Prolog Programming Language
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Prolog is a declarative programming language used in artificial intelligence. Prolog programs specify relationships between objects and their properties. A Prolog program consists of facts and rules. Facts are predicates followed by a period, and rules have a head and body separated by ":-". Queries are sequences of predicates separated by commas and ended with a period. Prolog can perform general purpose arithmetic and handle lists through built-in predicates for operations like length and sum. Examples demonstrate using Prolog for personal information, testing marks, weather conditions, and finding maximums.
Prolog Programming Language
- 1. Prolog Programming Language CSE 337 Concepts of Programming Languages Qassim University College of Computer –IT department Ms.Sadaf Ambreen Abbasi. Reham AL blihed Muna AL rajhi 1
- 2. Outline • About Prolog programming language • Simple idea of prolog program • Prolog Syntax • General purpose arithmetic 2
- 3. About prolog programming language •Prolog • Prolog is one of the most widely used programming languages in artificial intelligence research. • It is a declarative programming language unlike most common programming languages. 3
- 4. Simple Idea about Prolog Program • Prolog programs specify relationships among objects and properties of objects. 4 PrologEnglish father(ibrahim,reham).Ibrahim is the father of Reham. eats(ibrahim,pizza).Ibrahim eats pizza. happy(muna).Muna is happy.
- 5. Prolog Syntax • Terms • Terms are of four kinds: atoms, numbers, variables, and compound terms. • Example atom: • Example variables: • Example compound term: 5 elephant, b, abcXYZ, x_123 X, Elephant, _ is_bigger(horse, X), f(g(X, _), 7),
- 6. Prolog Syntax • Clauses and Queries Clauses Facts & Rules A fact is a predicate followed by a full stop. Example: A rule consists of a head and a body .Head and body are separated by the sign :- Example: Queries it is a sequence of predicates separated by commas and terminated by a full stop. Example: 6 bigger(whale, _). Head :- Body. is_smaller(X, Y) :- is_bigger(Y, X). aunt(Aunt, Child) :- sister(Aunt, Parent), parent(Parent, Child). ?- weather(City,summer), temp(City,40).
- 7. General Purpose Arithmetic 7 • Numeric comparison operator:
- 8. General purpose arithmetic • The is-Operator for Arithmetic Evaluation • The expression in the right of the is-Operator is evaluated and bound to the left hand argument. • = does not cause evaluation of its arguments: • Example: 8
- 9. Lists in Prolog Programming language • List contain of head and tail and separated by bar sign | (bar). • Example: • Example: 9
- 10. Some Built-in Predicates for List Manipulation: • Length • Sum 10
- 11. General Example of prolog • personal Information • Knowledge Based • Queries 11
- 12. General Example of prolog Example on testing mark • Knowledge Based • Queries 12
- 13. General Example of prolog Example of prolog program about the Weather • Knowledge Based • Queries 13
- 14. General Example of prolog • Maximum of two numbers • Knowledge Based • Queries 14
- 15. General Example of prolog • Example: Knowledge Based Queries • Example: 15