Programming in PHP Course Material BCA 6th Semester

PROGRAMMING IN PHP
SYLLABUS
Unit I
Essentials of PHP - Operators and Flow Control - Strings and Arrays.
Unit II
Creating Functions - Reading Data in Web Pages - PHP Browser - Handling Power.
Unit III
Object-Oriented Programming –Advanced Object-Oriented Programming.
Unit IV
File Handling –Working with Databases – Sessions, Cookies, and FTP
Unit V
Ajax – Advanced Ajax – Drawing Images on the Server.
Unit I
ROAD MAP
Essentials of PHP
Operators and Flow
Control
Strings and Arrays
Enter and Getting PHP
Create First PHP Page
Create variable &
Constants
Splitting & Merging
Arrays
Handling Arrays with
Loops
AA
String Functions PHP Alternate Syntax
Using Loops & Switch
Working with
Operators

Introduction
What is PHP?
 PHP stands for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor
 PHP is a server-side scripting language, likeASP
 PHP scripts are executed on theserver
 PHP supports many databases (MySQL, Informix, Oracle, Sybase,Solid,
PostgreSQL, Generic ODBC, etc.)
 PHP is an open source software
 PHP is free to download and use
What is a PHP File?
 PHP files can contain text, HTML tags and scripts
 PHP files are returned to the browser as plain HTML
 PHP files have a file extension of ".php", ".php3", or ".phtml"
What is MySQL?
 MySQL is a database server
 MySQL is ideal for both small and large applications
 MySQL supports standard SQL
 MySQL compiles on a number of platforms
 MySQL is free to download and use
PHP + MySQL
 PHP combined with MySQL are cross-platform (you can develop in
Windows and serve on a Unix platform)
Why PHP?
 PHP runs on different platforms (Windows, Linux, Unix, etc.)
 PHP is compatible with almost all servers used today (Apache, IIS, etc.)
 PHP is FREE to download from the official PHPresource:www.php.net
 PHP is easy to learn and runs efficiently on the server side
Where to Start?
To get access to a web server with PHP support, you can:
 Install Apache (or IIS) on your own server, install PHP, and MySQL
 Or find a web hosting plan with PHP and MySQLsupport

PHP Syntax
PHP code is executed on the server, and the plain HTML result is sent to the
browser.
Basic PHP Syntax
A PHP scripting block always starts with <?php and ends with ?>. A PHP scripting
block can be placed anywhere in the document.
On servers with shorthand support enabled you can start a scripting block with <?
and end with ?>.
For maximum compatibility, we recommend that you use the standard form (<?php)
rather than the shorthand form.
<?php
?>
A PHP file normally contains HTML tags, just like an HTML file, and some PHP
scripting code.
Below, we have an example of a simple PHP script which sends the text "Hello
World" to the browser:
<html>
<body>
<?php
echo "Hello World";
?>
</body>
</html>
Each code line in PHP must end with a semicolon. The semicolon is a separator and
is used to distinguish one set of instructions from another.
There are two basic statements to output text with PHP: echo and print. In the
example above we have used the echo statement to output the text "Hello World".
Note: The file must have the .php extension. If the file has a .html extension, the
PHP code will not be executed.

Comments in PHP
In PHP, we use // to make a single-line comment or /* and */ to make a large
comment block.
<html>
<body>
<?php
//This is a comment
/*
This is
a comment
block
*/
?>
</body>
</html>
PHP Variables
Variables are used for storing values, such as numbers, strings or function results, so
that they can be used many times in a script.
Variables in PHP
Variables are used for storing a values, like text strings, numbers or arrays.
When a variable is set it can be used over and over again in your script
All variables in PHP start with a $ sign symbol.
The correct way of setting a variable in PHP:
$var_name = value;
New PHP programmers often forget the $ sign at the beginning of the variable. In
that case it will not work.
Let's try creating a variable with a string, and a variable with a number:

<?php
$txt = "Hello World!";
$number = 16;
?>
PHP is a Loosely Typed Language
In PHP a variable does not need to be declared before being set.
In the example above, you see that you do not have to tell PHP which data type the
variable is.
PHP automatically converts the variable to the correct data type, depending on how
they are set.
In a strongly typed programming language, you have to declare (define) the type
and name of the variable before using it.
In PHP the variable is declared automatically when you use it.
Variable Naming Rules
 A variable name must start with a letter or an underscore "_"
 A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric characters andunderscores
(a-z, A-Z, 0-9, and _ )
 A variable name should not contain spaces. If a variable name is morethan
one word, it should be separated with underscore ($my_string), or with
capitalization ($myString)
PHP String
A string variable is used to store and manipulate a piece of text.
Strings in PHP
String variables are used for values that contains character strings.
In this tutorial we are going to look at some of the most common functions and
operators used to manipulate strings in PHP.
After we create a string we can manipulate it. A string can be used directly in a
function or it can be stored in a variable.

Below, the PHP script assigns the string "Hello World" to a string variable called
$txt:
<?php
$txt="Hello World";
echo $txt;
?>
The output of the code above will be:
Hello World
Now, lets try to use some different functions and operators to manipulate our string.
The Concatenation Operator
There is only one string operator in PHP.
The concatenation operator (.) is used to put two string values together.
To concatenate two variables together, use the dot (.) operator:
Hello World 1234
If we look at the code above you see that we used the concatenation operator two
times. This is because we had to insert a third string.
Between the two string variables we added a string with a single character, an
empty space, to separate the two variables.
Using the strlen() function
The strlen() function is used to find the length of a string.
Let's find the length of our string "Hello world!":
<?php
$txt1="Hello World";
$txt2="1234";
echo $txt1 . " " . $txt2;
?>
<?php
echo strlen("Hello world!");

?>
12
The length of a string is often used in loops or other functions, when it is important
to know when the string ends. (i.e. in a loop, we would want to stop the loop after
the last character in the string)
Using the strpos() function
The strpos() function is used to search for a string or character within a string.
If a match is found in the string, this function will return the position of the first
match. If no match is found, it will return FALSE.
Let's see if we can find the string "world" in our string:
<?php
echo strpos("Hello world!","world");
?>
6
As you see the position of the string "world" in our string is position 6. The reason
that it is 6, and not 7, is that the first position in the string is 0, and not 1.

PHP Operators
This section lists the different operators used in PHP.
Arithmetic Operators
Operator Description Example Result
+ Addition x=2
x+2
4
- Subtraction x=2
5-x
3
* Multiplication x=4
x*5
20
/ Division 15/5
5/2
3
2.5
% Modulus (division remainder) 5%2
10%8
10%2
1
2
0
++ Increment x=5
x++
x=6
-- Decrement x=5
x--
x=4
Assignment Operators
Operator Example Is The Same As
= x=y x=y
+= x+=y x=x+y
-= x-=y x=x-y
*= x*=y x=x*y
/= x/=y x=x/y
.= x.=y x=x.y
%= x%=y x=x%y
Comparison Operators

Operator Description Example
== is equal to 5==8 returns false
!= is not equal 5!=8 returns true
> is greater than 5>8 returns false
< is less than 5<8 returns true
>= is greater than or equal to 5>=8 returns false
<= is less than or equal to 5<=8 returns true
Logical Operators
Operator Description Example
&& and x=6
y=3
(x < 10 && y > 1) returns true
|| or x=6
y=3
(x==5 || y==5) returns false
! not x=6
y=3
!(x==y) returns true
PHP If...Else Statements
The if, elseif and else statements in PHP are used to perform different actions based
on different conditions.
Conditional Statements
Very often when you write code, you want to perform different actions for different
decisions.
You can use conditional statements in your code to do this.
 if...else statement - use this statement if you want to execute a set of code
when a condition is true and another if the conditionis not true

 elseif statement - is used with the if...else statement to execute a set of
code if one of several condition are true
The If...Else Statement
If you want to execute some code if a condition is true and another code if a
condition is false, use the if... else statement.
Syntax
if (condition)
code to be executed if condition is true;
else
code to be executed if condition is false;
Example
The following example will output "Have a nice weekend!" if the current day is
Friday, otherwise it will output "Have a nice day!":
<html>
<body>
<?php
$d=date("D");
if ($d=="Fri")
echo "Have a nice weekend!";
else
echo "Have a nice day!";
?>
</body>
</html>
If more than one line should be executed if a condition is true/false, the lines should
be enclosed within curly braces:
<html>
<body>
<?php
$d=date("D");
if ($d=="Fri")
{
echo "Hello!<br />";
echo "See you on Monday!";
}
?>
</body>

</html>
The ElseIf Statement
If you want to execute some code if one of several conditions are true use the elseif
statement
Syntax
if (condition)
elseif (condition)
else
code to be executed if condition is false;
Example
The following example will output "Have a nice weekend!" if the current day is
Friday, and "Have a nice Sunday!" if the current day is Sunday. Otherwise it will
output "Have a nice day!":
<html>
<body>
<?php
$d=date("D");
if ($d=="Fri")
elseif ($d=="Sun")
echo "Have a nice Sunday!";
else
echo "Have a nice day!";
?>
</body>
</html>

PHP Switch Statement
The Switch statement in PHP is used to perform one of several different actions
based on one of several different conditions.
The Switch Statement
If you want to select one of many blocks of code to be executed, use the Switch
statement.
The switch statement is used to avoid long blocks of if..elseif..else code.
Syntax
switch (expression)
{
case label1:
code to be executed if expression = label1;
break;
case label2:
code to be executed if expression = label2;
break;
default:
code to be executed
if expression is different
from both label1 and label2;
}
Example
This is how it works:
 A single expression (most often a variable) is evaluatedonce
 The value of the expression is compared with the values for each case in
the structure
 If there is a match, the code associated with that case is executed
 After a code is executed, break is used to stop the codefrom running
into the next case
 The default statement is used if none of the cases are true
<html>
<body>
<?php
switch ($x)
{
case 1:
echo "Number 1";
break;
case 2:

echo "Number 2";
break;
case 3:
echo "Number 3";
break;
default:
echo "No number between 1 and 3";
}
?>
</body>
</html>
PHP Arrays
An array can store one or more values in a single variable name.
What is an array?
When working with PHP, sooner or later, you might want to create many similar
variables.
Instead of having many similar variables, you can store the data as elements in an
array.
Each element in the array has its own ID so that it can be easily accessed.
There are three different kind of arrays:
 Numeric array - An array with a numeric ID key
 Associative array- An array where each ID key is associated with a
value
 Multidimensional array - An array containing one or more arrays
Numeric Arrays
A numeric array stores each element with a numeric ID key.
There are different ways to create a numeric array.
Example 1
In this example the ID key is automatically assigned:

$names = array("Peter","Quagmire","Joe");
Example 2
In this example we assign the ID key manually:
$names[0] = "Peter";
$names[1] = "Quagmire";
$names[2] = "Joe";
The ID keys can be used in a script:
<?php
$names[0] = "Peter";
$names[1] = "Quagmire";
$names[2] = "Joe";
echo $names[1] . " and " . $names[2] .
" are ". $names[0] . "'s neighbors";
?>
The code above will output:
Quagmire and Joe are Peter's neighbors
Associative Arrays
An associative array, each ID key is associated with a value.
When storing data about specific named values, a numerical array is not always the
best way to do it.
With associative arrays we can use the values as keys and assign values to them.
Example 1
In this example we use an array to assign ages to the different persons:
$ages = array("Peter"=>32, "Quagmire"=>30, "Joe"=>34);
Example 2
This example is the same as example 1, but shows a different way of creating the
array:
$ages['Peter'] = "32";

$ages['Quagmire'] = "30";
$ages['Joe'] = "34";
The ID keys can be used in a script:
<?php
$ages['Peter'] = "32";
$ages['Quagmire'] = "30";
$ages['Joe'] = "34";
echo "Peter is " . $ages['Peter'] . " years old.";
?>
Peter is 32 years old.
Multidimensional Arrays
In a multidimensional array, each element in the main array can also be an array.
And each element in the sub-array can be an array, and so on.
Example
In this example we create a multidimensional array, with automatically assigned ID
keys:
$families = array
(
"Griffin"=>array
(
"Peter",
"Lois",
"Megan"
),
"Quagmire"=>array
(
"Glenn"
),
"Brown"=>array
(
"Cleveland",
"Loretta",
"Junior"
)
);

The array above would look like this if written to the output:
Array
(
[Griffin] => Array
(
[0] => Peter
[1] => Lois
[2] => Megan
)
[Quagmire] => Array
(
[0] => Glenn
)
[Brown] => Array
(
[0] => Cleveland
[1] => Loretta
[2] => Junior
)
)
Example 2
Lets try displaying a single value from the array above:
echo "Is " . $families['Griffin'][2] .
" a part of the Griffin family?";
Is Megan a part of the Griffin family?
PHP Looping
Looping statements in PHP are used to execute the same block of code a specified
number of times.
Looping
Very often when you write code, you want the same block of code to run a number
of times. You can use looping statements in your code to perform this.

