Pulse shaping methods for inter carrier interference reduction in OFDM system

TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication, Computing, Electronics and Control
Vol. 18, No. 5, October 2020, pp. 2276~2283
ISSN: 1693-6930, accredited First Grade by Kemenristekdikti, Decree No: 21/E/KPT/2018
DOI: 10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v18i5.13480  2276
Journal homepage: http://journal.uad.ac.id/index.php/TELKOMNIKA
Pulse shaping methods for inter carrier interference reduction in
OFDM system
N. M. A. E. D. Wirastuti1
, Ni Putu Lintang Anggitiadewi2
, Nyoman Pramaita3
1,3
Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Udayana University, Indonesia
2
Bali Towerindo Sentra Plc., Indonesia
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Aug 8, 2019
Revised Apr 17, 2020
Accepted May 11, 2020
The weakness of the orthogonal freuency division multiplexing (OFDM)
system is susceptible to the existence of carrier frequency offset (CFO) which
causes the emergence of inter carrier interference (ICI) which causes
a degradation of performance OFDM systems. This study aims to apply
the suggested rectangular (REC) pulse and improved sinc-power (ISP) pulse
shaping methods on OFDM system and determines ICI reduction with
the effects of CFO over flat fading Rayleigh channels. The performance of
each pulse shaping method is evaluated and compared based on parameter ICI
power vs. normalized frequency offset, signal to interference ratio (SIR) vs.
normalized frequency offset and bit error rate (BER) vs. energy bit per noise
(Eb/No). The simulation result in terms of BER vs. Eb/No indicated that REC
and ISP pulse shaping has better performance dealing with ICI reduction
compared to OFDM system no applied pulse shaping. In addition, the ISP is
able to mitigate ICI better than REC.
Keywords:
ICI
ISP pulse
OFDM
Pulse shaping
Rectangular pulse
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
N. M. A. E. D. Wirastuti,
Department of Electrical Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering, Udayana University,
Kampus UNUD Road, Bukit Jimbaran, Kuta Selatan, Badung-Bali-80361, Indonesia.
Email: dewi.wirastuti@unud.ac.id
1. INTRODUCTION
OFDM is a multicarrier transmission technique which between subcarriers are arranged to be mutually
overlapping and arranged in such a way so that between subcarriers will have orthogonal properties [1, 2].
By using this overlapping technique, OFDM systems offer high bandwidth efficiency that save up to 50% [3].
It also has high data rate transmission capability and robust to multipath fading and delay. It able to convert
a frequency selective fading channel into several nearly flat fading channels as the entire available spectrum is
divided into a number of narrow-band subchannels. Due to its advantages, OFDM has been identified as one
of the prime technologies for use in the next generation of heterogeneous wireless networks.
However, one of the main disadvantages of OFDM is its susceptible to carrier frequency offset (CFO)
which can arise due to the Doppler effect and frequency mismatches of the transmitter and receiver oscillators.
The interference affected by frequency offset will cause orthogonality losses between OFDM scheme’s
subcarriers and results in the emergence of inter carrier interference (ICI) which can reduce the performance
of the OFDM system [4]. Therefore, an action is needed to mitigate ICI in OFDM systems.
Several methods have been introduced to mitigate ICI such as pulse shaping [5-10], frequency domain
equalization [11], ICI self-cancellation schemes [12], windowing [13] at the receiver and Maximum likelihood
estimation technique (MLE) [14]. In this paper, pulse shaping methods have been considered due to its

TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control 
Pulse shaping methods for inter carrier interference reduction in OFDM system (N. M. A. E. D. Wirastuti)
2277
simplicity and efficiency [15]. The pulse shaping method is the most effective method that can be used to
overcome the main causes of ICI in OFDM systems because with the implementation of pulse shaping,
the subcarrier will be filtered when it is still mutually orthogonal so that when it arrives at the receiver,
the effect of interference from another subcarrier will be reduced [5].
The use of Nyquist-I pulses to reduce the ICI power in OFDM-based systems has been
proposed [6, 7, 16, 17] such as the raised cosine (RC) pulse, “better than” raised cosine (BTRC) pulse, sinc
power (SP) pulse, improved sinc power (ISP) pulse and rectangular (REC) pulse. Currently, the ISP is probably
that has the best performance in dealing with ICI due to frequency offset in OFDM systems. In this paper,
the proposed implementation of REC and ISP pulse was proposed with variations of normalized frequency
offset. A simulation model for assessing the performance of REC and ISP pulse was introduced using OFDM
system in a flat fading Rayleigh channel.
2. RESEARCH METHOD
A simulation method was used to evaluate the performance of REC pulse and ISP pulse in reducing
ICI due to frequency offset effects on OFDM system over flat fading Rayleigh channel. Simulations have been
performed in order to compare the performance of the OFDM systems, with and without pulse shaping.
The performance of REC pulse and ISP pulse were also observed using the variation of normalized frequency
offsets. The parametes used to evaluate including ICI power vs. normalized frequency offset, signal to
interference ratio (SIR) vs. normalized frequency offset and bit error rate (BER) vs. energy bit per noise
(Eb/No).
2.1. Modelling ICI
For system modeling that experiences ICI effect, it is stated in (1) as follows [3].
𝑠𝑠′ 𝑚𝑚 = �𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚 𝑃𝑃(−∆𝑓𝑓) + ∑ 𝑠𝑠𝑘𝑘 𝑃𝑃𝑁𝑁−1
𝑘𝑘=0
𝑘𝑘≠𝑚𝑚
�
𝑚𝑚−𝑘𝑘
𝑇𝑇
− ∆𝑓𝑓�� 𝑒𝑒𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗
+ 𝑛𝑛 𝑚𝑚 (1)
The ICI effect on the received symbol is expressed as Δf variable called CFO. The next CFO will be normalized
to the subcarrier spacing (∆𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐) which is called the normalized frequency offset (ΔfT). That ΔfT
or ε shows how much the subcarrier shifted is detected by the receiver oscillator where |ΔfT|≤1.
In the simulation model, the formula is excuted after the output of parallel to serial. The magnitude of
the normalized frequency offset used in this paper was calculated using (2) as follows [18]:
𝜀𝜀 =
𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
∆𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐
(2)
In this paper, to determine normalized frequency offset variations, we use a set of frequency offset
including 2 kHz, 4 kHz and 5 kHz that represent for large and small subcarrier shifted. In accordance with
the fixed WiMAX standard, the subcarrier spacing (∆𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐) used was 9765 Hz and using (2), the normalized
frequency offset can be found as follows;
Frequency offset = 2 kHz = 2000 Hz
𝜀𝜀 =
∆𝑓𝑓
∆𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐
=
2000
9765
= 0,2.
Frequency offset = 4 kHz, 𝜀𝜀 = 0.4.
Frequency offset = 5 kHz, 𝜀𝜀 = 0.5.
ICI power states the magnitude power of ICI that generated from OFDM system after the implementation of
pulse shaping to reduce ICI in OFDM systems where the amount of ICI power generated can be calculated
using (3) as follows [18].
𝜎𝜎𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑚𝑚
2
= ∑ ∑ 𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑠𝑛𝑛
∗𝑁𝑁−1
𝑛𝑛=0
𝑘𝑘≠0
𝑃𝑃 �
𝑘𝑘−𝑚𝑚
𝑇𝑇
− ∆𝑓𝑓� 𝑃𝑃 �
𝑛𝑛−𝑚𝑚
𝑇𝑇
− ∆𝑓𝑓�𝑁𝑁−1
𝑛𝑛=0
𝑘𝑘≠0
(3)
Signal to interference ratio (SIR) states the ratio of magnitude of received signal strength to interference
between subcarriers. The magnitude of SIR is expressed using (4) as follows [19];

 ISSN: 1693-6930
TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control, Vol. 18, No. 5, October 2020: 2276 - 2283
2278
SIR =
|𝑃𝑃(∆𝑓𝑓)|2
∑ |𝑃𝑃�
𝑘𝑘−𝑚𝑚
𝑇𝑇0
+ ∆𝑓𝑓�|2𝑁𝑁−1
𝑛𝑛=0
𝑘𝑘≠0
(4)
2.2. Pulse shaping function
This function acts to form a pulse of existing symbols. Each symbol that is transmitted will be
multiplied by pulse shaping function. The use of pulse shaping method is to eliminate the side lobe power
which can potentially generate ICI power. So that the use of pulse shaping can reduce ICI power due to
the frequency offset [20]. The pulse function in the frequency domain was used in this paper as follows [3].
− REC pulse
𝑃𝑃𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟(𝑓𝑓) = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓) , (5)
then the frequency offset is substituted to (5)
𝑃𝑃𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟(∆𝑓𝑓) = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(∆𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓) (6)
− ISP pulse
𝑃𝑃𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼(𝑓𝑓) = 𝑒𝑒−𝑎𝑎(𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓)2
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑛𝑛
(𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓) (7)
then the frequency offset is substituted to (7)
𝑃𝑃𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼(∆𝑓𝑓) = 𝑒𝑒−𝑎𝑎(∆𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓)2
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑛𝑛
(∆𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓) (8)
For ISP pulse, there are variables, a and n, according to [21]. The performance improvement of OFDM
system can survive if the parameter a = 1 and n = 2. The spectrum of ISP and REC pulse can be seen
in Figure 1 [22]. Figure 1 illustrates ISP pulse (in brown line) has the same side lobe power as zero compared
to the side lobe of the REC pulse (in blue line). Due to the value of side lobe is zero, then when the subcarrier
shifted to the orthogonal position of the side lobe, the interference will not affect the other subcarriers.
On the other hand, for REC pulse, the power of the side lobe cannot be maximally reduced due to the subcarrier
shifted that will causes interference of other subcarriers [18]. The purpose of using pulse shaping method is
to eliminate side lobes that can potentially generate ICI power. The use of ISP pulse can reduce ICI power
from the side lobe better than the REC pulse [3].
Figure 1. Spectrum of ISP and REC pulse
2.3. Simulation model
We consider ISP dan REC pulse applied to the OFDM system in a flat fading Rayleigh channel as
shown in Figure 2 [20, 23, 24]. The pulse shaping function was applied at the transmitter. Flat fading Rayleigh
channel was used where each channel response that is Rayleigh distributed [25] with adding addictive white
Gaussian noise (AWGN). The parameters used in this simulation were based on fixed wireless worldwide
interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) standard as shown in Table 1.

