![CONTROLLED VOCABULARIES| LOCATE CONTROLLED VOCABULARY
To turn off this automatic
explode feature, click on
the button next to, “Do
not include MeSH terms
found below this term in
the MeSH hierarchy” in
the MeSH record or type
[mh:noexp] next to the
search term e.g.
neoplasms [mh:noexp].
See the next section for
additional information on
no explode.
MeSH can be searched
from a NCBI interface:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.ni
h.gov/mesh
Terms are arranged
hierarchically by subject
categories with more
specific terms arranged
beneath broader terms.
MeSH terms in PubMed
automatically include
the more specific MeSH
terms in a search.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pubmedtutorialfinal-190712155258/85/PubMed-Search-Tutorial-16-320.jpg)
![CONTROLLED VOCABULARIES| EXPLODE, NOT EXPLODE, MAJOR HEADINGS
EXPLODE
“Explode” will search with all MeSH
terms below the chosen MeSH term
in the MeSH hierarchy. A visual of
the hierarchy is located at the
bottom of each entry term page.
PubMed will default to explode any
MeSH terms you search.
MAJOR HEADINGS
Searching for “major headings” will
narrow your search to only find
MeSH terms listed as a major topic
of an article. Command to search:
[majr] (e.g. “diarrhea”[majr] will
find articles with diarrhea as a
major topic. Major topic MeSH
terms will have an asterisks (e.g.
Diarrhea*), while non-major topics
will not have one.
NOT EXPLODE
Choosing to focus (also referred to
as “not exploding”) will only search
for your chosen MeSh term. Terms
are chosen by MeSH indexers to be
the primary focus of an individual
article. Command to search:
[Mesh:noexp] will only find the term
specified, not the terms beneath it
(for example: “diarrhea”
[Mesh:noexp] only finds records
indexed with diarrhea, not
diarrhea, infantile.)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pubmedtutorialfinal-190712155258/85/PubMed-Search-Tutorial-19-320.jpg)
![ADDITIONAL SEARCH OPTIONS| FIELD TAGS
Words and numbers
included in the title,
collection title, abstract, and
other abstract of a citation.
English language abstracts
are taken directly from the
published article. If an article
does not have a published
abstract, NLM does not
create one.
[Title/Abstract] or [TIAB]
Includes all words and
numbers in the title, abstract,
other abstract, MeSH terms,
MeSH Subheadings,
Publication Types, Substance
Names, Personal Name as
Subject, Corporate Author,
Secondary Source,
Comment/Correction Notes,
and Other Terms.
[Text Words] or [TW]
Untagged terms and terms
tagged with [all fields] are
processed used Automatic
Term Mapping. Terms
enclosed in double quotes or
truncated will be searched in
all fields and not processed
using automatic term
mapping.
[All Fields] or [ALL]
Field Tags
You can use field tags to specify where the database looks for the search term. In PubMed, first
type the search term and then the field tag in brackets. e.g. Cardiology [TIAB] looks for cardiology
in the title and abstract.
NCBI explanation of Field Descriptors and Tags
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK3827/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK3827.pdf](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pubmedtutorialfinal-190712155258/85/PubMed-Search-Tutorial-30-320.jpg)
![ADDITIONAL SEARCH OPTIONS| APPLYING FILTERS
ApplyingFilters
On the left side of the results are options to filter your
search by Article types, Publication dates, Language,
Age, Gender, etc. To access the complete list of filters,
click on the “Show additional filters” link.
Use the PubMed built-in limits cautiously. Limits other
than date or language will limit your search to indexed
records only. In most cases it is best to develop
another concept to use as a limiter.