In PHP we have the following looping statements:
 while - loops through a block of code if and as long as a specified
condition is true
 do...while- loops through a block of code once, and then repeats the loop
as long as a special condition is true
 for - loops through a block of code a specified number of times
 foreach - loops through a block of code for each element inan array
The while Statement
The while statement will execute a block of code if and as long as a condition is
true.
Syntax
while (condition)
code to be executed;
Example
The following example demonstrates a loop that will continue to run as long as the
variable i is less than, or equal to 5. i will increase by 1 each time the loop runs:
<html>
<body>
<?php
$i=1;
while($i<=5)
{
echo "The number is " . $i . "<br />";
$i++;
}
?>
</body>
</html>
The do...while Statement
The do...while statement will execute a block of code at least once - it then will
repeat the loop as long as a condition is true.
Syntax
do
{

}
while (condition);
Example
The following example will increment the value of i at least once, and it will
continue incrementing the variable i as long as it has a value of less than 5:
<html>
<body>
<?php
$i=0;
do
{
$i++;
echo "The number is " . $i . "<br />";
}
while ($i<5);
?>
</body>
</html>
The for Statement
The for statement is the most advanced of the loops in PHP.
In it's simplest form, the for statement is used when you know how many times you
want to execute a statement or a list of statements.
Syntax
for (init; cond; incr)
{
}
Parameters:
 init: Is mostly used to set a counter, but can be any code to be
executed once at the beginning of the loop statement.
 cond: Is evaluated at beginning of each loop iteration. If the
condition evaluates to TRUE, the loop continues and the code
executes. If it evaluates to FALSE, the execution of the loop ends.
 incr: Is mostly used to increment a counter, but can be any code to
be executed at the end of each loop.

Note: Each of the parameters can be empty or have multiple expressions
separated by commas.
 cond: All expressions separated by a comma areevaluated but the
result is taken from the last part. This parameter being empty
means the loop should be run indefinitely. This is useful when using
a conditional break statement inside the loop for ending the loop.
Example
The following example prints the text "Hello World!" five times:
<html>
<body>
<?php
for ($i=1; $i<=5; $i++)
{
echo "Hello World!<br />";
}
?>
</body>
</html>
The foreach Statement
The foreach statement is used to loop through arrays.
For every loop, the value of the current array element is assigned to $value (and the
array pointer is moved by one) - so on the next loop, you'll be looking at the next
element.
Syntax
foreach (array as value)
{
}
Example
The following example demonstrates a loop that will print the values of the given
array:
<html>
<body>
<?php

$arr=array("one", "two", "three");
foreach ($arr as $value)
{
echo "Value: " . $value . "<br />";
}
?>
</body>
</html>

Unit – II
Creating Functions – Reading Data in Web Pages – PHP Browser Handling
Power
ROAD MAP
PHP Functions
The real power of PHP comes from its functions.
In PHP - there are more than 700 built-in functions available.
PHP Functions
In this tutorial we will show you how to create your own functions.
For a reference and examples of the built-in functions
•Passing Functions some Data
•Introducing Variable Scope in PHP
•PHP Variable Functions
Creating
Functions
•Handling Text fields, Text areas, Check Boxes, Radio Buttons, List Boxes.
•Handling Password Controls, Hidden Controls, Image Maps, File Uploads,
Buttons
Reading Data in
Web Pages
•Using PHP's Server Variables
•Performing Data Validation
•Requiring Numbers, Text
•Persisting User Data
•Handling HTML Tags in user input
PHP Browser -
Handling Power

Create a PHP Function
A function is a block of code that can be executed whenever we need it.
Creating PHP functions:
 All functions start with the word "function()"
 Name the function - It should be possible to understand what
 The function does by its name. The name can start with a letter
or underscore (not a number)
 Add a "{" - The function code starts after the opening curly brace
 Insert the function code
 Add a "}" - The function is finished by a closing curly brace
Example
A simple function that writes my name when it is called:
<html>
<body>
<?php
function writeMyName()
{
echo "Kai Jim Refsnes";
}
writeMyName();
?>
</body>
</html>

Use a PHP Function
Now we will use the function in a PHP script:
<html>
<body>
<?php
function writeMyName()
{
echo "Kai Jim Refsnes";
}
echo "Hello world!<br />";
echo "My name is ";
writeMyName();
echo ".<br />That's right, ";
writeMyName();
echo " is my name.";
?>
</body>
</html>
Hello world!
My name is Kai Jim Refsnes.
That's right, Kai Jim Refsnes is my name.
PHP Functions - Adding parameters
Our first function (writeMyName()) is a very simple function. It only writes a static
string.
To add more functionality to a function, we can add parameters. A parameter is just
like a variable.
You may have noticed the parentheses after the function name, like:
writeMyName(). The parameters are specified inside the parentheses.

Example 1
The following example will write different first names, but the same last name:
<html>
<body>
<?php
function writeMyName($fname)
{
echo $fname . " Refsnes.<br />";
}
echo "My name is ";
writeMyName("Kai Jim");
echo "My name is ";
writeMyName("Hege");
echo "My name is ";
writeMyName("Stale");
?>
</body>
</html>
My name is Hege Refsnes.
My name is Stale Refsnes.
Example 2
The following function has two parameters:
<html>
<body>
<?php
function writeMyName($fname,$punctuation)
{
echo $fname . " Refsnes" . $punctuation . "<br />";
}
echo "My name is ";
writeMyName("Kai Jim",".");
echo "My name is ";
writeMyName("Hege","!");
echo "My name is ";
writeMyName("Ståle","...");
?>
</body>
</html>

My name is Hege Refsnes!
My name is Ståle Refsnes...
PHP Functions - Return values
Functions can also be used to return values.
Example
<html>
<body>
<?php
function add($x,$y)
{
$total = $x + $y;
return $total;
}
echo "1 + 16 = " . add(1,16);
?>
</body>
</html>
1 + 16 = 17
PHP Forms and User Input
The PHP $_GET and $_POST variables are used to retrieve information from
forms, like user input.
PHP Form Handling
The most important thing to notice when dealing with HTML forms and PHP is that
any form element in an HTML page will automatically be available to your PHP
scripts.
Form example:

<html>
<body>
<form action="welcome.php" method="post">
Name: <input type="text" name="name" />
Age: <input type="text" name="age" />
<input type="submit" />
</form>
</body>
</html>
The example HTML page above contains two input fields and a submit button.
When the user fills in this form and click on the submit button, the form data is sent
to the "welcome.php" file.
The "welcome.php" file looks like this:
<html>
<body>
Welcome <?php echo $_POST["name"]; ?>.<br />
You are <?php echo $_POST["age"]; ?> years old.
</body>
</html>
A sample output of the above script may be:
Welcome John.
You are 28 years old.
The PHP $_GET and $_POST variables will be explained in the next chapters.
Form Validation
User input should be validated whenever possible. Client side validation is faster,
and will reduce server load.
However, any site that gets enough traffic to worry about server resources, may also
need to worry about site security. You should always use server side validation if the
form accesses a database.
A good way to validate a form on the server is to post the formto itself, instead of
jumping to a different page. The user will then get theerror messages on the same
page as the form. This makes it easier to discover the error.

PHP $_GET
The $_GET variable is used to collect values from a form with method="get".
The $_GET Variable
The $_GET variable is an array of variable names and values sent by the HTTP
GET method.
The $_GET variable is used to collect values from a form with method="get".
Information sent from a form with the GET method is visible to everyone (it will be
displayed in the browser's address bar) and it has limits on the amount of
information to send (max. 100 characters).
Example
<form action="welcome.php" method="get">
</form>
When the user clicks the "Submit" button, the URL sent could look something like
this:
http://www.w3schools.com/welcome.php?name=Peter&age=37
The "welcome.php" file can now use the $_GET variable to catch the form data
(notice that the names of the form fields will automatically be the ID keys in the
$_GET array):
Welcome <?php echo $_GET["name"]; ?>.<br />
You are <?php echo $_GET["age"]; ?> years old!
Why use $_GET?
Note: When using the $_GET variable all variable names and values are displayed
in the URL. So this method should not be used when sending passwords or other
sensitive information! However, because the variables are displayed in the URL, it
is possible to bookmark the page. This can be useful in some cases.

Note: The HTTP GET method is not suitable on large variable values; the value
cannot exceed 100 characters.
The $_REQUEST Variable
The PHP $_REQUEST variable contains the contents of both $_GET, $_POST, and
$_COOKIE.
The PHP $_REQUEST variable can be used to get the result from form data sent
with both the GET and POST methods.
Example
Welcome <?php echo $_REQUEST["name"]; ?>.<br />
You are <?php echo $_REQUEST["age"]; ?> years old!
PHP $_POST
The $_POST variable is used to collect values from a form with method="post".
The $_POST Variable
The $_POST variable is an array of variable names and values sent by the HTTP
POST method.
The $_POST variable is used to collect values from a form with method="post".
Information sent from a form with the POST method is invisible to others and has
no limits on the amount of information to send.
Example
Enter your name: <input type="text" name="name" />
Enter your age: <input type="text" name="age" />
</form>
When the user clicks the "Submit" button, the URL will not contain any form data,
and will look something like this:
http://www.w3schools.com/welcome.php

The "welcome.php" file can now use the $_POST variable to catch the form data
(notice that the names of the form fields will automatically be the ID keys in the
$_POST array):
You are <?php echo $_POST["age"]; ?> years old!
Why use $_POST?
 Variables sent with HTTP POST are not shown in the URL
 Variables have no length limit
However, because the variables are not displayed in the URL, it is not possible to
bookmark the page.
The $_REQUEST Variable
The PHP $_REQUEST variable contains the contents of both $_GET, $_POST, and
$_COOKIE.
The PHP $_REQUEST variable can be used to get the result from form data sent
with both the GET and POST methods.
Example
Welcome <?php echo $_REQUEST["name"]; ?>.<br />
You are <?php echo $_REQUEST["age"]; ?> years old!
PHP Date()
The PHP date() function is used to format a time or a date.
The PHP Date() Function
The PHP date() function formats a timestamp to a more readable date and time.
Syntax
date(format,timestamp)

Parameter Description
format Required. Specifies the format of the timestamp
timestamp Optional. Specifies a timestamp. Default is the current date
and time (as a timestamp)
PHP Date - What is a Timestamp?
A timestamp is the number of seconds since January 1, 1970 at 00:00:00 GMT. This
is also known as the Unix Timestamp.
PHP Date - Format theDate
The first parameter in the date() function specifies how to format the date/time. It
uses letters to represent date and time formats. Here are some of the letters that can
be used:
 d - The day of the month (01-31)
 m - The current month, as a number (01-12)
 Y - The current year in four digits
An overview of all the letters that can be used in the format parameter can be found
in date.
Other characters, like"/", ".", or "-" can also be inserted between the letters to add
additional formatting:
<?php
echo date("Y/m/d");
echo "<br />";
echo date("Y.m.d");
echo "<br />";
echo date("Y-m-d");
?>
The output of the code above could be something like this:
2006/07/11
2006.07.11
2006-07-11
PHP Date - Adding a Timestamp

The second parameter in the date () function specifies a timestamp. This parameter is
optional. If you do not supply a timestamp, the current time will be used.
In our next example we will use the mktime() function to create a timestamp for
tomorrow.
The mktime() function returns the Unix timestamp for a specified date.
Syntax
mktime(hour,minute,second,month,day,year,is_dst)
To go one day in the future we simply add one to the day argument of mktime():
<?php
$tomorrow = mktime(0,0,0,date("m"),date("d")+1,date("Y"));
echo "Tomorrow is ".date("Y/m/d", $tomorrow);
?>
The output of the code above could be something like this:
Tomorrow is 2006/07/12
PHP Include File
Server Side Includes (SSI) are used to create functions, headers, footers, or elements that
will be reused on multiple pages.
Server Side Includes
You can insert the content of a file into a PHP file before the server executes it, with the
include() or require() function. The two functions are identical in every way, except how
they handle errors. The include() function generates a warning (but the script will
continue execution) while the require() function generates a fatal error (and the script
execution will stop after the error).
These two functions are used to create functions, headers, footers, or elements that can
be reused on multiple pages.

