding "proximity" in the location decision is FALSE? A) Service organizations find that proximity to market is the most critical primary location factor. B) Manufacturers want to be near customers when their product is bulky, heavy, or fragile. C) Perishability of raw materials is a good reason for manufacturers to locate near the supplier, not the customer. D) Reduction in bulk is a good reason for a manufacturer to locate near the supplier. E) Clustering among fast food chains occurs because they need to be near their labor supply. Answer: E Diff: 2 Key Term: Clustering Objective: LO1 Learning Outcome: Discuss factors affecting location decision and describe common methods for location selection
- 15. 8-11 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 28) Which of the following is the best example of the proximity rule that, for service firms, proximity to market is the most important location factor? A) Soft drinks are bottled in many local plants, where carbonated water is added to proprietary syrups that may have been shipped long distances. B) Few people will travel out-of state for a haircut. C) Patients will travel very long distances to have their hernia surgeries performed at Shouldice Hospital. D) Furniture makers choose to locate near the source of good hardwoods, even though it means locating near other furniture manufacturers. E) Metal refiners (smelters) locate near mines to accomplish significant weight reduction near the metal's source. Answer: B Diff: 2 Objective: LO1 Learning Outcome: Discuss factors affecting location decision and describe common methods for location selection 29) ________ costs are readily identifiable and can be measured with precision. Answer: Tangible Diff: 2 Key Term: Tangible costs Objective: LO1 Learning Outcome: Discuss factors affecting location decision and describe common methods for location selection 30) Political risk, cultural issues, and exchange rates are among those ________ that affect which country will be selected for a location decision. Answer: key success factors Diff: 2 Objective: LO1 Learning Outcome: Discuss factors affecting location decision and describe common methods for location selection 31) Labor cost per unit is also referred to as ________. Answer: labor content Diff: 2 Objective: LO1 Learning Outcome: Discuss factors affecting location decision and describe common methods for location selection 32) ________ occurs when competing companies locate near each other because of a critical mass of information, talent, venture capital, or natural resources. Answer: Clustering Diff: 2 Key Term: Clustering Objective: LO1 Learning Outcome: Discuss factors affecting location decision and describe common methods for location selection
- 16. 8-12 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 33) Identify five factors that have fostered globalization. Answer: Globalization has taken place because of the development of: (1) market economics; (2) better international communications; (3) more rapid, reliable travel and shipping; (4) ease of capital flow between countries; and (5) high differences in labor costs. Diff: 3 AACSB: Dynamics of the global economy Objective: LO1 Learning Outcome: Discuss factors affecting location decision and describe common methods for location selection 34) Identify five factors that affect location decisions at the site level. Answer: Factors that affect location decisions at the site level include site size and cost; air, rail, highway, waterway systems; zoning restrictions; nearness of services/supplies needed; and environmental impact issues. Diff: 3 Objective: LO1 Learning Outcome: Discuss factors affecting location decision and describe common methods for location selection 35) What is the role of labor productivity in location decisions? Answer: Labor productivity is the number of units output per hour of labor input. For location decisions, this is more often displayed in the form of "labor content," which is the dollar labor cost per unit. Labor content provides a useful comparison in cases where wage rates and productivities vary greatly from country to country. In short, low productivity can negate low wages. Diff: 2 AACSB: Dynamics of the global economy Objective: LO2 Learning Outcome: Discuss factors affecting location decision and describe common methods for location selection 36) What is the impact of exchange rates on location decisions? Answer: Exchange rates fluctuate, and they can negate savings from low wage rates. Diff: 2 AACSB: Dynamics of the global economy Objective: LO1 Learning Outcome: Discuss factors affecting location decision and describe common methods for location selection
- 17. 8-13 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 37) Why is "quality of life" an element of intangible costs associated with location decisions? Provide an example as part of your discussion. Answer: Quality of life affects location decisions in at least one indirect way. Consider a firm that has narrowed its location to two cities. One city has an abundance of educational and recreational facilities, good hospitals and parks. The other has very little of these elements. If you were a prospective employee, in which city would you rather live? Low quality of life can drive up labor costs, and it might also have an impact on training costs and health care costs. Diff: 2 Key Term: Intangible costs AACSB: Reflective thinking skills Objective: LO1 Learning Outcome: Discuss factors affecting location decision and describe common methods for location selection 38) "Proximity" or closeness implies that a firm should locate "close" to something. What are the three