Purification Of Substances 1
- 2. The need for pure substance Criteria for purity Objectives: Methods of Purification: Filtration Crystallization Know their principles, procedures and application
- 3. The NEED for pure substance Importance of purity of substances used in everyday life: Chemist need pure substances to study their properties. Pure substances are used in industry to make useful products such as food and drugs .
- 4. The NEED for pure substance In pharmaceutical industry, medicines must be tested for purity before they are sold. Impurities in drugs and food may produce undesirable side effects.
- 5. In highly precision engineering e.g. Production of silicon chips , even small amount of impurities can greatly reduce the effectiveness of a component in an electronic device. The NEED for pure substance
- 6. The NEED for pure substance In food and beverage industry, the types of chemicals which can be added into our food are controlled by certain governmental guidelines to ensure that our food and drinks contain chemicals that are safe for consumption.
- 7. Criteria for purity A pure substance is made up of only one substance and not mixed with anything else. In nature, many substances are not pure. Most are found impure as mixtures .
- 8. A mixture is a substance that contains two or more substances. The need for pure substance They can be easily separated into pure substances by purification techniques. The substances do not react with one another chemically . (Physical method)
- 9. Criteria for purity Mixtures Pure Substances Properties Boiling Point Melting Point Exact and Fixed Not Fixed (Higher) Not Fixed (Lower) Definite Not Definite Exact and Fixed
- 10. Impurities affect the melting and boiling point in the following ways: 1) Decrease the melting point; E.g. Frozen sea water melts below 0°C at -2.5°C 2) Increase the boiling point E.g. Seawater boils at about 102°C Criteria for purity
- 11. 3) Increase the range at which melting and boiling occurs; E.g. Coconut oil melts over a range of temperature. Starts melting at 14°C and complete melting at 22°C. Petrol fuel for motorcars boils over a range of 35°C to 75°C. Criteria for purity
- 12. A pure substance contains only one type of substance (that is, one type of molecule or atom) Melting point of pure water = 0 ºC Boiling point of pure water = 100 ºC So, do you think the temperature for sea water is also 100 ºC?
- 13. Pure solid/liquid will melt/ boil at only ONE temperature. E.g. Water melts at 0°C and boils at 100°C. Criteria for purity To find out if the substance is pure: Melt at its true melting point Boil at its true boiling point Measure its melting point Measure its boiling point
- 14. Pure Water melts at 0°C and boils at 100°C. Criteria for purity When impure: Melting point decreases further, Boiling point increases 0 o C 100 o C -2 o C 102 o C Liquid Solid Gas
- 15. WEBSITE TO VISIT:http://environmentalchemistry.com/ You may start by zooming in on: PCBs (Polychlorinated Biphenyls) are in the Foods You Love Norwegian farmed salmon production raises global concern Mercury in Fish vs. Omega-3 Fatty Acids Health Benefits PCBs (Polychlorinated Biphenyls) in New York's Hudson River
- 16. Some important terms Some terms that you should know: A solute is a dissolved substance (e.g. salt in salt solution). A solvent is a substance which dissolve a solute (e.g. water in salt solution. Miscible liquids are liquids that are completely soluble in each other.
- 17. Mixtures Solutions and suspensions What is a solution ? A solution is a mixture that appears to be made of one substance . copper (II) sulphate solution, fizzy drinks What is a suspension ? A suspension is a mixture in which two or more parts can be seen with our eyes oil + water, muddy water, chalk water
- 18. How do we obtain Pure substances from a mixture? We have to first consider what are characteristics of the substances involved before we decide on the suitable method of purification.
- 19. Possible scenarios of mixtures! To separate a soluble and insoluble solid (E.g. Salt and sand)/ To separate insoluble solids from a solution (E.g. Sand from water) To separate pure solid from a solution (E.g sugar from sugar solution)
- 20. To separate or identify colors, dyes and pigment. To obtain a pure liquid from a solution (E.g. water from salt solution). To separate miscible liquids with different boiling points. Possible scenarios of mixtures!
- 21. Types of separation techniques Suitable method of purification: Filtration Aim: To separate a soluble and insoluble solid (E.g. Salt and sand)/ To separate insoluble solids from a solution (E.g. Sand from water)
- 22. Filtration 1. Glass rod 2. Retort stand 3. Mixture 4. Filter paper 5. Filter funnel 6. Beaker 7. Filtrate Filtration is usual method of separating solid from a liquid. Solid-Solid mixture Solid-Liquid mixture
- 23. A Glimpse of our First mini Practical on FILTRATION !!
- 24. Do you remember how to do filtration?
