PROBLEM-SOLVING-and-reasoning……………..pptx
- 2. PROBLEM SOLVING •IS THE ACT OF DEFINING A PROBLEM; DETERMINING THE CAUSE OF THE PROBLEM; IDENTIFYING, PRIORITIZING, AND SELECTING ALTERNATIVES FOR A SOLUTION; AND IMPLEMENTING A SOLUTION.
- 4. TWO TYPES OF REASONING •INDUCTIVE REASONING • SPECIFIC TO GENERAL EXAMPLES: 1. JENNY LEAVES FOR SCHOOL AT 7:00 AM. JENNY IS ALWAYS ON TIME. THEREFORE, JENNY ASSUMES THEN THAT IF SHE LEAVES FOR SCHOOL AT 7:00 AM., SHE WILL ALWAYS BE ON TIME. 2.THE CHAIR IN THE LIVING ROOM IS RED . THE CHAIR IN THE DINING ROOM IS RED . THE CHAIR IN THE BEDROOM IS RED. THEREFORE, ALL CHAIRS IN THE HOUSE ARE RED.
- 5. USE INDUCTIVE REASONING TO MAKE A CONJECTURE OUT OF THE FOLLOWING PROCEDURE: 1. PICK A NUMBER. 2.MULTIPLY THE NUMBER BY 8, 3.ADD 6 TO THE PRODUCT 4.DIVIDE THE SUM BY 2 5.AND SUBTRACT 3. 1. ORIGINAL NUMBER: 5 2.MULTIPLY BY 8: 5X8= 40 3.ADD 6: 40+6= 46 4.DIVIDE BY 2: 5.AND SUBTRACT 3: 23-3= 20
- 6. COUNTEREXAMPLE A STATEMENT IS A TRUE STATEMENT PROVIDED THAT IT IS TRUE IN ALL CASES. IF YOU CAN FIND ONE CASE FOR WHICH A STATEMENT IS NOT TRUE, CALLED A COUNTEREXAMPLE , THEN THE STATEMENT IS A FALSE STATEMENT.
- 7. FIND A COUNTEREXAMPLE. VERIFY THAT EACH OF THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS IS A FALSE STATEMENT BY FINDING COUNTEREXAMPLE. FOR ALL NUMBER X :
- 8. TWO TYPES OF REASONING •DEDUCTIVE REASONING •GENERAL TO SPECIFIC EXAMPLES: 1.ALL SQUARES ARE RECTANGLE. ALL RECTANGLES HAVE FOUR ANGLES. THEREFORE, ALL SQUARES HAVE FOUR RIGHT ANGLES. 2.ALL DOGS HAVE GOOD SENSE OF SMELL. BLACKEYE IS A DOG. THEREFORE, BLACKEYE HAS A GOOD SENSE OF SMELL.
- 9. USE DEDUCTIVE REASONING TO MAKE A CONJECTURE OUT OF THE FOLLOWING PROCEDURE: 1. PICK A NUMBER. 2.MULTIPLY THE NUMBER BY 8, 3.ADD 6 TO THE PRODUCT 4.DIVIDE THE SUM BY 2 5.AND SUBTRACT 3. 1. LET N REPRESENTS THE ORIGINAL NUMBER 2. MULTIPLY THE NUMBER BY 8: 8N 3. ADD 6 TO THE PRODUCT: 8N+6 4. DIVIDE THE SUM BY 2: 5.SUBTRACT 3: 4N+3-3= 4N
- 10. LOGIC PUZZLES EACH OF FOUR NEIGHBORS, SEAN, MARIA, SARAH, AND BRIAN, HAS A DIFFERENT OCCUPATION (EDITOR, BANKER, CHEF, OR DENTIST). FROM THE FOLLOWING CLUES, DETERMINE THE OCCUPATION OF EACH NEIGHBOR. 1. MARIA GETS HOME FROM WORK AFTER THE BANKER BUT BEFORE THE DENTIST. 2. SARAH, WHO IS THE LAST TO GET HOME FROM WORK, IS NOT THE EDITOR. 3. THE DENTIST AND SARAH LEAVE FOR WORK AT THE SAME TIME. 4. THE BANKER LIVES NEXT DOOR TO BRIAN.