kinds of proximity described in the text? What are the basic conditions under which each is appropriate? What kinds of firms are likely to use each of these? Answer: The three are proximity to markets, proximity to suppliers, and proximity to competitors. Proximity to markets is appropriate when customers will not travel far to get the good or service, or when delivering the product to the customer is costly or difficult. Many services must be close to their markets, as must home construction. Proximity to suppliers is appropriate when raw materials are perishable, or when supplies are costly or bulky to transport. Seafood processors need to be near the docks, and smelters need to be near the mines. Proximity to competitors reflects a kind of synergy– retailers find that volume is higher when there are more competitors nearby, because this clustering brings higher traffic counts. Diff: 3 Objective: LO1 Learning Outcome: Discuss factors affecting location decision and describe common methods for location selection 39) What is it called when competing companies locate next to each other? Why do they do this? Answer: It is called clustering. In many cases, this occurs because of a critical mass of information, talent, venture capital, or natural resources. Alternately, clustering occurs because several firms close together create a larger total market than the same firms separated. Diff: 2 Key Term: Clustering Objective: LO1 Learning Outcome: Discuss factors affecting location decision and describe common methods for location selection
- 18. 8-14 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 3 Methods of Evaluating Location Alternatives 1) The graphic approach to locational cost-volume analysis displays the range of volume over which each location is preferable. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Key Term: Locational cost-volume analysis Objective: LO4 Learning Outcome: Discuss factors affecting location decision and describe common methods for location selection 2) The factor-rating method can consider both tangible and intangible costs. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Key Term: Factor-rating method AACSB: Reflective thinking skills Objective: LO3 Learning Outcome: Discuss factors affecting location decision and describe common methods for location selection 3) The center-of-gravity method finds the location of a centralized facility, such as a distribution center, that will maximize the organization's revenue. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Key Term: Center-of-gravity method Objective: LO5 Learning Outcome: Discuss factors affecting location decision and describe common methods for location selection 4) The transportation model calculates an optimal shipping system between a central facility and several outlying customers. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Key Term: Transportation model Learning Outcome: Discuss factors affecting location decision and describe common methods for location selection
- 19. 8-15 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 5) Which of the following statements regarding the center-of-gravity method is FALSE? A) It is designed to minimize the maximum possible travel distance to any of the locations. B) The optimal x- and y-coordinates are calculated separately. C) The optimal solution is unconstrained, so it could suggest a location in the middle of a body of water. D) The weights used are the quantity of goods moved to or from each location. E) The origin of the coordinate system and the scale used are arbitrary, just as long as the relative distances are correctly represented. Answer: A Diff: 2 Key Term: Center-of-gravity method Objective: LO5 Learning Outcome: Discuss factors affecting location decision and describe common methods for location selection 6) Community attitudes, zoning restrictions, and quality of labor force are likely to be considered in which of the following location decision methods? A) transportation method B) locational cost-volume analysis C) center-of-gravity method D) simulation E) factor-rating method Answer: E Diff: 2 Key Term: Factor-rating method Objective: LO3 Learning Outcome: Discuss factors affecting location decision and describe common methods for location selection 7) Which of the following methods best considers intangible costs related to a location decision? A) crossover methods B) locational cost-volume analysis C) factor-rating method D) the transportation method E) center-of-gravity method Answer: C Diff: 2 Key Term: Factor-rating method Objective: LO3 Learning Outcome: Discuss factors affecting location decision and describe common methods for location selection
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- 24. The Project Gutenberg eBook of Historical Record of the Fourth, or the King's Own, Regiment of Foot
- 25. This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. Title: Historical Record of the Fourth, or the King's Own, Regiment of Foot Author: Richard Cannon Release date: August 20, 2017 [eBook #55391] Most recently updated: October 23, 2024 Language: English Credits: Produced by Brian Coe, John Campbell and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This book was produced from images made available by the HathiTrust Digital Library.) *** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORICAL RECORD OF THE FOURTH, OR THE KING'S OWN, REGIMENT OF FOOT ***
- 26. TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE Basic fractions are displayed as ½ ⅓ ¼ etc; other fractions are shown in the form a/b, for example 1/10 or 2-1/25. Some minor changes are noted at the end of the book.