- 25. Filtration – How it works Mixture poured through filter paper with tiny holes (“pores”) . Large particles of the solid gets trapped. - Residue Small particles of liquid passes through the filter. - Filtrate Solid-Solid mixture Solid-Liquid mixture Filter paper with small holes Small particles of liquid Large particles of solid
- 26. Filtration – How it works Applications: Solid-Solid mixture Solid-Liquid mixture
- 27. A little extra: Buchner funnel Vacuum filtration is used primarily to collect a desired solid, Vacuum filtration is faster than gravity filtration, because the solvent or solution and air is forced through the filter paper by the application of reduced pressure. Note: Do not use vacuum filtration to filter a solid from a liquid if it is the liquid that you want and if the liquid is low boiling. Any solvent which boils at about 125 degrees or lower will boil off under the reduced pressure in the vacuum flask.
- 28. Buchner funnel Vacuum filtration
- 29. What happens to the filtrate? Can filtration be done to separate solids dissolved in solution? Filtration Solid-Solid mixture Solid-Liquid mixture
- 30. Notes Can Dyes be separated by filtration? Can salt be obtained from a mixture of salt solution by filtration? Dyes in ink go through the filter As dye molecules are smaller than the pores in the filter paper and go straight through them. Salt in sea water cannot be separated from water by filtration, as the sodium chloride molecules are much smaller than the pores in the paper.
- 31. Possible Scenario Suitable method of purification: Which should we use? Crystallisation Evaporate ? ?
- 32. Evaporation Aim: To obtain a solute from its solution by vaporising ALL the solvent. (E.g. To obtain salt from salt solution.) How it works? When a solution is heated, only the solvent boils away while the solute remains. Evaporation is a process where ALL the liquid has been vaporised . Solid-Liquid mixture
- 33. When a solution is heated, the liquid (solvent) evaporates, leaving behind the solid (solute) as residue. You will have only the solid component , as the liquid component is lost as vapour to the surrounding. Evaporation Solid-Liquid mixture salt solution evaporating dish Salt solution heat
- 34. 2 types of evaporation technique: Solid-Liquid mixture Evaporation Boiling to dryness Evaporation using water bath (slower)
- 35. Conditions!!!!! Evaporation This method cannot be used for substance which will decompose upon strong heating. E.g. Sugar, potassium nitrate etc cannot be obtained from their solution by evaporation them to dryness. They will decompose. There is Always conditions involved!!! Solid-Liquid mixture
- 36. Crystallisation Aim: To obtain PURE solids from a solution (solid will decompose upon strong heating). E.g. To obtain sugar from sugar solution , Copper (II) Sulphate from Copper (II) Sulphate solution . Do you know others? Solid-Liquid mixture solution
- 37. CRYSTALLISATION
- 38. Crystallisation Glass Rod Solvent Impure Solid 1. 2. Solution Evaporating dish Crystals 3. Pure crystals appear when the hot solution cools. 4. Filter paper Crystals Crystals are then collected and dried between filter papers. The solution must be Often after filtration. saturated. Heat the solution until MOST of the solvent evaporate off. Allow it to cool. (Steps to make solution saturated ) Dissolved solid appears as pure crystals as the solution cools. Impurities remain dissolved in the solution . Solid-Liquid mixture
- 39. Crystals Salt crystals Sugar crystals Copper(II) sulphate crystals Solid-Liquid mixture
- 40. Have you noticed the difference of evaporation from Crystallisation? In a Solid-Liquid mixture , both Evaporation and Crystallisation is used to obtained solid from its solution. Most All How much solvent have to be vaporised? Yes No Does solid decompose upon strong heating? Crystallisation Evaporation
- 41. Summary: Evaporation & Crystallization To obtain a soluble solid from a liquid in solid-liquid mixture Evaporation Crystallization If solid does not decompose on heating If solid decomposes on heating
- 42. 1. Which of these is a pure substance? Salt, Cooking oil, Tea leaves, Milk A liquid is likely to be pure if A. it is colourless. B. it boils at an exact temperature. C. it dissolves in water. D. it is neutral. Questions
- 43. Questions Which of these techniques would produce the largest crystals from an aqueous solution of copper (II) sulphate? A) Allowing the solution to evaporate naturally. B) Boiling off the water from the aqueous solution. C) Boiling off the water until crystals just start to appear. D) Heating the solution strongly then cooling it using ice.
- 44. Questions 4. Which of the following is the correct order for purifying potassium nitrate from impure saltpetre (naturally occuring potassium nitrate) using water as a solvent? A) dissolve – filter – evaporate -crystallise B) dissolve – evaporate – crystallise - filter C) filter – dissolve – evaporate - crystallise D) evaporate – crystallise – dissolve - filter