For example, if you would like to limit your results to
“human studies,” use the following search to exclude
animal students instead of using the “humans” limit
from the search results page. Simply add this to the rest
of your search strategy using the NOT Boolean operator
(animals[MeSH Terms] NOT humans[MeSH Terms])](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pubmedtutorialfinal-190712155258/85/PubMed-Search-Tutorial-31-320.jpg)
PubMed Search Tutorial
- 3. When to use PubMed Before Searching Accessing Full Text PubMed Overview PUBMED OVERVIEW
- 4. PubMed comprises more than 27 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. This tutorial applies to this public-facing version, not the version of Medline supported by Ovid. The public database is maintained by the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM) and the National Center for Biotechnology Information It offers a broad overview of existing literature on a particular topic, but it should not be seen as a complete overview. PUBMED OVERVIEW| USING PUBMED
- 5. PUBMED OVERVIEW| BEFORE SEARCHING Save your search in a document, citation management software, and/or the database. By saving your search, your strategy will be reproducible for another time and properly documented. Explore options and instructions for citation management on the Citation Management LibGuide. NEOMED LIBGUIDE LINK
- 6. CITATIONMANAGEMENT SOFTWAREOPTIONS ZOTERO Zotero is a free, easy-to-use tool to help you collect, organize, cite, and share research. REFWORKS RefWorks is a web-based commercial reference management software package. END NOTE EndNote is the industry standard software tool for publishing and managing bibliographies, citations and references on the Windows and Macintosh desktop. MENDELEY Mendeley is a free reference manager and academic social network that can help you organize your research, collaborate with others online, and discover the latest research. PUBMED OVERVIEW| BEFORE SEARCHING
- 7. To save searches in PubMed, create a NCBI account by clicking on the sign-in to NCBI link in the upper- right corner of the screen Sign up for a My NCBI account or login to an existing account. PUBMED OVERVIEW| SAVING PUBMED SEARCHES & VIDEO Once you complete a search, click on “Create an alert” underneath the search box. From here you can create a search alert or save your search strategy.
- 8. PUBMED OVERVIEW| ACCESSING FULL-TEXT In PubMed, the “Northeast Ohio Medical University” icon will often appear within an item record. To access the full text click the FIND IT icon to go to an external page listing available full-text options. If the full text is not available, you will see a heading that says, “ILLiad – request this item through interlibrary loan.” When prompted, enter your ILLiad login and password and then submit the request via the pre-filled in template. The article will be emailed to you free of charge (only available for NEOMED students, faculty, and staff).
- 9. Automatic Term Mapping Finding & Using Keywords MeSH Terms Keyword Searching KEYWORD SEARCHING
- 10. KEYWORD SEARCHING| AUTOMATIC TERM MAPPING Using quotes around a phrase or truncation turns off Automatic Term Mapping. The terms are instead searched as keywords. PubMed uses Automatic Term Mapping (ATM) when you search with keywords. This means that the search terms you type into the search box are automatically mapped to controlled vocabulary (MeSH) terms. Automatic Term Mapping To see ATM in action, scroll to the “search details” box on the left-hand side of the results page. Warning: ATM is not always correct. For example, if you search for “cold AND zinc,” PubMed will include the controlled vocabulary for “cold temperatures” in the search.
- 11. KEYWORD SEARCHING| FINDING & USING KEYWORDS Keyword terms can be single words or phrases. Finding & Using Keywords Consult controlled vocabularies in other subject databases for additional help. For example, the Embase has a controlled vocabulary called Emtree. Emtree records contain synonym lists similar to the “entry terms” in a MeSH record. The Emtree synonym list often contains European spelling/variations. Use quotes around all phrases to ensure that the phrase is searched instead of each word individually. (e.g. “public health”) For more possible search terms, visit MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) database and look at the “entry terms” listed for each MeSH record. MeSH is NLM’s controlled vocabulary of biomedical terms used to describe the subject of each journal article in MEDLINE. The entry terms are synonyms, alternate forms, and other closely related terms generally used interchangeably with the preferred term.
- 12. KEYWORD SEARCHING| MESH TERMS Searching for a term with MeSH selected will return a MeSH term. The controlled vocabulary term will display with a definition below.
- 13. The entry terms are synonyms, alternate forms, and other closely related terms generally used interchangeably with the preferred term. KEYWORD SEARCHING| MESH TERMS
- 14. Locate Controlled Vocabulary Explode, No Explode, & Major Headings Subheadings Controlled Vocabularies CONTROLLED VOCABULARIES
- 15. CONTROLLED VOCABULARIES| LOCATE CONTROLLED VOCABULARY Using MeSH terms helps account for variations in language, acronyms, and British vs. American English. MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) is NLM’s controlled vocabulary of biomedical terms used to describe the subject of each journal article in MEDLINE. These are a standardized set of terms that are used to bring consistency to the searching process. In total, there are approximately 26,000 terms and they are updated annually to reflect changes in medicine and medical terminology.
- 16. CONTROLLED VOCABULARIES| LOCATE CONTROLLED VOCABULARY To turn off this automatic explode feature, click on the button next to, “Do not include MeSH terms found below this term in the MeSH hierarchy” in the MeSH record or type [mh:noexp] next to the search term e.g. neoplasms [mh:noexp]. See the next section for additional information on no explode. MeSH can be searched from a NCBI interface: https://www.ncbi.nlm.ni h.gov/mesh Terms are arranged hierarchically by subject categories with more specific terms arranged beneath broader terms. MeSH terms in PubMed automatically include the more specific MeSH terms in a search.