- 28. BY COMMAND OF His late Majesty WILLIAM THE IVTH. and under the Patronage of Her Majesty the Queen. HISTORICAL RECORDS, OF THE British Army Comprising the History of every Regiment IN HER MAJESTY'S SERVICE. By Richard Cannon Esqre. Adjutant General's Office, Horse Guards. London. Printed by Authority.
- 29. GENERAL ORDERS. HORSE-GUARDS, 1st January, 1836. His Majesty has been pleased to command, that, with a view of doing the fullest justice to Regiments, as well as to Individuals who have distinguished themselves by their Bravery in Action with the Enemy, an Account of the Services of every Regiment in the British Army shall be published under the superintendence and direction of the Adjutant-General; and that this Account shall contain the following particulars: viz., —— The Period and Circumstances of the Original Formation of the Regiment; The Stations at which it has been from time to time employed; The Battles, Sieges, and other Military Operations, in which it has been engaged, particularly specifying any Achievement it may have performed, and the Colours, Trophies, &c., it may have captured from the Enemy. —— The Names of the Officers and the number of Non- Commissioned Officers and Privates, Killed or Wounded by the Enemy, specifying the Place and Date of the Action. —— The Names of those Officers, who, in consideration of their Gallant Services and Meritorious Conduct in Engagements with the Enemy, have been distinguished with Titles, Medals, or other Marks of His Majesty's gracious favour. —— The Names of all such Officers, Non-Commissioned Officers and Privates as may have specially signalized themselves in Action.
- 30. And, —— The Badges and Devices which the Regiment may have been permitted to bear, and the Causes on account of which such Badges or Devices, or any other Marks of Distinction, have been granted. By Command of the Right Honourable GENERAL LORD HILL, Commanding-in-Chief. John Macdonald, Adjutant-General.
- 31. P R E FA C E . The character and credit of the British Army must chiefly depend upon the zeal and ardour, by which all who enter into its service are animated, and consequently it is of the highest importance that any measure calculated to excite the spirit of emulation, by which alone great and gallant actions are achieved, should be adopted. Nothing can more fully tend to the accomplishment of this desirable object, than a full display of the noble deeds with which the Military History of our country abounds. To hold forth these bright examples to the imitation of the youthful soldier, and thus to incite him to emulate the meritorious conduct of those who have preceded him in their honourable career, are among the motives that have given rise to the present publication. The operations of the British Troops are, indeed, announced in the 'London Gazette,' from whence they are transferred into the public prints: the achievements of our armies are thus made known at the time of their occurrence, and receive the tribute of praise and admiration to which they are entitled. On extraordinary occasions, the Houses of Parliament have been in the habit of conferring on the Commanders, and the Officers and Troops acting under their orders, expressions of approbation and of thanks for their skill and bravery, and these testimonials, confirmed by the high honour of their Sovereign's Approbation, constitute the reward which the soldier most highly prizes. It has not, however, until late years, been the practice (which appears to have long prevailed in some of the Continental armies) for British Regiments to keep regular records of their services and achievements. Hence some difficulty has been experienced in
- 32. obtaining, particularly from the old Regiments, an authentic account of their origin and subsequent services. This defect will now be remedied, in consequence of His Majesty having been pleased to command, that every Regiment shall in future keep a full and ample record of its services at home and abroad. From the materials thus collected, the country will henceforth derive information as to the difficulties and privations which chequer the career of those who embrace the military profession. In Great Britain, where so large a number of persons are devoted to the active concerns of agriculture, manufactures, and commerce, and where these pursuits have, for so long a period, been undisturbed by the presence of war, which few other countries have escaped, comparatively little is known of the vicissitudes of active service, and of the casualties of climate, to which, even during peace, the British Troops are exposed in every part of the globe, with little or no interval of repose. In their tranquil enjoyment of the blessings which the country derives from the industry and the enterprise of the agriculturist and the trader, its happy inhabitants may be supposed not often to reflect on the perilous duties of the