This can save the developer a considerable amount of time. This means that you can
create a standard header or menu file that you want all your web pages to include.
When the header needs to be updated, you can only update this one include file, or
when you add a new page to your site, you can simply change the menu file (instead
of updating the links on all web pages).
The include() Function
The include() function takes all the text in a specified file and copies it into the file
that uses the include function.
Example 1
Assume that you have a standard header file, called "header.php". To include the
header file in a page, use the include() function, like this:
<html>
<body>
<?php include("header.php"); ?>
<h1>Welcome to my home page</h1>
<p>Some text</p>
</body>
</html>
Example 2
Now, let's assume we have a standard menu file that should be used on all pages
(include files usually have a ".php" extension). Look at the "menu.php" file below:
<html>
<body>
<a href="http://www.w3schools.com/default.php">Home</a> |
<a href="http://www.w3schools.com/about.php">About Us</a> |
<a href="http://www.w3schools.com/contact.php">Contact Us</a>
The three files, "default.php", "about.php", and "contact.php" should all include the
"menu.php" file. Here is the code in "default.php":
<?php include("menu.php"); ?>
<p>Some text</p>
</body>
</html>

If you look at the source code of the "default.php" in a browser, it will look
something like this:
<html>
<body>
<a href="default.php">Home</a> |
<a href="about.php">About Us</a> |
<a href="contact.php">Contact Us</a>
<p>Some text</p>
</body>
</html>
And, of course, we would have to do the same thing for "about.php" and
"contact.php". By using include files, you simply have to update the text in the
"menu.php" file if you decide to rename or change the order of the links or add
another web page to the site.
The require() Function
The require() function is identical to include(), except that it handles errors
differently.
The include() function generates a warning (but the script will continue execution)
while the require() function generates a fatal error (and the script execution will stop
after the error).
If you include a file with the include() function and an error occurs, you might get
an error message like the one below.
PHP code:
<html>
<body>
<?php
include("wrongFile.php");
echo "Hello World!";
?>
</body>
</html>
Error message:
Warning: include(wrongFile.php) [function.include]:
failed to open stream:

No such file or directory in C:homewebsitetest.php on line
5
Warning: include() [function.include]:
Failed opening 'wrongFile.php' for inclusion
(include_path='.;C:php5pear')
in C:homewebsitetest.php on line 5
Hello World!
Notice that the echo statement is still executed! This is because a Warning does not
stop the script execution.
Now, let's run the same example with the require() function.
PHP code:
Error message:
Warning: require(wrongFile.php) [function.require]:
failed to open stream:
No such file or directory in C:homewebsitetest.php on line
5
Fatal error: require() [function.require]:
Failed opening required 'wrongFile.php'
(include_path='.;C:php5pear')
in C:homewebsitetest.php on line 5
The echo statement was not executed because the script execution stopped after the
fatal error.
It is recommended to use the require() function instead of include(), because scripts
should not continue executing if files are missing or misnamed.
<html>
<body>
<?php
require("wrongFile.php");
echo "Hello World!";
?>
</body>
</html>

Unit - III
Object-Oriented Programming – Advanced Object-Oriented
Programming.
Object-Oriented Programming is an approach to programming where objects and
classes are used. Now-a-days Java and C++ are mostly used for object-oriented
programming. There was limited scope of object-oriented programming in PHP
4, but in PHP 5, the object model was rewritten for better performance and more
features.
The fundamental idea behind an object-oriented language is to enclose a bundle
of variables and functions into a single unit and keep both variables and functions
safe from outside interference and misuse. Such a unit is called object which acts
on data. The mechanism that binds together data and functions are called
encapsulation. This feature makes it easy to reuse code in various projects. The
functions declared in an object provides the way to access the data. The functions
of an object are called methods and all the methods of an object have access to
variables called properties.
The following picture shows the components of an object.
Member Data
Member Functions

PHP: Creating classes and Instantiation
 The class definition starts with the keyword class followed by a class
name, then followed by a set of curly braces ({}) which enclose constants,
variables (called "properties"), and functions (called "methods")
belonging to the class.
 A valid class name (excluding the reserved words) starts with a letter or
underscore, followed by any number of letters, numbers, or underscores.
 Class names usually begin with an uppercase letter to distinguish them
from other identifiers.
 An instance is an object that has been created from an existing class.
 Creating an object from an existing class is called instantiating the object.
 To create an object out of a class, the new keyword must be used.
 Classes should be defined prior to instantiation.
Understanding public, private, protected methods
Methods can be public, private or protected. Public means that methods can be
accessed everywhere, private means methods can be accessed by the class that
defines the member and protected means methods can be accessed only within
the class itself and by inherited and parent classes.
PHP Constructor methods
 The constructor is a special built-in method, added with PHP 5, allows
developers to declare for classes.
 Constructors allow to initializing object properties ( i.e. the values of
properties) when an object is created.

 Classes which have a constructor method execute automatically when an
object is created.
 The 'construct' method starts with two underscores (__).
 The constructor is not required if you don't want to pass any property
values or perform any actions when the object is created.
 PHP only ever calls one constructor.
The general syntax for constructor declaration follows :
function __construct([argument1, argument2, ..., argumentN])
{
/* Class initialization code */
}
The type of argument1, argument2,.......,argumentN are mixed.
PHP Destructors methods
 The destructor is the counterpart of constructor.
 A destructor function is called when the object is destroyed
 A destructor function cleans up any resources allocated to an object after
the object is destroyed.
 A destructor function is commonly called in two ways: When a script
ends or manually delete an object with
the unset() function
 The 'destructor' method starts with two underscores (__).
The general syntax for destructor declaration follows :
function __destruct
{
/* Class initialization code */

}
The type of argument1, argument2,.......,argumentN are mixed.
PHP: Inheritance
 Inheritance is a well-established programming principle.
 Inheritance enables classes to form a hierarchy like a family tree.
 Allows subclasses to share the methods and properties (which are public
or protected) of its superclass.
 Superclass is the parent class.
 A subclass can add properties and methods.
 Inheritance allows reusing code.

PHP: Interfaces
 Provides methods to implement.
 Derived classes may implement more than one interface.
 Interfaces may inherit from other interfaces using the extends keyword.
 All methods are assumed to be public in the interface definition can be
defined explicitly as public or implicitly.
 When a class implements multiple interfaces there cannot be any naming
collision between methods defined in the different interfaces.

UNIT – IV
File Handling –Working with Databases – Sessions, Cookies, and FTP
ROAD MAP
SESSIONS, COOKIES, & FDP
SETTING & READING COOKIE
DELETING COOKIES
WORKING WITH FDP
STORING DATA IN SESSIONS
WORKING WITH DATABASES
CREATE DATABASE
CONNECT TO SERVER
CLOSE TEHE CONNECTION
UPDATE DATABASES
INSERT NEW RECORD
DELETE RECORDS
FILE HANDLING
OPEN, READ & CLOSE DELETE,WRITE & APPEND

PHP File Handling
The fopen() function is used to open files in PHP.
Opening a File
The fopen() function is used to open files in PHP.
The first parameter of this function contains the name of the file to be opened and
the second parameter specifies in which mode the file should be opened:
<html>
<body>
<?php
$file=fopen("welcome.txt","r");
?>
</body>
</html>
The file may be opened in one of the following modes:
Modes Description
r Read only. Starts at the beginning of the file
r+ Read/Write. Starts at the beginning of the file
w Write only. Opens and clears the contents of file; or creates a new file
if it doesn't exist
w+ Read/Write. Opens and clears the contents of file; or creates a new
file if it doesn't exist
a Append. Opens and writes to the end of the file or creates a new
file if it doesn't exist
a+
Read/Append. Preserves file content by writing to the end of the file
x Write only. Creates a new file. Returns FALSE and an error if file
already exists

Note: If the fopen() function is unable to open the specified file, it returns 0 (false).
Example
The following example generates a message if the fopen() function is unable to
open the specified file:
<html>
<body>
<?php
$file=fopen("welcome.txt","r") or exit("Unable to open
file!");
?>
</body>
</html>
Closing a File
The fclose() function is used to close an open file:
<?php
$file = fopen("test.txt","r");
//some code to be executed
fclose($file);
?>
Check End-of-file
The feof() function checks if the "end-of-file" (EOF) has been reached.
The feof() function is useful for looping through data of unknown length.
Note: You cannot read from files opened in w, a, and x mode!
if (feof($file)) echo "End of file";
Reading a File Line by Line
The fgets() function is used to read a single line from a file.
Note: After a call to this function the file pointer has moved to the next line.

Example
The example below reads a file line by line, until the end of file is reached:
<?php
$file = fopen("welcome.txt", "r") or exit("Unable to open
file!");
//Output a line of the file until the end is reached
while(!feof($file))
{
echo fgets($file). "<br />";
}
fclose($file);
?>
Reading a File Character by Character
The fgetc() function is used to read a single character from a file.
Note: After a call to this function the file pointer moves to the next character.
Example
The example below reads a file character by character, until the end of file is
reached:
<?php
$file=fopen("welcome.txt","r") or exit("Unable to open
file!");
while (!feof($file))
{
echo fgetc($file);
}
fclose($file);
?>
PHP FileUpload
With PHP, it is possible to upload files to the server.
Create an Upload-File Form
To allow users to upload files from a form can be very useful.
<html>
<body>

Look at the following HTML form for uploading files:
Notice the following about the HTML form above:
 The enctype attribute of the <form> tag specifies which content-type
to use when submitting the form. "multipart/form-data" is used when
a form requires binary data, like the contents of a file, to be uploaded
 The type="file" attribute of the <input> tag specifies that theinput
should be processed as a file. For example, when viewed in a
browser, there will be a browse-button next to the input field
Note: Allowing users to upload files is a big security risk. Onlypermit
trusted users to perform file uploads.
Create The Upload Script
The "upload_file.php" file contains the code for uploading a file:
<?php
if ($_FILES["file"]["error"] > 0)
{
echo "Error: " . $_FILES["file"]["error"] . "<br />";
}
else
{
echo "Upload: " . $_FILES["file"]["name"] . "<br />";

echo "Type: " . $_FILES["file"]["type"] . "<br />";
echo "Size: " . ($_FILES["file"]["size"] / 1024) . " Kb<br
/>";
echo "Stored in: " . $_FILES["file"]["tmp_name"];
}
?>
By using the global PHP $_FILES array you can upload files from a client
computer to the remote server.
The first parameter is the form's input name and the second index can be
either "name", "type", "size", "tmp_name" or "error". Like this:
 $_FILES["file"]["name"] - the name of the uploaded file
 $_FILES["file"]["type"] - the type of the uploaded file
 $_FILES["file"]["size"] - the size in bytes of the uploaded file
 $_FILES["file"]["tmp_name"] - the name of the temporary copy of
the file stored on the server
 $_FILES["file"]["error"] - the error code resulting from the file
upload
This is a very simple way of uploading files. For security reasons, you
should add restrictions on what the user is allowed to upload.
Restrictions on Upload
In this script we add some restrictions to the file upload. The user may only
upload .gif or .jpeg files and the file size must be under 20 kb:
<?php
if ((($_FILES["file"]["type"] == "image/gif")
|| ($_FILES["file"]["type"] == "image/jpeg")
|| ($_FILES["file"]["type"] == "image/pjpeg"))
&& ($_FILES["file"]["size"] < 20000))
{
{
echo "Error: " . $_FILES["file"]["error"] . "<br />";
}
else
{
/>";
echo "Stored in: " . $_FILES["file"]["tmp_name"];

}
}
else
{
echo "Invalid file";
}
?>
Note: For IE to recognize jpg files the type must be pjpeg, for FireFox it
must be jpeg.
Saving the Uploaded File
The examples above create a temporary copy of the uploaded files in the
PHP temp folder on the server.
The temporary copied files disappears when the script ends. To store the
uploaded file we need to copy it to a different location:
<?php
if ((($_FILES["file"]["type"] == "image/gif")
|| ($_FILES["file"]["type"] == "image/jpeg")
|| ($_FILES["file"]["type"] == "image/pjpeg"))
&& ($_FILES["file"]["size"] < 20000))
{
{
echo "Return Code: " . $_FILES["file"]["error"] . "<br
/>";
}
else
{
/>";
echo "Temp file: " . $_FILES["file"]["tmp_name"] . "<br
/>";
if (file_exists("upload/" . $_FILES["file"]["name"]))
{
echo $_FILES["file"]["name"] . " already exists. ";
}
else
{
move_uploaded_file($_FILES["file"]["tmp_name"],
"upload/" . $_FILES["file"]["name"]);
echo "Stored in: " . "upload/" .