- 11. LOGIC PUZZLE BRIANNA, RYAN, TYLER, AND ASHLEY WERE RECENTLY ELECTED AS THE NEW CLASS OFFICERS (PRESIDENT, VICE PRESIDENT, SECRETARY, TREASURER) OF THE SOPHOMORE CLASS AT SUMMIT COLLEGE. FROM THE FOLLOWING CLUES, DETERMINE WHICH POSITION EACH HOLDS. 1. ASHLEY IS YOUNGER THAN THE PRESIDENT BUT OLDER THAN THE TREASURER. 2. BRIANNA AND THE SECRETARY ARE BOTH THE SAME AGE, AND THEY ARE THE YOUNGEST MEMBERS OF THE GROUP. 3. TYLER AND THE SECRETARY ARE NEXT-DOOR NEIGHBORS.
- 12. SEAT WORK DETERMINE WHETHER THE ARGUMENT IS AN EXAMPLE OF INDUCTIVE REASONING OR DEDUCTIVE REASONING: 1. EMMA ENJOYED READING THE NOVEL BY STEPHEN KING, SO SHE WILL ENJOY READING HIS UNDER THE DOME NEXT NOVEL. 2. ALL PENTAGONS HAVE EXACTLY FIVE SIDES. FIGURE A IS A PENTAGON. THEREFORE, FIGURE A HAS EXACTLY FIVE SIDES. 3. EVERY ENGLISH SETTER LIKES TO HUNT. DUKE IS AN ENGLISH SETTER, SO DUKE LIKES TO HUNT. 4. CATS DON’T EAT TOMATOES. TIGGER IS A CAT. THEREFORE, TIGGER DOES NOT EAT TOMATOES. 5. TWO COMPUTER PROGRAMS, A BUBBLE SORT AND A SHELL SORT, ARE USED TO SORT DATA. IN EACH OF 50 EXPERIMENTS, THE SHELL SORT PROGRAM TOOK LESS TIME TO SORT THE DATA THAN DID THE BUBBLE SORT PROGRAM. THUS THE SHELL SORT PROGRAM IS THE FASTER OF THE TWO SORTING PROGRAMS.
- 13. SEAT WORK USE INDUCTIVE REASONING TO PREDICT THE NEXT NUMBER IN EACH OF THE FOLLOWING LIST: 6. 5,10,15,20,25,__ 7. 8. 2,5,10,17,26,__ 9. 1,8,27,64,125,__ 10.80,70,61,53,46,40,__
- 14. VERIFY THAT EACH OF THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS IS A FALSE STATEMENT BY FINDING A COUNTEREXAMPLE FOR EACH. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
- 15. LOGIC PUZZLE EACH OF THE FOUR FRIENDS DONNA, SARAH, NICKKIE, AND XHANELLE , HAS A DIFFERENT PET(FISH, CAT, DOG, AND SNAKE). FROM THE FOLLOWING CLUES, DETERMINE THE PET OF EACH INDIVIDUAL. 1. SARAH IS OLDER THAN HER FRIEND WHO OWNS THE CAT AND YOUNGER THAN HER FRIEND WHO OWNS THE DOG. 2. NICKKIE AND HER FRIEND WHO OWNS THE SNAKE ARE BOTH OF THE SAME AGE AND ARE THE YOUNGEST MEMBERS OF THEIR GROUP. 3. DONNA IS OLDER THAN HER FRIEND WHO OWNS THE FISH.
Editor's Notes
- #4: Inductive reasoning is the process of forming a general conclusion based on observing specific examples. The conclusion, however, may not be accurate because Jenny would have still be late even she leaves early due to she might encounter some unexpected circumstances causing her to be late. The conclusion, however, may not be correct. There might some other chair/s in that house that is/are not red.
- #8: Deductive reasoning is the process of reaching a conclusion by applying general assumptions, procedures or principles. Therefore, logic tells us that all squares have four right angles Therefore, using deductive reasoning tells us that Blackeye has a good sense of smell.
- #10: Logic puzzles can be solved by using deductive reasoning and a chart that enables us to display the given information in a visual manner.