soldier and the sailor,—on their sufferings,—and on the sacrifice of valuable life, by which so many national benefits are obtained and preserved. The conduct of the British Troops, their valour, and endurance, have shone conspicuously under great and trying difficulties; and their character has been established in Continental warfare by the irresistible spirit with which they have effected debarkations in spite of the most formidable opposition, and by the gallantry and steadiness with which they have maintained their advantages against superior numbers. In the official Reports made by the respective Commanders, ample justice has generally been done to the gallant exertions of the Corps employed; but the details of their services, and of acts of individual
- 33. bravery, can only be fully given in the Annals of the various Regiments. These Records are now preparing for publication, under His Majesty's special authority, by Mr. Richard Cannon, Principal Clerk of the Adjutant-General's Office; and while the perusal of them cannot fail to be useful and interesting to military men of every rank, it is considered that they will also afford entertainment and information to the general reader, particularly to those who may have served in the Army, or who have relatives in the Service. There exists in the breasts of most of those who have served, or are serving, in the Army, an Esprit de Corps—an attachment to every thing belonging to their Regiment; to such persons a narrative of the services of their own Corps cannot fail to prove interesting. Authentic accounts of the actions of the great,—the valiant,—the loyal, have always been of paramount interest with a brave and civilised people. Great Britain has produced a race of heroes who, in moments of danger and terror, have stood, "firm as the rocks of their native shore;" and when half the World has been arrayed against them, they have fought the battles of their Country with unshaken fortitude. It is presumed that a record of achievements in war,—victories so complete and surprising, gained by our countrymen,—our brothers—our fellow-citizens in arms,—a record which revives the memory of the brave, and brings their gallant deeds before us, will certainly prove acceptable to the public. Biographical memoirs of the Colonels and other distinguished Officers, will be introduced in the Records of their respective Regiments, and the Honorary Distinctions which have, from time to time, been conferred upon each Regiment, as testifying the value and importance of its services, will be faithfully set forth. As a convenient mode of Publication, the Record of each Regiment will be printed in a distinct number, so that when the whole shall be completed, the Parts may be bound up in numerical succession.
- 35. INTRODUCTION TO T H E I N F A N T R Y . The natives of Britain have, at all periods, been celebrated for innate courage and unshaken firmness, and the national superiority of the British troops over those of other countries has been evinced in the midst of the most imminent perils. History contains so many proofs of extraordinary acts of bravery, that no doubts can be raised upon the facts which are recorded. It must therefore be admitted, that the distinguishing feature of the British soldier is Intrepidity. This quality was evinced by the inhabitants of England when their country was invaded by Julius Cæsar with a Roman army, on which occasion the undaunted Britons rushed into the sea to attack the Roman soldiers as they descended from their ships; and, although their discipline and arms were inferior to those of their adversaries, yet their fierce and dauntless bearing intimidated the flower of the Roman troops, including Cæsar's favourite tenth legion. Their arms consisted of spears, short swords, and other weapons of rude construction. They had chariots, to the axles of which were fastened sharp pieces of iron resembling scythe-blades, and infantry in long chariots resembling waggons, who alighted and fought on foot, and for change of ground, pursuit, or retreat, sprang into the chariot and drove off with the speed of cavalry. These inventions were, however, unavailing against Cæsar's legions: in the course of time a military system, with discipline and subordination, was introduced, and British courage, being thus regulated, was exerted to the greatest