$_FILES["file"]["name"];
}
}
}
else
{
echo "Invalid file";
}
?>
The script above checks if the file already exists, if it does not, it copies the
file to the specified folder.
Note: This example saves the file to a new folder called "upload"
PHP Cookies
A cookie is often used to identify a user.
What is a Cookie?
A cookie is often used to identify a user. A cookie is a small file that the
server embeds on the user's computer. Each time the same computer requests
a page with a browser, it will send the cookie too. With PHP, you can both
create and retrieve cookie values.
How to Create a Cookie?
The setcookie() function is used to set a cookie.
Note: The setcookie() function must appear BEFORE the <html> tag.
Syntax
setcookie(name, value, expire, path, domain);

Example 1
In the example below, we will create a cookie named "user" and assign the
value "Alex Porter" to it. We also specify that the cookie should expire after
one hour:
<?php
setcookie("user", "Alex Porter", time()+3600);
?>
<html>
.....
Note: The value of the cookie is automatically URLencoded when sending
the cookie, and automatically decoded when received (to prevent
URLencoding, use setrawcookie() instead).
Example 2
You can also set the expiration time of the cookie in another way. It may be
easier than using seconds.
<?php
$expire=time()+60*60*24*30;
setcookie("user", "Alex Porter", $expire);
?>
<html>
.....
In the example above the expiration time is set to a month (60 sec * 60 min *
24 hours * 30 days).
How to Retrieve a Cookie Value?
The PHP $_COOKIE variable is used to retrieve a cookie value.
In the example below, we retrieve the value of the cookie named "user" and
display it on a page:
<?php
// Print a cookie
echo $_COOKIE["user"];
// A way to view all cookies

print_r($_COOKIE);
?>
In the following example we use the isset() function to find out if a cookie
has been set:
<html>
<body>
<?php
if (isset($_COOKIE["user"]))
echo "Welcome " . $_COOKIE["user"] . "!<br />";
else
echo "Welcome guest!<br />";
?>
</body>
</html>
How to Delete a Cookie?
When deleting a cookie you should assure that the expiration date is in the
past.
Delete example:
<?php
// set the expiration date to one hour ago
setcookie("user", "", time()-3600);
?>
What if a Browser Does NOT Support Cookies?
If your application deals with browsers that do not support cookies, you will
have to use other methods to pass information from one page to another in
your application. One method is to pass the data through forms (forms and
user input are described earlier in this tutorial).
The form below passes the user input to "welcome.php" when the user clicks
on the "Submit" button:
<html>
<body>

</form>
</body>
</html>
Retrieve the values in the "welcome.php" file like this:
<html>
<body>
You are <?php echo $_POST["age"]; ?> years old.
</body>
</html>
PHP Sessions
A PHP session variable is used to store information about, or change settings
for a user session. Session variables hold information about one single user,
and are available to all pages in one application.
PHP Session Variables
When you are working with an application, you open it, do some changes
and then you close it. This is much like a Session. The computer knows who
you are. It knows when you start the application and when you end. But on
the internet there is one problem: the web server does not know who you are
and what you do because the HTTP address doesn't maintain state.
A PHP session solves this problem by allowing you to store user information
on the server for later use (i.e. username, shopping items, etc). However,
session information is temporary and will be deleted after the user has left
the website. If you need a permanent storage you may want to store the data
in a database.
Sessions work by creating a unique id (UID) for each visitor and store
variables based on this UID. The UID is either stored in a cookie or is
propagated in the URL.
Starting a PHP Session

Before you can store user information in your PHP session, you must first
start up the session.
Note: The session_start() function must appear BEFORE the <html> tag:
<?php session_start(); ?>
<html>
<body>
</body>
</html>
The code above will register the user's session with the server, allow you to
start saving user information, and assign a UID for that user's session.
Storing a Session Variable
The correct way to store and retrieve session variables is to use the PHP
$_SESSION variable:
<?php
session_start();
// store session data
$_SESSION['views']=1;
?>
<html>
<body>
<?php
//retrieve session data
echo "Pageviews=". $_SESSION['views'];
?>
</body>
</html>
Output:
Pageviews=1
In the example below, we create a simple page-views counter. The isset()
function checks if the "views" variable has already been set. If "views" has
been set, we can increment our counter. If "views" doesn't exist, we create a
"views" variable, and set it to 1:
<?php

session_start();
if(isset($_SESSION['views']))
$_SESSION['views']=$_SESSION['views']+1;
else
$_SESSION['views']=1;
echo "Views=". $_SESSION['views'];
?>
Destroying a Session
If you wish to delete some session data, you can use the unset() or the
session_destroy() function.
The unset() function is used to free the specified session variable:
<?php
unset($_SESSION['views']);
?>
You can also completely destroy the session by calling the session_destroy()
function:
<?php
session_destroy();
?>
Note: session_destroy() will reset your session and you will lose all your
stored session data.
PHP Sending E-mails
PHP allows you to send e-mails directly from a script.
The PHP mail() Function
The PHP mail() function is used to send emails from inside a script.
Syntax

mail(to,subject,message,headers,parameters)
to Required. Specifies the receiver / receivers of the email
subject Required. Specifies the subject of the email. Note: This
parameter cannot contain any newline characters
message Required. Defines the message to be sent. Each line should be
separated with a LF (n). Lines should not exceed 70
characters
headers Optional. Specifies additional headers, like From, Cc, and
Bcc. The additional headers should be separated with a CRLF
(rn)
parameters Optional. Specifies an additional parameter to the sendmail
program
Note: For the mail functions to be available, PHP requires an installed and
working email system. The program to be used is defined by the
configuration settings in the php.ini file
PHP Simple E-Mail
The simplest way to send an email with PHP is to send a text email.
In the example below we first declare the variables ($to, $subject, $message,
$from, $headers), then we use the variables in the mail() function to send an
e-mail:
<?php
$to = "someone@example.com";
$subject = "Test mail";
$message = "Hello! This is a simple email message.";
$from = "someonelse@example.com";
$headers = "From: $from";
mail($to,$subject,$message,$headers);
echo "Mail Sent.";
?>

PHP Mail Form
With PHP, you can create a feedback-form on your website. The example
below sends a text message to a specified e-mail address:
<html>
<body>
<?php
if (isset($_REQUEST['email']))
//if "email" is filled out, send email
{
//send email
$email = $_REQUEST['email'] ;
$subject = $_REQUEST['subject'] ;
$message = $_REQUEST['message'] ;
mail( "someone@example.com", "Subject: $subject",
$message, "From: $email" );
echo "Thank you for using our mail form";
}
else
//if "email" is not filled out, display the form
{
echo "<form method='post' action='mailform.php'>
Email: <input name='email' type='text' /><br />
Subject: <input name='subject' type='text' /><br />
Message:<br />
<textarea name='message' rows='15' cols='40'>
</textarea><br />
<input type='submit' />
</form>";
}
?>
</body>
</html>
This is how the example above works:
 First, check if the email input field is filled out
 If it is not set (like when the page is first visited); output the HTML
form
 If it is set (after the form is filled out); send the email from the form
 When submit is pressed after the form is filled out, the page reloads,
sees that the email input is set, and sends the email
Note: This is the simplest way to send e-mail, but it is not secure. In the next
chapter of this tutorial you can read more about vulnerabilities in e-mail
scripts, and how to validate user input to make it more secure.

PHP Secure E-mails
There is a weakness in the PHP e-mail script in the previous chapter.
PHP E-mail Injections
First, look at the PHP code from the previous chapter:
<html>
<body>
<?php
//if "email" is filled out, send email
{
//send email
mail("someone@example.com", "Subject: $subject",
}
else
//if "email" is not filled out, display the form
{
Message:<br />
</textarea><br />
</form>";
}
?>
</body>
</html>

The problem with the code above is that unauthorized users can insert data
into the mail headers via the input form.
What happens if the user adds the following text to the email input field in
the form?
someone@example.com%0ACc:person2@example.com
%0ABcc:person3@example.com,person3@example.com,
anotherperson4@example.com,person5@example.com
%0ABTo:person6@example.com
The mail() function puts the text above into the mail headers as usual, and
now the header has an extra Cc:, Bcc:, and To: field. When the user clicks the
submit button, the e-mail will be sent to all of the addresses above!
PHP Stopping E-mail Injections
The best way to stop e-mail injections is to validate the input.
The code below is the same as in the previous chapter, but now we have
added an input validator that checks the email field in the form:
<html>
<body>
<?php
function spamcheck($field)
{
//filter_var() sanitizes the e-mail
//address using FILTER_SANITIZE_EMAIL
$field=filter_var($field, FILTER_SANITIZE_EMAIL);
//filter_var() validates the e-mail
//address using FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL
if(filter_var($field, FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL))
{
return TRUE;
}
else
{
return FALSE;
}
}
{//if "email" is filled out, proceed
//check if the email address is invalid
$mailcheck = spamcheck($_REQUEST['email']);

if ($mailcheck==FALSE)
{
echo "Invalid input";
}
else
{//send email
mail("someone@example.com", "Subject: $subject",
}
}
else
{//if "email" is not filled out, display the form
Message:<br />
</textarea><br />
</form>";
}
?>
</body>
</html>
In the code above we use PHP filters to validate input:
 The FILTER_SANITIZE_EMAIL filter removes all illegal e-mail
characters from a string
 The FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL filter validates value as an e-mail
address
PHP Error Handling
The default error handling in PHP is very simple. An error message with
filename, line number and a message describing the error is sent to the
browser.

PHP Error Handling
When creating scripts and web applications, error handling is an important
part. If your code lacks error checking code, your program may look very
unprofessional and you may be open to security risks.
This tutorial contains some of the most common error checking methods in
PHP.
We will show different error handling methods:
 Simple "die()" statements
 Custom errors and error triggers
 Error reporting
Basic Error Handling: Using the die() function
The first example shows a simple script that opens a text file:
<?php
?>
If the file does not exist you might get an error like this:
Warning: fopen(welcome.txt) [function.fopen]: failed to open
stream:
No such file or directory in C:webfoldertest.php on line 2
To avoid that the user gets an error message like the one above, we test if the
file exist before we try to access it:
<?php
if(!file_exists("welcome.txt"))
{
die("File not found");
}
else
{
}
?>
Now if the file does not exist you get an error like this:

File not found
The code above is more efficient than the earlier code, because it uses a
simple error handling mechanism to stop the script after the error.
However, simply stopping the script is not always the right way to go. Let's
take a look at alternative PHP functions for handling errors.
Creating a Custom Error Handler
Creating a custom error handler is quite simple. We simply create a special
function that can be called when an error occurs in PHP.
This function must be able to handle a minimum of two parameters (error
level and error message) but can accept up to five parameters (optionally:
file, line-number, and the error context):
Syntax
error_function(error_level,error_message,
error_file,error_line,error_context)
error_level Required. Specifies the error report level for the user-defined
error. Must be a value number. See table below for possible
error report levels
error_message Required. Specifies the error message for the user-defined
error
error_file Optional. Specifies the filename in which the error occurred
error_line Optional. Specifies the line number in which the error
occurred
error_context Optional. Specifies an array containing every variable, and
their values, in use when the error occurred
Error Report levels
These error report levels are the different types of error the user-defined error
handler can be used for:

Value Constant Description
2 E_WARNING Non-fatal run-time errors. Execution of
the script is not halted
8 E_NOTICE Run-time notices. The script found
something that might be an error, but
could also happen when running a
script normally
256 E_USER_ERROR Fatal user-generated error. This is like
an E_ERROR set by the programmer
using the PHP functiontrigger_error()
512 E_USER_WARNING Non-fatal user-generated warning. This
is like an E_WARNING set by the
programmer using the PHP function
trigger_error()
1024 E_USER_NOTICE User-generated notice. This is like an
E_NOTICE set by the programmer
using the PHP function trigger_error()
4096 E_RECOVERABLE_ERROR Catchable fatal error. This is like an
E_ERROR but can be caught by a user
defined handle (see also
set_error_handler())
8191 E_ALL All errors and warnings, except level
E_STRICT (E_STRICT will be part of
E_ALL as of PHP 6.0)
Now lets create a function to handle errors:
function customError($errno, $errstr)
{
echo "<b>Error:</b> [$errno] $errstr<br />";
echo "Ending Script";
die();
}
The code above is a simple error handling function. When it is triggered, it
gets the error level and an error message. It then outputs the error level and
message and terminates the script.
Now that we have created an error handling function we need to decide when
it should be triggered.

