Programming involves finding a general solution to a problem, writing instructions in an intermediate language to solve the problem using a machine, and testing the solution. The machine translates the intermediate language into binary and executes the instructions using a central processing unit. Key aspects include pseudocode, flowcharts, coding, machine code execution, and standards like ECMAScript. To program, one needs tools like a text editor, programming language, computer, and compiler or interpreter. Important topics to study include logic, algorithms, bit-level operations, the user experience, and tools like version control.