- 36. advantage; a full development of the national character followed, and it shone forth in all its native brilliancy. The military force of the Anglo-Saxons consisted principally of infantry: Thanes, and other men of property, however, fought on horseback. The infantry were of two classes, heavy and light. The former carried large shields armed with spikes, long broad swords and spears; and the latter were armed with swords or spears only. They had also men armed with clubs, others with battle-axes and javelins. The feudal troops established by William the Conqueror, consisted (as already stated in the Introduction to the cavalry) almost entirely of horse; but when the warlike barons and knights, with their trains of tenants and vassals, took the field, a proportion of men appeared on foot, and, although these were of inferior degree, they proved stout-hearted Britons of stanch fidelity. When stipendiary troops were employed, infantry always constituted a considerable portion of the military force; and this arme has since acquired, in every quarter of the globe, a celebrity never exceeded by the armies of any nation at any period. The weapons carried by the infantry, during the several reigns succeeding the Conquest, were bows and arrows, half-pikes, lances, halberds, various kinds of battle-axes, swords, and daggers. Armour was worn on the head and body, and in course of time the practice became general for military men to be so completely cased in steel, that it was almost impossible to slay them. The introduction of the use of gunpowder in the destructive purposes of war, in the early part of the fourteenth century, produced a change in the arms and equipment of the infantry- soldier. Bows and arrows gave place to various kinds of fire-arms, but British archers continued formidable adversaries; and owing to the inconvenient construction and imperfect bore of the fire-arms when first introduced, a body of men, well trained in the use of the bow from their youth, was considered a valuable acquisition to every army, even as late as the sixteenth century.
- 37. During a great part of the reign of Queen Elizabeth each company of infantry usually consisted of men armed five different ways; in every hundred men forty were "men-at-arms," and sixty "shot;" the "men-at-arms" were ten halberdiers, or battle-axe men, and thirty pikemen; and the "shot" were twenty archers, twenty musketeers, and twenty harquebusiers, and each man carried, besides his principal weapon, a sword and dagger. Companies of infantry varied at this period in numbers from 150 to 300 men; each company had a colour or ensign, and the mode of formation recommended by an English military writer (Sir John Smithe) in 1590, was:—the colour in the centre of the company guarded by the halberdiers; the pikemen, in equal proportions, on each flank of the halberdiers; half the musketeers on each flank of the pikes; half the archers on each flank of the musketeers; and the harquebusiers (whose arms were much lighter than the musket then in use) in equal proportions on each flank of the company for skirmishing.[1] It was customary to unite a number of companies into one body, called a Regiment, which frequently amounted to three thousand men; but each company continued to carry a colour. Numerous improvements were eventually introduced in the construction of fire-arms, and, it having been found impossible to make armour proof against the muskets then in use (which carried a very heavy ball) without its being too weighty for the soldier, armour was gradually laid aside by the infantry in the seventeenth century: bows and arrows also fell into disuse, and the infantry were reduced to two classes, viz.: musketeers, armed with matchlock muskets, swords, and daggers; and pikemen, armed with pikes, from fourteen to eighteen feet long, and swords. In the early part of the seventeenth century Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, reduced the strength of regiments to 1000 men; he caused the gunpowder, which had heretofore been carried in flasks, or in small wooden bandaliers, each containing a charge, to be made up into cartridges, and carried in pouches; and he formed each regiment into two wings of musketeers, and a centre division of
- 38. pikemen. He also adopted the practice of forming four regiments into a brigade; and the number of colours was afterwards reduced to three in each regiment. He formed his columns so compactly that his infantry could resist the charge of the celebrated Polish horsemen and Austrian cuirassiers; and his armies became the admiration of other nations. His mode of formation was copied by the English, French, and other European states; but, so great was the prejudice in favour of ancient customs, that all his improvements were not adopted until near a century afterwards. In 1664 King Charles II. raised a corps for sea-service, styled the Admiral's regiment. In 1678 each company of 100 men usually consisted of 30 pikemen, 60 musketeers, and 10 men armed with light firelocks. In this year the king added a company of men armed with hand-grenades to each of the old British regiments, which was designated the "grenadier company." Daggers were so contrived as to fit in the muzzles of the muskets, and bayonets similar to those at present in use were adopted about twenty years afterwards. An Ordnance regiment was raised in 1685, by order of King James II., to guard the artillery, and was designated the Royal Fusiliers (now 7th Foot). This corps, and the companies of grenadiers, did not carry pikes. King William III. incorporated the Admiral's regiment in the Second Foot Guards, and raised two Marine regiments for sea- service. During the war in this reign, each company of infantry (excepting the fusiliers and grenadiers) consisted of 14 pikemen and 46 musketeers; the captains carried pikes; lieutenants, partisans; ensigns, half-pikes; and serjeants, halberds. After the peace in 1697 the Marine regiments were disbanded, but were again formed on the breaking out of the war in 1702.