Set Error Handler
The default error handler for PHP is the built in error handler. We are going
to make the function above the default error handler for the duration of the
script.
It is possible to change the error handler to apply for only some errors, that
way the script can handle different errors in different ways. However, in this
example we are going to use our custom error handler for all errors:
set_error_handler("customError");
Since we want our custom function to handle all errors, the
set_error_handler() only needed one parameter, a second parameter could be
added to specify an error level.
Example
Testing the error handler by trying to output variable that does not exist:
<?php
//error handler function
{
echo "<b>Error:</b> [$errno] $errstr";
}
//set error handler
set_error_handler("customError");
//trigger error
echo($test);
?>
The output of the code above should be something like this:
Error: [8] Undefined variable: test
Trigger an Error
In a script where users can input data it is useful to trigger errors when an
illegal input occurs. In PHP, this is done by the trigger_error() function.
Example

In this example an error occurs if the "test" variable is bigger than "1":
<?php
$test=2;
if ($test>1)
{
trigger_error("Value must be 1 or below");
}
?>
Notice: Value must be 1 or below
in C:webfoldertest.php on line 6
An error can be triggered anywhere you wish in a script, and by adding a
second parameter, you can specify what error level is triggered.
Possible error types:
 E_USER_ERROR - Fatal user-generated run-time error. Errors that
can not be recovered from. Execution of the script is halted
 E_USER_WARNING - Non-fatal user-generated run-time warning.
Execution of the script is not halted
 E_USER_NOTICE - Default. User-generated run-time notice. The
script found something that might be an error, but could also happen
when running a script normally
Example
In this example an E_USER_WARNING occurs if the "test" variable is
bigger than "1". If an E_USER_WARNING occurs we will use our custom
error handler and end the script:
<?php
{
echo "Ending Script";
die();
}
//set error handler
set_error_handler("customError",E_USER_WARNING);
//trigger error

$test=2;
if ($test>1)
{
trigger_error("Value must be 1 or below",E_USER_WARNING);
}
?>
Error: [512] Value must be 1 or below
Ending Script
Now that we have learned to create our own errors and how to trigger them,
lets take a look at error logging.
Error Logging
By default, PHP sends an error log to the servers logging system or a file,
depending on how the error_log configuration is set in the php.ini file. By
using the error_log() function you can send error logs to a specified file or a
remote destination.
Sending errors messages to yourself by e-mail can be a good way of getting
notified of specific errors.
Send an Error Message by E-Mail
In the example below we will send an e-mail with an error message and end
the script, if a specific error occurs:
<?php
{
echo "Webmaster has been notified";
error_log("Error: [$errno] $errstr",1,
"someone@example.com","From: webmaster@example.com");
}
//set error handler
set_error_handler("customError",E_USER_WARNING);
//trigger error
$test=2;
if ($test>1)

{
trigger_error("Value must be 1 or below",E_USER_WARNING);
}
?>
Webmaster has been notified
And the mail received from the code above looks like this:
This should not be used with all errors. Regular errors should be logged on
the server using the default PHP logging system.
PHP MySQL Introduction
MySQL is the most popular open-source database system.
What is MySQL?
MySQL is a database.
The data in MySQL is stored in database objects called tables.
A table is a collections of related data entries and it consists of columns and
rows.
Databases are useful when storing information categorically. A company may
have a database with the following tables: "Employees", "Products",
"Customers" and "Orders".
Database Tables
A database most often contains one or more tables. Each table is identified
by a name (e.g. "Customers" or "Orders"). Tables contain records (rows)
with data.

SELECT LastName FROM Persons
With MySQL, we can query a database for specific information and have a
recordset returned.
Look at the following query:
The query above selects all the data in the "LastName" column from the
"Persons" table, and will return a recordset like this:
LastName
Hansen
Svendson
Pettersen
Facts About MySQL Database
One great thing about MySQL is that it can be scaled down to support
embedded database applications. Perhaps it is because of this reputation that
many people believe that MySQL can only handle small to medium-sized
systems.
The truth is that MySQL is the de-facto standard database for web sites that
support huge volumes of both data and end users (like Friendster, Yahoo,
Google).
PHP MySQL Connect to a Database
The free MySQL database is very often used with PHP.

Create a Connection to a MySQL Database
Before you can access data in a database, you must create a connection to the
database.
In PHP, this is done with the mysql_connect() function.
Syntax
mysql_connect(servername,username,password);
servername Optional. Specifies the server to connect to. Default value is
"localhost:3306"
username Optional. Specifies the username to log in with. Default
value is the name of the user that owns the server process
password Optional. Specifies the password to log in with. Default is
""
Example
In the following example we store the connection in a variable ($con) for
later use in the script. The "die" part will be executed if the connection fails:
<?php
$con = mysql_connect("localhost","peter","abc123");
if (!$con)
{
die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error());
}
// some code
?>

Closing a Connection
The connection will be closed automatically when the script ends. To close
the connection before, use the mysql_close() function:
<?php
if (!$con)
{
}
// some code
mysql_close($con);
?>
PHP MySQL Create Database and Tables
A database holds one or multiple tables.
Create a Database
The CREATE DATABASE statement is used to create a database in MySQL.
Syntax
CREATE DATABASE database_name
To get PHP to execute the statement above we must use the mysql_query()
function. This function is used to send a query or command to a MySQL
connection.

Example
The following example creates a database called "my_db":
<?php
if (!$con)
{
}
if (mysql_query("CREATE DATABASE my_db",$con))
{
echo "Database created";
}
else
{
echo "Error creating database: " . mysql_error();
}
mysql_close($con);
?>
Create a Table
The CREATE TABLE statement is used to create a table in MySQL.
Syntax
CREATE TABLE table_name
(
column_name1 data_type,
....
)
We must add the CREATE TABLE statement to the mysql_query() function
to execute the command.
Example
The following example creates a table named "Persons", with three columns.
The column names will be "FirstName", "LastName" and "Age":

<?php
if (!$con)
{
}
// Create database
if (mysql_query("CREATE DATABASE my_db",$con))
{
echo "Database created";
}
else
{
echo "Error creating database: " . mysql_error();
}
// Create table
mysql_select_db("my_db", $con);
$sql = "CREATE TABLE Persons
(
FirstName varchar(15),
LastName varchar(15),
Age int
)";
// Execute query
mysql_query($sql,$con);
mysql_close($con);
?>
Important: A database must be selected before a table can be created. The
database is selected with the mysql_select_db() function.
Note: When you create a database field of type varchar, you must specify the
maximum length of the field, e.g. varchar(15).
The data type specifies what type of data the column can hold. For a
complete reference of all the data types available in MySQL,
Primary Keys and Auto Increment Fields
Each table should have a primary key field.
A primary key is used to uniquely identify the rows in a table. Each primary
key value must be unique within the table. Furthermore, the primary key

field cannot be null because the database engine requires a value to locate the
record.
The following example sets the personID field as the primary key field. The
primary key field is often an ID number, and is often used with the
AUTO_INCREMENT setting. AUTO_INCREMENT automatically
increases the value of the field by 1 each time a new record is added. To
ensure that the primary key field cannot be null, we must add the NOT
NULL setting to the field.
Example
$sql = "CREATE TABLE Persons
(
personID int NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
PRIMARY KEY(personID),
FirstName varchar(15),
LastName varchar(15),
Age int
)";
mysql_query($sql,$con);
PHP MySQL Insert Into
The INSERT INTO statement is used to insert new records in a table.
Insert Data Into a Database Table
The INSERT INTO statement is used to add new records to a database table.
Syntax
It is possible to write the INSERT INTO statement in two forms.
The first form doesn't specify the column names where the data will be
inserted, only their values:
INSERT INTO table_name
VALUES (value1, value2, value3,...)

The second form specifies both the column names and the values to be
inserted:
INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, column3,...)
VALUES (value1, value2, value3,...)
To get PHP to execute the statements above we must use the mysql_query()
connection.
Example
In the previous chapter we created a table named "Persons", with three
columns; "Firstname", "Lastname" and "Age". We will use the same table in
this example. The following example adds two new records to the "Persons"
table:
<?php
if (!$con)
{
}
mysql_query("INSERT INTO Persons (FirstName, LastName, Age)
VALUES ('Peter', 'Griffin', '35')");
mysql_query("INSERT INTO Persons (FirstName, LastName, Age)
VALUES ('Glenn', 'Quagmire', '33')");
mysql_close($con);
?>
Insert Data From a Form Into a Database
Now we will create an HTML form that can be used to add new records to
the "Persons" table.
Here is the HTML form:
<html>
<body>
<form action="insert.php" method="post">
Firstname: <input type="text" name="firstname" />

Lastname: <input type="text" name="lastname" />
</form>
</body>
</html>
When a user clicks the submit button in the HTML form in the example
above, the form data is sent to "insert.php".
The "insert.php" file connects to a database, and retrieves the values from the
form with the PHP $_POST variables.
Then, the mysql_query() function executes the INSERT INTO statement, and
a new record will be added to the "Persons" table.
Here is the "insert.php" page:
<?php
if (!$con)
{
}
$sql="INSERT INTO Persons (FirstName, LastName, Age)
VALUES
('$_POST[firstname]','$_POST[lastname]','$_POST[age]')";
if (!mysql_query($sql,$con))
{
die('Error: ' . mysql_error());
}
echo "1 record added";
mysql_close($con)
?>
PHP MySQL Select
The SELECT statement is used to select data from a database.
Select Data From a Database Table

The SELECT statement is used to select data from a database.
Syntax
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
.
connection.
Example
The following example selects all the data stored in the "Persons" table (The
* character selects all the data in the table):
<?php
if (!$con)
{
}
$result = mysql_query("SELECT * FROM Persons");
while($row = mysql_fetch_array($result))
{
echo $row['FirstName'] . " " . $row['LastName'];
echo "<br />";
}
mysql_close($con);
?>
The example above stores the data returned by the mysql_query() function in
the $result variable.
Next, we use the mysql_fetch_array() function to return the first row from
the recordset as an array. Each call to mysql_fetch_array() returns the next
row in the recordset. The while loop loops through all the records in the
recordset. To print the value of each row, we use the PHP $row variable
($row['FirstName'] and $row['LastName']).

Peter Griffin
Glenn Quagmire
Display the Result in an HTML Table
The following example selects the same data as the example above, but will
display the data in an HTML table:
<?php
if (!$con)
{
}
$result = mysql_query("SELECT * FROM Persons");
echo "<table border='1'>
<tr>
<th>Firstname</th>
<th>Lastname</th>
</tr>";
{
echo "<tr>";
echo "<td>" . $row['FirstName'] . "</td>";
echo "<td>" . $row['LastName'] . "</td>";
echo "</tr>";
}
echo "</table>";
mysql_close($con);
?>
Firstna
me
Lastnam
e
Glenn
Quagmir
e
Peter Griffin

PHP MySQL The WhereClause
The WHERE clause is used to filter records.
The WHERE clause
The WHERE clause is used to extract only those records that fulfill a
specified criterion.
Syntax
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name operator value
connection.
Example
The following example selects all rows from the "Persons" table where
"FirstName='Peter':
<?php
if (!$con)
{
}
$result = mysql_query("SELECT * FROM Persons
WHERE FirstName='Peter'");
{
echo $row['FirstName'] . " " . $row['LastName'];
echo "<br />";

}
?>
Peter Griffin
PHP MySQL Order By Keyword
The ORDER BY keyword is used to sort the data in a recordset.
The ORDER BY Keyword
The ORDER BY keyword is used to sort the data in a recordset.
The ORDER BY keyword sort the records in ascending order by default.
If you want to sort the records in a descending order, you can use the DESC
keyword.
Syntax
FROM table_name
ORDER BY column_name(s) ASC|DESC
Example
The following example selects all the data stored in the "Persons" table, and
sorts the result by the "Age" column:
<?php
if (!$con)
{
}

$result = mysql_query("SELECT * FROM Persons ORDER BY age");
{
echo $row['FirstName'];
echo " " . $row['LastName'];
echo " " . $row['Age'];
echo "<br />";
}
mysql_close($con);
?>
Glenn Quagmire 33
Peter Griffin 35
Order by Two Columns
It is also possible to order by more than one column. When ordering by more
than one column, the second column is only used if the values in the first
column are equal:
FROM table_name
ORDER BY column1, column2
PHP MySQL Update
The UPDATE statement is used to modify data in a table.
Update Data In a Database
The UPDATE statement is used to update existing records in a table.
Syntax
UPDATE table_name
SET column1=value, column2=value2,...
WHERE some_column=some_value