2279
Figure 2. ISP dan REC pulse applied to the OFDM system over flat fading Rayleigh channels
Table 1. Parameter simulation
Parameter Values
Input Bit Random 100.000 bits
Type of modulation QPSK
FFT size 64
Number of subcarriers 64
Number of data subcarriers 52
Cyclic prefix Lengths 16
Type of channel AWGN + flat fading Rayleigh
Normalized frequency offset (ε) 0.2, 0.4 and 0.5
Frequency offset 2 kHz, 4 kHz, 5 kHz
Subcarrier spacing 9.765 kHz
Eb/No 0:2:20
Pulse shaping ISP & REC pulse
3. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
Simulations have been performed in order to evaluate and compare the performance of OFDM
systems, with and without pulse shaping, in reducing ICI with effects of CFO. The simulation uses
the parameters discussed in section 2.3. The simulation model is presented in Figure 2. We also present
performance comparison of REC and ISP pulse using normalized frequency offset variations in order to assess
the effects of normalized frequency offset on OFDM system performance. The performance of each pulse
shaping method is evaluated and compared based on parameter ICI power vs. normalized frequency offset and
signal to interference ratio (SIR) vs. normalized frequency offset. The BER vs. Eb/No performance for OFDM
system, with and without pulse shaping, is examined and compared in the case of an AWGN and flat Rayleigh
fading channel.
3.1. BER performance with a normalized frequency offset
Figure 3 presents BER performance of OFDM system, with and without pulse shaping, in case of
fading channel. Both pulse shaping, REC and ISP pulse, evaluated and compared, in order to investigate
the effect of CFO. The normalized frequency offset used was about 0.2. At an Eb/No of 10 dB, the BER for
OFDM systems without pulse shaping is about 0.0180 while BER for OFDM systems with REC and ISP were
0.0090 and 0.0056, respectively. The use of pulse shaping has given better performance than OFDM with no
pulse shaping. Futhermore, OFDM system performance with applied ISP pulse has shown better performance
than REC pulse. This was indicated by the BER performance of ISP pulse lower than REC pulse. It has
happened due to ISP pulse affected to the side lobe of each subcarrier to be zero power (flat). When ICI arises,
there will be no shifted in subcarriers side lobe. Therefore, the subcarriers do not lose its orthogonality and will
not cause interference between subcarriers [26, 27]. Thus, it can be concluded that the use of pulse shaping can
provide an increase in OFDM system performance because the interference effects of subcarriers can be
minimized using reducing ICI power in side lobe. ISP pulse was able to reduce ICI better than REC pulse.

 ISSN: 1693-6930
2280
Figure 3. BER vs. Eb/No of OFDM System, without and with REC and ISP pulse
3.2. BER performance with normalized frequency offset variations
Figure 4 depicts BER performance of OFDM system, without and with pulse shaping, using variations
of normalized frequency offset. The normalized frequency offset was referred to (2). So, the normalized
frequency offset (𝜀𝜀) used in the simulation were 0.2, 0.4 and 0.5. From Figure 4, it can be seen that BER
performance comparison of REC and ISP pulse applied to OFDM system, with 𝜀𝜀 = 0.5, was given the worst
BER performance. Normalized frequency offset is expressed as a subcarrier shifted that caused by frequency
offset. So that, if the subcarrier frequency shifted or normalized frequency offset is greater, the effect of
interference from other subcarriers accordingly will be greater and the ICI power produced will increase.
Thus, it can be concluded that the greater the normalized frequency offset, the OFDM system performance will
be worse. It is due to the higher the offset frequency effected to the OFDM system so that the ICI power
generated will also be greater. From the simulation results, it can also be seen that BER performance of OFDM
system with ISP pulse was able provided better performance than REC pulse [25-27].
Figure 4. Performance of OFDM system with normalized frequency offset variations