[2] During the reign of Queen Anne the pikes were laid aside, and every infantry soldier was armed with a musket, bayonet, and sword; the grenadiers ceased, about the same period, to carry hand- grenades; and the regiments were directed to lay aside their third
- 39. colour: the corps of Royal Artillery was first added to the army in this reign. About the year 1745, the men of the battalion companies of infantry ceased to carry swords; during the reign of George II. light companies were added to infantry regiments; and in 1764 a Board of General Officers recommended that the grenadiers should lay aside their swords, as that weapon had never been used during the seven years' war. Since that period the arms of the infantry soldier have been limited to the musket and bayonet. The arms and equipment of the British troops have seldom differed materially, since the Conquest, from those of other European states; and in some respects the arming has, at certain periods, been allowed to be inferior to that of the nations with whom they have had to contend; yet, under this disadvantage, the bravery and superiority of the British infantry have been evinced on very many and most trying occasions, and splendid victories have been gained over very superior numbers. Great Britain has produced a race of lion-like champions who have dared to confront a host of foes, and have proved themselves valiant with any arms. At Crècy, King Edward III., at the head of about 30,000 men, defeated, on the 26th of August, 1346, Philip King of France, whose army is said to have amounted to 100,000 men; here British valour encountered veterans of renown:—the King of Bohemia, the King of Majorca, and many princes and nobles were slain, and the French army was routed and cut to pieces. Ten years afterwards, Edward Prince of Wales, who was designated the Black Prince, defeated at Poictiers, with 14,000 men, a French army of 60,000 horse, besides infantry, and took John I., King of France, and his son Philip, prisoners. On the 25th of October, 1415, King Henry V., with an army of about 13,000 men, although greatly exhausted by marches, privations, and sickness, defeated, at Agincourt, the Constable of France, at the head of the flower of the French nobility and an army said to amount to 60,000 men, and gained a complete victory.
- 40. During the seventy years' war between the United Provinces of the Netherlands and the Spanish monarch, which commenced in 1578 and terminated in 1648, the British infantry in the service of the States General were celebrated for their unconquerable spirit and firmness;[3] and in the thirty years' war between the Protestant Princes and the Emperor of Germany, the British troops in the service of Sweden and other states were celebrated for deeds of heroism.[4] In the wars of Queen Anne, the fame of the British army under the great Marlborough was spread throughout the world; and if we glance at the achievements performed within the memory of persons now living, there is abundant proof that the Britons of the present age are not inferior to their ancestors in the qualities which constitute good soldiers. Witness the deeds of the brave men, of whom there are many now surviving, who fought in Egypt in 1801, under the brave Abercrombie, and compelled the French army, which had been vainly styled Invincible, to evacuate that country; also the services of the gallant Troops during the arduous campaigns in the Peninsula, under the immortal Wellington; and the determined stand made by the British Army at Waterloo, where Napoleon Bonaparte, who had long been the inveterate enemy of Great Britain, and had sought and planned her destruction by every means he could devise, was compelled to leave his vanquished legions to their fate, and to place himself at the disposal of the British government. These achievements, with others of recent dates in the distant climes of India, prove that the same valour and constancy which glowed in the breasts of the heroes of Crècy, Poictiers, Agincourt, Blenheim, and Ramilies, continue to animate the Britons of the nineteenth century. The British soldier is distinguished for a robust and muscular frame,—intrepidity which no danger can appal,—unconquerable spirit and resolution,—patience in fatigue and privation, and cheerful obedience to his superiors. These qualities, united with an excellent system of order and discipline to regulate and give a skilful direction to the energies and adventurous spirit of the hero, and a wise selection of officers of superior talent to command, whose presence