Note: Notice the WHERE clause in the UPDATE syntax. The WHERE
clause specifies which record or records that should be updated. If you omit
the WHERE clause, all records will be updated!
connection.
Example
Earlier in the tutorial we created a table named "Persons". Here is how it
looks:
FirstName LastName Age
Peter Griffin 35
Glenn Quagmire 33
The following example updates some data in the "Persons" table:
<?php
if (!$con)
{
}
mysql_query("UPDATE Persons SET Age = '36'
WHERE FirstName = 'Peter' AND LastName = 'Griffin'");
mysql_close($con);
?>
After the update, the "Persons" table will look like this:
Peter Griffin 36

Glenn Quagmire 33
PHP MySQL Delete
The DELETE statement is used to delete records in a table.
Delete Data In a Database
The DELETE FROM statement is used to delete records from a database
table.
Syntax
DELETE FROM table_name
WHERE some_column = some_value
Note: Notice the WHERE clause in the DELETE syntax. The WHERE
clause specifies which record or records that should be deleted. If you omit
the WHERE clause, all records will be deleted!
connection.
Example
Look at the following "Persons" table:
Peter Griffin 35
Glenn Quagmire 33

The following example deletes all the records in the "Persons" table where
LastName='Griffin':
<?php
if (!$con)
{
}
mysql_query("DELETE FROM Persons WHERE LastName='Griffin'");
mysql_close($con);
?>
After the deletion, the table will look like this:
Glenn Quagmire 33

UNIT – V
Ajax – Advanced Ajax – Drawing Images on the Server.
ROAD MAP
AJAX
• CREATING OPENING XML HTTP
RESQUEST
• HANDLING XML WITH PHP
ADVANCED AJAX
• DOWNLOADING IMAGES USING AJAX
• LOGGING IN WITH AJAX AND PHP
DRAWING IMAGES
ON THE SERVER
• CREATING AN IMAGE
• DRAWING RECTANGLES,ELLIPSE,ARCS &
POLYGONS

AJAX Introduction
AJAX = Asynchronous JavaScript And XML
AJAX is an acronym for Asynchronous JavaScript And XML.
AJAX is not a new programming language, but simply a new technique for
creating better, faster, and more interactive web applications.
AJAX uses JavaScript to send and receive data between a web browser and a
web server.
The AJAX technique makes web pages more responsive by exchanging data
with the web server behind the scenes, instead of reloading an entire web
page each time a user makes a change.
AJAX Is Based On Open Standards
AJAX is based on the following open standards:
 JavaScript
 XML
 HTML
 CSS
The open standards used in AJAX are well defined, and supported by all
major browsers. AJAX applications are browser and platform independent.
(Cross-Platform, Cross-Browser technology)
AJAX Is About Better Internet Applications

Web applications have many benefits over desktop applications:
 they can reach a larger audience
 they are easier to install and support
 they are easier to develop
However, Internet applications are not always as "rich" and user-friendly as
traditional desktop applications.
With AJAX, Internet applications can be made richer (smaller, faster, and
easier to use).
You Can Start Using AJAX Today
There is nothing new to learn.
AJAX is based on open standards. These standards have been used by most
developers for several years.
Most existing web applications can be rewritten to use AJAX technology
instead of traditional HTML forms.
AJAX Uses XML And HTTPRequests
A traditional web application will submit input (using an HTML form) to a
web server. After the web server has processed the data, it will return a
completely new web page to the user.
Because the server returns a new web page each time the user submits input,
traditional web applications often run slowly and tend to be less user
friendly.
With AJAX, web applications can send and retrieve data without reloading
the whole web page. This is done by sending HTTP requests to the server
(behind the scenes), and by modifying only parts of the web page using
JavaScript when the server returns data.
XML is commonly used as the format for receiving server data, although any
format, including plain text, can be used.
You will learn more about how this is done in the next chapters of this
tutorial.
PHP and AJAX

var XMLHttp=null
if (window.XMLHttpRequest)
{
XMLHttp=new XMLHttpRequest()
}
There is no such thing as an AJAX server.
AJAX is a technology that runs in your browser. It uses asynchronous data
transfer (HTTP requests) between the browser and the web server, allowing
web pages to request small bits of information from the server instead of
whole pages.
AJAX is a web browser technology independent of web server software.
However, in this tutorial we will focus more on actual examples running on a
PHP server, and less on how AJAX works.
AJAX XMLHttpRequest
The XMLHttpRequest object makes AJAX possible.
The XMLHttpRequest
The XMLHttpRequest object is the key to AJAX.
It has been available ever since Internet Explorer 5.5 was released in July
2000, but not fully discovered before people started to talk about AJAX and
Web 2.0 in 2005.
Creating An XMLHttpRequest Object
Different browsers use different methods to create an XMLHttpRequest
object.
Internet Explorer uses an ActiveXObject.
Other browsers uses a built in JavaScript object called XMLHttpRequest.
Here is the simplest code you can use to overcome this problem:

Example above explained:
1. First create a variable XMLHttp to use as yourXMLHttpRequest
object. Set the value to null.
2. Try to create the object according to web standards (Mozilla,Opera
and Safari):XMLHttp=new XMLHttpRequest()
3. Try to create the object the Microsoft way, available in Internet
Explorer 6 and later:XMLHttp=new
ActiveXObject("Msxml2.XMLHTTP")
4. If this catches an error, try the older (Internet Explorer 5.5) way:
XMLHttp=new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP")
More about the XMLHttpRequest object
.
PHP and AJAX Suggest
AJAX Suggest
In the AJAX example below we will demonstrate how a web page can
communicate with a web server online as a user enters data into a web form.
Type a Name in the Box Below
First Name:
Suggestions:
This example consists of three pages:
 a simple HTML form
 a JavaScript
 a PHP page
xmlHttp=new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");
}
}
return xmlHttp;
}

<html>
<head>
<script src="clienthint.js"></script>
</head>
<body>
<form>
First Name:
<input type="text" id="txt1"
onkeyup="showHint(this.value)">
</form>
<p>Suggestions: <span id="txtHint"></span></p>
</body>
</html>
var xmlHttp;
function showHint(str)
{
if (str.length==0)
{
document.getElementById("txtHint").innerHTML="";
return;
The HTML Form
This is the HTML page. It contains a simple HTML form and a link to a
JavaScript:
Example Explained - The HTML Form
As you can see, the HTML page above contains a simple HTML form with
an input field called "txt1".
The form works like this:
1. An event is triggered when the user presses, and releases a key in the
input field
2. When the event is triggered, a function called showHint() isexecuted.
3. Below the form is a <span> called "txtHint". This is used asa
placeholder for the return data of the showHint() function.
The JavaScript
The JavaScript code is stored in "clienthint.js" and linked to the HTML
document:

Example Explained
The showHint() Function
}
xmlHttp=GetXmlHttpObject();
if (xmlHttp==null)
{
alert ("Browser does not support HTTP Request");
return;
}
var url="gethint.php";
url=url+"?q="+str;
url=url+"&sid="+Math.random();
xmlHttp.onreadystatechange=stateChanged;
xmlHttp.open("GET",url,true);
xmlHttp.send(null);
}
function stateChanged()
{
if (xmlHttp.readyState==4 || xmlHttp.readyState=="complete")
{
document.getElementById("txtHint").innerHTML=xmlHttp.responseT
ext;
}
}
{
var xmlHttp=null;
try
{
}
catch (e)
{
try
{
}
catch (e)
{
}
}
return xmlHttp;
}

This function executes every time a character is entered in the input field.
If there is some input in the text field (str.length > 0) the function executes
the following:
1. Defines the url (filename) to send to the server
2. Adds a parameter (q) to the url with the content of the input field
3. Adds a random number to prevent the server from using a cached file
4. Calls on the GetXmlHttpObject function to create an XMLHTTP
object, and tells the object to execute a function called stateChanged
when a change is triggered
5. Opens the XMLHTTP object with the given url.
6. Sends an HTTP request to the server
If the input field is empty, the function simply clears the content of the
txtHint placeholder.
The stateChanged() Function
This function executes every time the state of the XMLHTTP object
changes.
When the state changes to 4 (or to "complete"), the content of the txtHint
placeholder is filled with the response text.
The GetXmlHttpObject() Function
AJAX applications can only run in web browsers with complete XML
support.
The code above called a function called GetXmlHttpObject().
The purpose of the function is to solve the problem of creating different
XMLHTTP objects for different browsers.
This is explained in the previous chapter.
The PHP Page
The server page called by the JavaScript code is a simple PHP file called
"gethint.php".

<?php
// Fill up array with names
$a[]="Anna";
$a[]="Brittany";
$a[]="Cinderella";
$a[]="Diana";
$a[]="Eva";
$a[]="Fiona";
$a[]="Gunda";
$a[]="Hege";
$a[]="Inga";
$a[]="Johanna";
$a[]="Kitty";
$a[]="Linda";
$a[]="Nina";
$a[]="Ophelia";
$a[]="Petunia";
$a[]="Amanda";
$a[]="Raquel";
$a[]="Cindy";
$a[]="Doris";
$a[]="Eve";
$a[]="Evita";
$a[]="Sunniva";
$a[]="Tove";
$a[]="Unni";
$a[]="Violet";
$a[]="Liza";
$a[]="Elizabeth";
$a[]="Ellen";
$a[]="Wenche";
$a[]="Vicky";
//get the q parameter from URL
$q=$_GET["q"];
//lookup all hints from array if length of q>0
if (strlen($q) > 0)
{
$hint="";
for($i=0; $i<count($a); $i++)
{
if (strtolower($q)==strtolower(substr($a[$i],0,strlen($q))))
{
if ($hint=="")
{
$hint=$a[$i];
}
The code in the "gethint.php" checks an array of names and returns the
corresponding names to the client:

If there is any text sent from the JavaScript (strlen($q) > 0) the following
happens:
1. Find a name matching the characters sent from the JavaScript
2. If more than one name is found, include all names in the response
string
3. If no matching names were found, set response to "no suggestion"
4. If one or more matching names were found, set response to these
names
5. The response is sent to the "txtHint" placeholder
PHP and AJAX XMLExample
AJAX can be used for interactive communication with an XML file.
AJAX XML Example
In the AJAX example below we will demonstrate how a web page can fetch
information from an XML file using AJAX technology.
Select a CD in the Box Below
else
{
$hint=$hint." , ".$a[$i];
}
}
}
}
//Set output to "no suggestion" if no hint were found
//or to the correct values
if ($hint == "")
{
$response="no suggestion";
}
else
{
$response=$hint;
}
//output the response
echo $response;
?>

<html>
<head>
<script src="selectcd.js"></script>
</head>
<body>
<form>
Select a CD:
<select name="cds" onchange="showCD(this.value)">
<option value="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</option>
<option value="Bee Gees">Bee Gees</option>
<option value="Cat Stevens">Cat Stevens</option>
</select>
</form>
<p>
<div id="txtHint"><b>CD info will be listed here.</b></div>
</p>
</body>
</html>
Select a CD:
TITLE: The very best of
ARTIST: Cat Stevens
COUNTRY: UK
COMPANY: Island
PRICE: 8.90
YEAR: 1990
This example consists of four pages:
 an XML file
 a JavaScript
 a PHP page
The HTML Form
The example above contains a simple HTML form and a link to a JavaScript:
Example Explained
As you can see it is just a simple HTML form with a simple drop down box
called "cds".
The paragraph below the form contains a div called "txtHint". The div is
used as a placeholder for info retrieved from the web server.

var xmlHttp
function showCD(str)
{
xmlHttp=GetXmlHttpObject()
if (xmlHttp==null)
{
alert ("Browser does not support HTTP Request")
return
}
var url="getcd.php"
url=url+"?q="+str
url=url+"&sid="+Math.random()
xmlHttp.onreadystatechange=stateChanged
xmlHttp.open("GET",url,true)
xmlHttp.send(null)
}
{
{
ext
}
}
{
var xmlHttp=null;
try
{
}
catch (e)
When the user selects data, a function called "showCD" is executed. The
execution of the function is triggered by the "onchange" event.
In other words: Each time the user changes the value in the drop down box,
the function showCD is called.
The XML File
This is the JavaScript code stored in the file "selectcd.js":

<?php
$q=$_GET["q"];
Example Explained
The stateChanged() and GetXmlHttpObject functions are the same as in the
last chapter, you can go to the previous page for an explanation of those
The showCD() Function
If an item in the drop down box is selected the function executes the
following:
object
5. Call stateChanged when a change is triggered
The PHP Page
The server paged called by the JavaScript, is a simple PHP file called
"getcd.php".
The code runs a query against the XML file and returns the result as HTML:
{
try
{
}
catch (e)
{
}
}
return xmlHttp;
}