2281
3.3. ICI power and SIR analysis
Refered to the (3) and (4), ICI power and signal to interference ratio (SIR) were generated after
the implementation of ISP and REC pulse. The performance of REC and ISP pulse based on parameter ICI
power vs. normalized frequency offset and SIR vs. normalized frequency offset, can be illustrated in
Figures 5 and 6, respectively. Figure 5 shows that at normalized offset frequency, 𝜀𝜀 = 0.2, REC pulse applied
to OFDM system created ICI power about -10.9723 dB, which is higher than applied ISP pulse to OFDM
system, about -42.6542 dB. Important trend can be observed from this simulation result that in highest
normalized frequency offset resulting the smallest ICI power. So, ICI power inversely proportional to
normalized frequency offset.
From Figure 6, it can be seen that SIR performance for REC pulse applied to OFDM system was
smaller than SIR performance for ISP pulse. At 𝜀𝜀 = 0.2, SIR performance of REC pulse applied to OFDM
system was about 13.0045 dB while ISP pulse applied to OFDM system was about 38.0214 dB. The important
trend can be observed that SIR performance inversely proportional to normalized frequency offset where
the higher normalized frequency offset resulting lower SIR performance.
The higher SIR and smaller ICI power will cause the better performance of OFDM system. The use
of ISP pulse can improve OFDM system performance better than REC pulse due to ISP pulse minimizing ICI
power better than REC pulse. By minimizing the ICI power, it results the lower risk of orthogonality losses
between OFDM scheme’s subcarriers. This causes SIR in OFDM system increasing and OFDM system
performance tends to be better.
Figure 5. ICI power comparison of REC and ISP pulse
Figure 6. SIR performance comparison of REC and ISP pulse

 ISSN: 1693-6930
2282
4. CONCLUSION
In this paper, the implementation of pulse shaping techniques, REC and ISP pulse, have been
introduced. REC and ISP pulse applied to OFDM system has been evaluated and compared to suppress
the effect of ICI with the presence of CFO over fading channel. The ISP pulse performed better than REC
pulse. It is due to that ISP pulse is able to minimize ICI power better than REC pulse. It also was able to produce
higher SIR compared to REC pulse. So generally, by using pulse shaping, the performance of OFDM system
seems to be better because of the implementation of pulse shaping reduces the side lobe power of a subcarrier
which potentially cause ICI. Therefore, with the use of pulse shaping, a side lobe subcarrier will not interference
to other subcarriers. The performance of OFDM system will degrade that effected by the presence of CFO,
the higher frequency offset will increase ICI power.
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
N. M. A. E. D. Wirastuti received the B.Eng. degree in electrical engineering from Udayana
University, Bali, Indonesia, in 2000, the M.Sc. degree in mobile communication systems
from University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom, in 2002 and the Ph.D. degree in
Telecommunication Systems from University of Bradford, West Yorkshire, United
Kingdom, in 2007. From 2007 to 2009, she was a Post Doctoral Fellowship with the Mobile
and Satellite Communication Research Centre (MSCRC), University of Bradford, United
Kingdom worked to the VeSeL (Village e-Science for Life) project, Engineering and
Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) grant. Dr. Wirastuti was a recipient of the
Best Paper Student in 2006 from University of Bradford for paper presentation at INTI
College, Malaysia. Her research interest includes the development of physical layer model
for the next wireless and mobile communication systems. She has been a lecturer in
Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering at Udayana University, Bali,
Indonesia, since 2001.
Ni Putu Lintang Anggitiadewi received the B.Eng. degree in electrical engineering from
Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia, in 2019. Currently, she is working as PMO Network
Planning Staff at Bali Towerindo Sentra Plc. Bali, Indonesia.
Nyoman Pramaita received the first degree in Electrical engineering from Brawijaya
University, Malang, Indonesia, in 1995, the Master degree in Electrical engineering from
The Institute of Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia, in 2003, and the Ph.D degree in
Electronic and Electrical engineering from Liverpool John Moore University, Liverpool,
UK. He has been a lecturer in Electrical engineering at Udayana University since 1997.
He is currently the head of Telecommunication Engineering Laboratory in Electrical
engineering at Udayana University.

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