- 41. inspires confidence,—have been the leading causes of the splendid victories gained by the British arms.[5] The fame of the deeds of the past and present generations in the various battle-fields where the robust sons of Albion have fought and conquered, surrounds the British arms with an halo of glory; these achievements will live in the page of history to the end of time. The records of the several regiments will be found to contain a detail of facts of an interesting character, connected with the hardships, sufferings, and gallant exploits of British soldiers in the various parts of the world where the calls of their Country and the commands of their Sovereign, have required them to proceed in the execution of their duty, whether in active continental operations, or in maintaining colonial territories in distant and unfavourable climes. The superiority of the British infantry has been pre-eminently set forth in the wars of six centuries, and admitted by the greatest commanders which Europe has produced. The formations and movements of this arme, as at present practised, while they are adapted to every species of warfare, and to all probable situations and circumstances of service, are calculated to show forth the brilliancy of military tactics calculated upon mathematical and scientific principles. Although the movements and evolutions have been copied from the continental armies, yet various improvements have from time to time been introduced, to ensure that simplicity and celerity by which the superiority of the national military character is maintained. The rank and influence, which Great Britain has attained among the nations of the world, have in a great measure been purchased by the valour of the Army, and to persons, who have the welfare of their country at heart, the records of the several regiments cannot fail to prove interesting. 1838.
- 42. FOOTNOTES: [1] A company of 200 men would appear thus:— 20 20 20 30 20 30 20 20 20 Harquebuses. Muskets. Halberds. Muskets. Harquebuses. Archers. Pikes. Pikes. Archers. The musket carried a ball which weighed 1/10 of a pound; and the harquebus a ball which weighed 1/25 of a pound. [2] The 30th, 31st, and 32nd Regiments were formed as Marine corps in 1702, and were employed as such during the wars in the reign of Queen Anne. The Marine corps were embarked in the Fleet under Admiral Sir George Rooke, and were at the taking of Gibraltar, and in its subsequent defence in 1704; they were afterwards employed at the siege of Barcelona in 1705. [3] The brave Sir Roger Williams, in his discourse on war, printed in 1590, observes:—"I persuade myself ten thousand of our nation would beat thirty thousand of theirs (the Spaniards) out of the field, let them be chosen where they list." Yet at this time the Spanish infantry was allowed to be the best disciplined in Europe. For instances of valour displayed by the British Infantry during the Seventy Years' War, see the Historical Record of the Third Foot, or Buffs. [4] Vide the Historical Record of the First, or Royal Regiment of Foot. [5] "Under the blessing of Divine Providence, His Majesty ascribes the successes which have attended the exertions of his troops in Egypt, to that determined bravery which is inherent in Britons; but His Majesty desires it may be most solemnly and forcibly impressed on the consideration of every part of the army, that it has been a strict observance of order, discipline, and military system, which has given the full energy to the native valour of the troops, and has enabled them proudly to assert the
- 43. superiority of the national military character, in situations uncommonly arduous, and under circumstances of peculiar difficulty."—General Orders in 1801. In the General Orders issued by Lieut.-General Sir John Hope (afterwards Lord Hopetoun), congratulating the army upon the successful result of the Battle of Corunna, on the 16th of January, 1809, it is stated:—"On no occasion has the undaunted valour of British troops ever been more manifest. At the termination of a severe and harassing march, rendered necessary by the superiority which the enemy had acquired, and which had materially impaired the efficiency of the troops, many disadvantages were to be encountered. These have all been surmounted by the conduct of the troops themselves; and the enemy has been taught, that whatever advantages of position or of numbers he may possess, there is inherent in the British officers and soldiers a bravery that knows not how to yield—that no circumstances can appal—and that will ensure victory when it is to be obtained by the exertion of any human means."
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