Example Explained
When the query is sent from the JavaScript to the PHP page the following
happens:
1. PHP creates an XML DOM object of the "cd_catalog.xml"file
2. All "artist" elements (nodetypes = 1) are looped through to find a
name matching the one sent from the JavaScript.
3. The CD containing the correct artist is found
4. The album information is output and sent to the "txtHint"placeholder
PHP and AJAX MySQLDatabase Example
AJAX can be used for interactive communication with a database.
AJAX Database Example
$xmlDoc = new DOMDocument();
$xmlDoc->load("cd_catalog.xml");
$x=$xmlDoc->getElementsByTagName('ARTIST');
for ($i=0; $i<=$x->length-1; $i++)
{
//Process only element nodes
if ($x->item($i)->nodeType==1)
{
if ($x->item($i)->childNodes->item(0)->nodeValue == $q)
{
$y=($x->item($i)->parentNode);
}
}
}
$cd=($y->childNodes);
for ($i=0;$i<$cd->length;$i++)
{
//Process only element nodes
if ($cd->item($i)->nodeType==1)
{
echo($cd->item($i)->nodeName);
echo(": ");
echo($cd->item($i)->childNodes->item(0)->nodeValue);
echo("<br />");
}
}
?>

<html>
<head>
<script src="selectuser.js"></script>
</head>
<body>
<form>
Select a User:
<select name="users" onchange="showUser(this.value)">
<option value="1">Peter Griffin</option>
<option value="2">Lois Griffin</option>
<option value="3">Glenn Quagmire</option>
<option value="4">Joseph Swanson</option>
</select>
information from a MySQL database using AJAX technology.
Select a Name in the Box Below
Select a User:
Firstname Lastname Age Hometown Job
Joseph Swanson 39 Quahog Police Officer
This example consists of four elements:
 a MySQL database
 a JavaScript
 a PHP page
The Database
The database we will be using in this example looks like this:
id
1
2
3
4
FirstName LastName Age Hometown Job
Peter Griffin 41 Quahog Brewery
Lois Griffin 40 Newport Piano Teacher
Glenn Quagmire 41 Quahog Pilot
The HTML Form

var xmlHttp
function showUser(str)
{
if (xmlHttp==null)
{
return
}
var url="getuser.php"
url=url+"?q="+str
xmlHttp.send(null)
}
{
{
As you can see it is just a simple HTML form with a drop down box called
"users" with names and the "id" from the database as option values.
The paragraph below the form contains a div called "txtHint". The div is
used as a placeholder for info retrieved from the web server.
When the user selects data, a function called "showUser()" is executed. The
execution of the function is triggered by the "onchange" event.
the function showUser() is called.
The JavaScript
This is the JavaScript code stored in the file "selectuser.js":
</form>
<p>
<div id="txtHint"><b>User info will be listed here.</b></div>
</p>
</body>
</html>

Example Explained
PHP AJAX Suggest chapter, you can go to there for an explanation of those.
The showUser() Function
following:
object
3. Adds a parameter (q) to the url with the content of the dropdown box
5. Call stateChanged when a change is triggered
The PHP Page
ext
}
}
{
var xmlHttp=null;
try
{
}
catch (e)
{
//Internet Explorer
try
{
}
catch (e)
{
}
}
return xmlHttp;
}

<?php
$q=$_GET["q"];
$con = mysql_connect('localhost', 'peter', 'abc123');
if (!$con)
{
}
mysql_select_db("ajax_demo", $con);
$sql="SELECT * FROM user WHERE id = '".$q."'";
$result = mysql_query($sql);
echo "<table border='1'>
<tr>
<th>Firstname</th>
<th>Lastname</th>
<th>Age</th>
<th>Hometown</th>
<th>Job</th>
</tr>";
{
echo "<tr>";
echo "<td>" . $row['FirstName'] . "</td>";
echo "<td>" . $row['LastName'] . "</td>";
echo "<td>" . $row['Age'] . "</td>";
echo "<td>" . $row['Hometown'] . "</td>";
echo "<td>" . $row['Job'] . "</td>";
echo "</tr>";
}
echo "</table>";
mysql_close($con);
?>
The server page called by the JavaScript, is a simple PHP file called
"getuser.php".
The page is written in PHP and uses a MySQL database.
The code runs a SQL query against a database and returns the result as an
HTML table:

Example Explained
happens:
1. PHP opens a connection to a MySQLserver
2. The "user" with the specified name is found
3. A table is created and the data is inserted and sent to the "txtHint"
placeholder
PHP and AJAX responseXMLExample
AJAX can be used to return database information as XML.
AJAX Database as XML Example
information from a MySQL database, convert it to an XML document, and
use it to display information in several different places.
This example my seem a lot like the "PHP AJAX Database" example in the
last chapter, however there is a big difference: in this example we get the
data from the PHP page as XML using the responseXML function.
Receiving the response as an XML document allows us to update this page
several places, instead of just receiving a PHP output and displaying it.

<html>
<head>
<script src="responsexml.js"></script>
</head>
<body>
<form>
Select a User:
<select name="users" onchange="showUser(this.value)">
In this example we will update several <span> elements with the information
we receive from the database.
Select a Name in the Box Below
Select a User:
Glenn Quagmire
Pilot
Age: 41
From: Quahog
This example consists of four elements:
 a MySQL database
 a JavaScript
 a PHP page
The Database
The database we will be using in this example looks like this:
id
1
2
3
4
FirstName LastName Age Hometown Job
Peter Griffin 41 Quahog Brewery
Lois Griffin 40 Newport Piano Teacher
Glenn Quagmire 41 Quahog Pilot
The HTML Form

var xmlHttp
function showUser(str)
{
if (xmlHttp==null)
{
return
}
var url="responsexml.php"
 The HTML form is a drop down box called "users" with namesand
the "id" from the database as option values.
 Below the form there are several different <span> elements whichare
used to as placeholders for the different values we will retrive.
 When the user selects data, a function called "showUser()" is
executed. The execution of the function is triggered by the
"onchange" event.
the function showUser() is called and outputs the result in the specified
<span> elements.
The JavaScript
This is the JavaScript code stored in the file "responsexml.js":
<option value="1">Peter Griffin</option>
<option value="2">Lois Griffin</option>
<option value="3">Glenn Quagmire</option>
<option value="4">Joseph Swanson</option>
</select>
</form>
<h2><span id="firstname"></span>
 <span id="lastname"></span></h2>
<span id="job"></span>
<div style="text-align: right">
<span id="age_text"></span>
<span id="age"></span>
<span id="hometown_text"></span>
<span id="hometown"></span>
</div>
</body>
</html>

url=url+"?q="+str
xmlHttp.send(null)
}
{
{
xmlDoc=xmlHttp.responseXML;
document.getElementById("firstname").innerHTML=
xmlDoc.getElementsByTagName("firstname")[0].childNodes[0].node
Value;
document.getElementById("lastname").innerHTML=
xmlDoc.getElementsByTagName("lastname")[0].childNodes[0].nodeV
alue;
document.getElementById("job").innerHTML=
xmlDoc.getElementsByTagName("job")[0].childNodes[0].nodeValue;
document.getElementById("age_text").innerHTML="Age: ";
document.getElementById("age").innerHTML=
xmlDoc.getElementsByTagName("age")[0].childNodes[0].nodeValue;
document.getElementById("hometown_text").innerHTML="<br/>From:
";
document.getElementById("hometown").innerHTML=
xmlDoc.getElementsByTagName("hometown")[0].childNodes[0].nodeV
alue;
}
}
{
var objXMLHttp=null
{
objXMLHttp=new XMLHttpRequest()
}
{
objXMLHttp=new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP")
}
return objXMLHttp
}
Example Explained
The showUser() and GetXmlHttpObject functions are the same as in the you
can go to there for an explanation of those.

<?php
header('Content-Type: text/xml');
header("Cache-Control: no-cache, must-revalidate");
//A date in the past
header("Expires: Mon, 26 Jul 1997 05:00:00 GMT");
$q=$_GET["q"];
$con = mysql_connect('localhost', 'peter', 'abc123');
if (!$con)
{
}
mysql_select_db("ajax_demo", $con);
$sql="SELECT * FROM user WHERE id = ".$q."";
$result = mysql_query($sql);
echo '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
<person>';
{
echo "<firstname>" . $row['FirstName'] . "</firstname>";
echo "<lastname>" . $row['LastName'] . "</lastname>";
echo "<age>" . $row['Age'] . "</age>";
echo "<hometown>" . $row['Hometown'] . "</hometown>";
echo "<job>" . $row['Job'] . "</job>";
}
echo "</person>";
following:
1. Defines the "xmlDoc" variable as an xml document using the
responseXML function
2. Retrieves data from the xml documents and places them in the correct
<span> elements
The PHP Page
The server page called by the JavaScript, is a simple PHP file called
"responsexml.php".
The page is written in PHP and uses a MySQL databse.
The code runs a SQL query against a database and returns the result as an
XML document:

Example Explained
happens:
1. The content-type of the PHP document is set to be "text/xml"
2. The PHP document is set to "no-cache" to prevent caching
3. The $q variable is set to be the data sent from the html page
4. PHP opens a connection to a MySQL server
5. The "user" with the specified id is found
6. The data is outputted as an xml document
PHP and AJAX Live Search
AJAX can be used for a more user friendly and interactive search.
AJAX Live Search
In the AJAX example below we will demonstrate a live search, where the
server gets search results while the user types.
Live search has many benefits compared to traditional searching:
 Matching results are shown as you type
 Results narrow as you continue typing
 If results become too narrow, remove characters to see a broader
result
Search for a W3Schools page in the Box Below
 a JavaScript
 a PHP page
 an XML document
mysql_close($con);
?>

<html>
<head>
<script src="livesearch.js"></script>
<style type="text/css">
#livesearch
{
margin:0px;
width:194px;
}
#txt1
{
margin:0px;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<form>
<input type="text" id="txt1" size="30"
onkeyup="showResult(this.value)">
<div id="livesearch"></div>
</form>
</body>
</html>
The HTML Form
This is the HTML page. It contains a simple HTML form, style for the form
and a link to a JavaScript:
As you can see, the HTML page above contains a simple HTML form with
an input field called "txt1".
1. An event is triggered when the user presses, and releases a key in the
input field
2. When the event is triggered, a function called showResult() is
executed.
3. Below the form is a <div> called "livesearch". This is used asa
placeholder for the return data of the showResult() function.
The JavaScript

var xmlHttp
function showResult(str)
{
if (str.length==0)
{
document.getElementById("livesearch").
innerHTML="";
style.border="0px";
return
}
if (xmlHttp==null)
{
return
}
var url="livesearch.php"
url=url+"?q="+str
xmlHttp.send(null)
}
{
{
innerHTML=xmlHttp.responseText;
style.border="1px solid #A5ACB2";
}
}
{
var xmlHttp=null;
try
{
}
catch (e)
{
The JavaScript code is stored in "livesearch.js" and linked to the HTML
document:

The showResult() Function
This function executes every time a character is entered in the input field.
If there is no input in the text field (str.length == 0) the function sets the
return field to empty and removes any border around it.
However, if there is any input in the text field the function executes the
following:
This function executes every time the state of the XMLHTTP object
changes.
When the state changes to 4 (or to "complete"), the content of the txtHint
placeholder is filled with the response text, and a border is set around the
return field.
try
{
}
catch (e)
{
}
}
return xmlHttp;
}

The PHP Page
The server page called by the JavaScript code is a PHP file called
"livesearch.php".
The code searches the XML file for titles matching the search string and
returns the result as HTML:
<?php
$xmlDoc->load("links.xml");
$x=$xmlDoc->getElementsByTagName('link');
$q=$_GET["q"];
//lookup all links from the xml file if length of q>0
if (strlen($q) > 0)
{
$hint="";
for($i=0; $i<($x->length); $i++)
{
$y=$x->item($i)->getElementsByTagName('title');
$z=$x->item($i)->getElementsByTagName('url');
if ($y->item(0)->nodeType==1)
{
//find a link matching the search text
if (stristr($y->item(0)->childNodes->item(0)->nodeValue,$q))
{
if ($hint=="")
{
$hint="<a href='" .
$z->item(0)->childNodes->item(0)->nodeValue .
"' target='_blank'>" .
$y->item(0)->childNodes->item(0)->nodeValue . "</a>";
}
else
{
$hint=$hint . "<br /><a href='" .
$z->item(0)->childNodes->item(0)->nodeValue .
"' target='_blank'>" .
$y->item(0)->childNodes->item(0)->nodeValue . "</a>";
}
}
}
}