- 17. CONTROLLED VOCABULARIES| NCBI VIDEO Use MeSH to Build a Better PubMed Query (3:02)
- 18. CONTROLLED VOCABULARIES| SEARCH DETAILS BOX Once MeSH terms have been searched, terms will appear in a box labelled “Search details,” located beside the list of the results on the right side of the screen. This box will display how each term has been searched and can be useful for editing your search. Corrections can be made directly within this box, and once corrections have been made, the search button beneath the box will re-run your search.
- 19. CONTROLLED VOCABULARIES| EXPLODE, NOT EXPLODE, MAJOR HEADINGS EXPLODE “Explode” will search with all MeSH terms below the chosen MeSH term in the MeSH hierarchy. A visual of the hierarchy is located at the bottom of each entry term page. PubMed will default to explode any MeSH terms you search. MAJOR HEADINGS Searching for “major headings” will narrow your search to only find MeSH terms listed as a major topic of an article. Command to search: [majr] (e.g. “diarrhea”[majr] will find articles with diarrhea as a major topic. Major topic MeSH terms will have an asterisks (e.g. Diarrhea*), while non-major topics will not have one. NOT EXPLODE Choosing to focus (also referred to as “not exploding”) will only search for your chosen MeSh term. Terms are chosen by MeSH indexers to be the primary focus of an individual article. Command to search: [Mesh:noexp] will only find the term specified, not the terms beneath it (for example: “diarrhea” [Mesh:noexp] only finds records indexed with diarrhea, not diarrhea, infantile.)
- 20. CONTROLLED VOCABULARIES| SUBHEADINGS MeSH/SubheadingCombinations You can manually add subheadings in the search box by using the format MeSH Term/Subheading. E.g. neoplasms/diet therapy. You can also use the two- letter abbreviation for sub- headings rather than typing out the full phrase, e.g. neoplasms/dh. Click here for the abbreviations of other MeSH subheadings. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bo oks/NBK3827/table/pubmedhelp. T.mesh_subheadings/) MakingMeSHtermsmorespecific MeSH can be made more specific by the addition of subheadings such as “therapy” and “prevention and control” When in the MeSH record, add subheadings by clicking on the boxes next to the desired subheadings. Then click “Add to Search Builder.” Warning: Adding too many subheadings may lead to missing important articles.
- 21. MeSH/SubheadingCombinations Only one Subheading at a time may be directly attached to a MeSH term. For example, a search of hypertension with the subheadings diagnosis or drug therapy will appear as hypertension/diagnosis or hypertension/drug therapy. As with MeSH terms, PubMed search results include the more specific terms arranged beneath broader terms for the MeSH term and includes the more specific terms arranged beneath broader Subheadings. CONTROLLED VOCABULARIES| SUBHEADINGS
- 22. CONTROLLED VOCABULARIES| ADVANCED SEARCH BUILDER Past searches will appear here and stay for 12 hours. Follow the link to see a video tutorial on how to use the advanced search builder. Select MeSH Terms for a more effective search.
- 23. CONTROLLED VOCABULARIES| NCBI VIDEO: ADVANCED SEARCH BUILDER
- 24. Using Boolean Operators Combining Searches COMBINING SEARCHES
- 25. COMBINING SEARCHES A comprehensive and systematic search of PubMed includes both controlled vocabulary and keyword terms (i.e. free text, natural language, and synonyms). Boolean operators are used to combine search terms. In PubMed, you can use the operators AND, OR, and NOT. Go to the “Advanced Search” page to combine searches. This is where your search history is located during your search session. Boolean operators MUST be used as upper case (AND, OR, NOT).
- 26. COMBINING SEARCHES| BOOLEAN OPERATORS OR NOTAND Using NOT will exclude terms from your search resulting in a narrower search. Example: disease NOT heart returns 126,722 results. Using AND will narrow your search results It tells PubMed that you want ALL the terms included in the results. Example: disease AND heart returns 4,065 results. Using OR will connect two or more similar concepts, synonyms, or entry terms (MeSH synonyms). OR will also broaden your search results by allowing any of the search terms to appear in the resulting articles. Example: disease OR heart returns 662,270 results.
- 27. COMBINING SEARCHES| BOOLEAN OPERATORS AND Using AND, this search would only retrieve results with disease and heart. NOT Using NOT, this search would retrieve results with disease, and exclude those with heart or disease with heart. OR Using OR, this search would retrieve results with disease, with heart, and with both.