If there is any text sent from the JavaScript (strlen($q) > 0) the following
happens:
1. PHP creates an XML DOM object of the "links.xml" file
2. All "title" elements (nodetypes = 1) are looped through to find a
name matching the one sent from the JavaScript
3. The link containing the correct title is found and set as the
"$response" variable. If more than one match is found, all matches
are added to the variable
4. If no matches are found the $response variable is set to "no
suggestion"
5. The $result variable is output and sent to the "livesearch" placeholder
PHP and AJAX RSS Reader
An RSS Reader is used to read RSS Feeds
RSS allows fast browsing for news and updates
AJAX RSS Reader
In the AJAX example below we will demonstrate an RSS reader where the
content from the RSS is loaded into the webpage without refreshing.
Select an RSS News Feed in the Box Below
Select an RSS-Feed:
}
// Set output to "no suggestion" if no hint were found
// or to the correct values
if ($hint == "")
{
$response="no suggestion";
}
else
{
$response=$hint;
}
//output the response
echo $response;
?>

<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript" src="getrss.js"></script>
</head>
<body>
<form>
Select an RSS-Feed:
<select onchange="showRSS(this.value)">
<option value="Google">Google News</option>
<option value="MSNBC">MSNBC News</option>
</select>
</form>
This example consists of three pages:
 a JavaScript
 a PHP page.
The HTML Form
JavaScript:

var xmlHttp
function showRSS(str)
{
if (xmlHttp==null)
{
return
}
var url="getrss.php"
url=url+"?q="+str
xmlHttp.send(null)
}
{
{
document.getElementById("rssOutput")
.innerHTML=xmlHttp.responseText
As you can see, the HTML page above contains a simple HTML form with a
drop-down box.
1. An event is triggered when the user selects an option in the drop
down box
2. When the event is triggered, a function called showRSS() isexecuted.
3. Below the form is a <div> called "rssOutput". This is used asa
placeholder for the return data of the showRSS() function.
The JavaScript
The JavaScript code is stored in "getrss.js" and linked to the HTML
document:
<p><div id="rssOutput">
<b>RSS Feed will be listed here.</b></div></p>
</body>
</html>

Example Explained
PHP AJAX Suggest chapter.
The showRSS() Function
Every time an option is selected in the input field this function executes the
following:
2. Adds a parameter (q) to the url with the selected option from the drop
down box
}
}
{
var xmlHttp=null;
try
{
}
catch (e)
{
try
{
}
catch (e)
{
}
}
return xmlHttp;
}

The PHP Page
The server page called by the JavaScript code is a PHP file called
"getrss.php":
<?php
$q=$_GET["q"];
//find out which feed was selected
if($q=="Google")
{
$xml=("http://news.google.com/news?ned=us&topic=h&output=rss")
;
}
elseif($q=="MSNBC")
{
$xml=("http://rss.msnbc.msn.com/id/3032091/device/rss/rss.xml"
);
}
$xmlDoc->load($xml);
//get elements from "<channel>"
$channel=$xmlDoc->getElementsByTagName('channel')->item(0);
$channel_title = $channel->getElementsByTagName('title')
->item(0)->childNodes->item(0)->nodeValue;
$channel_link = $channel->getElementsByTagName('link')
$channel_desc = $channel->getElementsByTagName('description')
//output elements from "<channel>"
echo("<p><a href='" . $channel_link
. "'>" . $channel_title . "</a>");
echo("<br />");
echo($channel_desc . "</p>");
//get and output "<item>" elements
$x=$xmlDoc->getElementsByTagName('item');
for ($i=0; $i<=2; $i++)
{
$item_title=$x->item($i)->getElementsByTagName('title')
$item_link=$x->item($i)->getElementsByTagName('link')
$item_desc=$x->item($i)->getElementsByTagName('description')
echo ("<p><a href='" . $item_link
. "'>" . $item_title . "</a>");
echo ("<br />");
echo ($item_desc . "</p>");

<html>
<head>
<script src="poll.js"></script>
</head>
<body>
Example Explained - The PHP Page
When an option is sent from the JavaScript the following happens:
1. PHP finds out which RSS feed was selected
2. An XML DOM object is created for the selected RSS feed
3. The elements from the RSS channel are found and outputted
4. The three first elements from the RSS items are looped through and
outputted
AJAX Suggest
PHP and AJAX Poll
In the AJAX example below we will demonstrate a poll where the web page
can get the result without reloading.
Do you like PHP and AJAX so far?
Yes:
No:
 a JavaScript
 a PHP page
 a text file to store the results
The HTML Form
JavaScript:
}
?>

0||0
As you can see, the HTML page above contains a simple HTML form inside
a "<div>" with two radio buttons.
1. An event is triggered when the user selects the "yes" or "no" option
2. When the event is triggered, a function called getVote() is executed.
3. Around the form is a <div> called "poll". When the data is returned
from the getVote() function, the return data will replace the form.
The Text File
The text file (poll_result.txt) is where we store the data from the poll.
It is stored like this:
The first number represents the "Yes" votes, the second number represents
the "No" votes.
Note: Remember to allow your web server to edit the text file. Do NOT give
everyone access, just the web server (PHP).
The JavaScript
The JavaScript code is stored in "poll.js" and linked to in the HTML
document:
<div id="poll">
<h2>Do you like PHP and AJAX so far?</h2>
<form>
Yes:
<input type="radio" name="vote"
value="0" onclick="getVote(this.value)">
<br />No:
<input type="radio" name="vote"
value="1" onclick="getVote(this.value)">
</form>
</div>
</body>
</html>

This function executes when "yes" or "no" is selected in the HTML form.
2. Adds a parameter (vote) to the url with the content of the input field
var xmlHttp
function getVote(int)
{
if (xmlHttp==null)
{
return
}
var url="poll_vote.php"
url=url+"?vote="+int
xmlHttp.send(null)
}
{
{
document.getElementById("poll").
innerHTML=xmlHttp.responseText;
}
}
{
var objXMLHttp=null
{
objXMLHttp=new XMLHttpRequest()
}
{
objXMLHttp=new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP")
}
return objXMLHttp
}

<?php
$vote = $_REQUEST['vote'];
//get content of textfile
$filename = "poll_result.txt";
$content = file($filename);
//put content in array
$array = explode("||", $content[0]);
$yes = $array[0];
$no = $array[1];
if ($vote == 0)
{
$yes = $yes + 1;
}
if ($vote == 1)
{
$no = $no + 1;
}
//insert votes to txt file
$insertvote = $yes."||".$no;
$fp = fopen($filename,"w");
fputs($fp,$insertvote);
fclose($fp);
?>
<h2>Result:</h2>
<table>
<tr>
<td>Yes:</td>
<td>
<img src="poll.gif"
width='<?php echo(100*round($yes/($no+$yes),2)); ?>'
The PHP Page
The server page called by the JavaScript code is a simple PHP file called
"poll_vote.php".

height='20'>
<?php echo(100*round($yes/($no+$yes),2)); ?>%
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>No:</td>
<td>
<img src="poll.gif"
width='<?php echo(100*round($no/($no+$yes),2)); ?>'
height='20'>
<?php echo(100*round($no/($no+$yes),2)); ?>%
</td>
</tr>
</table>

QUESTION BANK
UNIT – I
Part - A
1. Expand and define PHP.
2. What is the role of PHP on the internet?
3. How to create a first PHP page?
4. Write down the command to run a first PHP page.
5. State the uses of echo statement.
6. List out the control characters of PHP.
7. Comment on ‘here’ document.
8. What are the types of comments in PHP?
9. How to define a variable in PHP?
10. Mention the predefined constants of PHP.
11. State the uses of execution operator.
12. Write syntax of switch statement in PHP.
13. Compare implode and explode functions.
14. Name the array-handling operators in PHP.
15. How do you merge the array elements in PHP?
Part – B
1. How do you embed HTML and PHP? Explain with example.
2. What do you mean by command-line PHP? Explain.
3. Write a short note on string interpolation.
4. Explain the internal data types of PHP.
5. Explain the following PHP operations:
i. String operators
ii. Bitwise operators
6. What are the PHP logical operators? Explain with example.
7. Explain with example, how to format the text string in PHP.
8. How to create an array in PHP? Explain with example.
9. How to work with multi-dimensional array? Explain.
Part – C
1. Explain in detail the variable declaration and creation of PHP with example.
2. Discuss the mathematical operators and functions of PHP with example.
3. Briefly explain the if-else construct of PHP with example.
4. Write brief notes on various looping construct of PHP with example.
5. Describe the various string functions of PHP.
6. Illustrate the concept of array manipulation in PHP with suitable example.

UNIT – II
Part – A
1. How do you build a function in PHP?
2. Write syntax to define a function in PHP.
3. How do you handle variable number of arguments in a function?
4. State the uses of static variable.
5. Compare text field and text area.
6. Compare checkbox and radio button.
7. Give the importance of hidden controls.
8. What is the role of server variable in PHP?
9. How to read user input in PHP?
10. What is meant by data validation?
Part – B
1. What is called as passing by reference? Explain with example.
2. How do you return array of values from functions? Explain.
3. Explain the PHP conditional functions with example.
4. Explain the PHP variable functions with example.
5. Explain the following:
i. Text field
ii. List box
6. State the importance of password control with example.
7. How do you dump a form’s data? Explain with example.
8. How can you do client-side data validation? Explain.
Part – C
1. Describe the scope of variable in PHP with example.
2. Discuss the setting of web pages to communicate with PHP.
3. Explain with example, how to upload the file in PHP.
4. Give a detailed note on data validation in PHP.
UNIT – III
Part – A
1. Why OOP is needed for PHP?
2. What are the PHP access modifiers?
3. How to initialize an object in PHP?
4. State the uses of destructor.
5. Define inheritance.
6. Define method overloading.

7. What is meant by auto loading class?
8. Define abstract class.
9. State the importance of interfaces.
10. Write down the uses of final keyword.
Part – B
1. Explain with example, creation of class and object in PHP.
2. Explain the method overriding concepts in PHP with example.
3. Explain with example, how the static members are handled by inheritance.
4. What do you mean by object iteration? Explain with example.
5. How to create class constant in PHP? Explain with example.
6. What is meant by reflection? Explain.
Part – C
1. Illustrate the concept of inheritance in PHP with example.
2. Give a detailed note on creation of static methods in PHP.
3. Explain with example, how to implement the interfaces in PHP.
4. Briefly explain the cloning objects in PHP with example.
5. Describe the various access modifiers in PHP.
UNIT – IV
Part – A
1. What is a file?
2. State the uses of feof() function.
3. What do you mean by binary read?
4. How do you read a text from file?
5. Write syntax to copy a file.
6. Name the PHP supported database.
7. What is a database?
8. How to create a table?
9. Write syntax of setcookie() function.
10. What is session?
Part – B
1. How do you open a file? Explain with example.
2. How do you read a character from file? Explain.
3. Write short note on parsing file.
4. State the importance of locking files with example.
5. How to create a MYSQL database? Explain with example.
6. Write PHP program to delete the records from a table.

7. Write PHP program to download and upload a file.
8. Write PHP program to illustrate the concept of session.
Part – C
1. Explain with example, how can you do I/O operations on binary files.
2. Briefly discuss the database access in PHP.
3. Give a detailed note on cookie.
i. Sending E-mail
ii. Adding attachment to E-mail
UNIT-V
Part – A
1. Expand and define Ajax.
2. Expand and define XML.
3. What is an inner function?
4. State the purpose of java script.
5. What are the image formats?
6. Write function to create an image.
7. What are the functions used to draw filled-in figures?
8. Mention the function used to draw a text.
Part – B
1. Explain with example, the creation of XML Http Request Object.
2. Illustrate the concept of XML with PHP.
3. How to handle concurrent Ajax request? Explain.
4. Draw a table to list the graphics function.
5. Write PHP program to draw a line.
6. Write PHP program to draw a vertical text.
Part – C
i. Passing data to the server with GET
ii. Passing data to the server with POST
2. Describe the connections to google suggest.
3. Write the PHP program for the following:
i. Drawing ellipses
ii. Drawing arcs
iii. Drawing polygons
4. Explain in detail the working concepts of image files.

Programming in PHP Course Material BCA 6th Semester

More Related Content

What's hot (20)

Similar to Programming in PHP Course Material BCA 6th Semester (20)

More from SanthiNivas (20)

Recently uploaded (20)

Programming in PHP Course Material BCA 6th Semester