- 28. AND • 4,065 results OR • 662,270 results NOT • 126,722 results heart, disease Terms Operators COMBINING SEARCHES| BOOLEAN OPERATORS
- 29. Field Tags Applying Filters Truncation Additional Search Options ADDITIONAL SEARCH OPTIONS
- 30. ADDITIONAL SEARCH OPTIONS| FIELD TAGS Words and numbers included in the title, collection title, abstract, and other abstract of a citation. English language abstracts are taken directly from the published article. If an article does not have a published abstract, NLM does not create one. [Title/Abstract] or [TIAB] Includes all words and numbers in the title, abstract, other abstract, MeSH terms, MeSH Subheadings, Publication Types, Substance Names, Personal Name as Subject, Corporate Author, Secondary Source, Comment/Correction Notes, and Other Terms. [Text Words] or [TW] Untagged terms and terms tagged with [all fields] are processed used Automatic Term Mapping. Terms enclosed in double quotes or truncated will be searched in all fields and not processed using automatic term mapping. [All Fields] or [ALL] Field Tags You can use field tags to specify where the database looks for the search term. In PubMed, first type the search term and then the field tag in brackets. e.g. Cardiology [TIAB] looks for cardiology in the title and abstract. NCBI explanation of Field Descriptors and Tags https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK3827/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK3827.pdf
- 31. ADDITIONAL SEARCH OPTIONS| APPLYING FILTERS ApplyingFilters On the left side of the results are options to filter your search by Article types, Publication dates, Language, Age, Gender, etc. To access the complete list of filters, click on the “Show additional filters” link. Use the PubMed built-in limits cautiously. Limits other than date or language will limit your search to indexed records only. In most cases it is best to develop another concept to use as a limiter. For example, if you would like to limit your results to “human studies,” use the following search to exclude animal students instead of using the “humans” limit from the search results page. Simply add this to the rest of your search strategy using the NOT Boolean operator (animals[MeSH Terms] NOT humans[MeSH Terms])
- 32. ADDITIONAL SEARCH OPTIONS| NCBI VIDEO: THE FILTERS SIDEBAR
- 33. ADDITIONAL SEARCH OPTIONS| TRUNCATION TRUNCATION In PubMed you can use a * at the root of a word to find multiple endings. For example: Arthroplast* will return arthroplasty, arthroplasties, arthroplastic, arthroplastics, etc. Mobili* will return mobility, mobilization, mobilisation, mobilize, etc. Note: In PubMed you cannot combine phrase searching with truncation. Either use quotes, e.g. “early childhood mobility,” or use truncation, “e.g. early childhood mobili*
- 34. Library Contact NEOMED LibGuides PubMed Resources Contact Us CONTACT US
- 35. CONTACT US| LIBRARY CONTACTS Reference Librarian Office L215 srobins@neomed.edu 330.325.6378 Located on the second floor of Building “A” in the Aneal Mohan Kohli Academic and Information Technology Center. library@neomed.edu 330.325.6600 NEOMED Library Simon Robins
- 36. CONTACT US| LIBGUIDES RESEARCH SERVICES OVERVIEW https://libraryguides.neomed.edu/re search-support-and- collaboration/service-overview DATABASES A-Z https://libraryguides.neomed.edu/ az.php RESEARCH & COURSE GUIDES https://libraryguides.neomed.edu/ NEOMED-medical-library- guides/explore-all-guides EBM & COURSE GUIDES https://libraryguides.neomed.edu/ebm ONE SEARCH https://libraryguides.neomed.edu/home Search for articles, books, & more in one convenient place. TEXTBOOKS https://libraryguides.neomed.edu/c.php? g=831456&p=6490293 LITERATURE SEARCH SERVICES https://libraryguides.neomed.edu/li terature-search-services/overview PUBMED SEARCH TIPS https://libraryguides.neomed.edu/library -tutorials
- 37. PubMed FAQ’s Page https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov /books/NBK3827/#pubmedh elp.FAQs PubMed Guidebook https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov /books/NBK3827/ PubMed Video Tutorials https://www.youtube.com/playlist ?list=PLBD13A2628C7A9965 PubMed Tutorials https://learn.nlm.nih.gov/ documentation/training- packets/T0042010P/ CONTACT US| PUBMED RESOURCES
- 38. Template features: By Showeet.com CONTACT US| CREDITS Using PubMed: A Tutorial by Laura Levy is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Based on a work at https://libraryguides.neomed.edu/plagiarism Fonts used in this presentation: Poppins, by Indian Type Foundry & Cabin, by Pablo Impallari. abc