![Standard transaction types: Bitcoin Script
templates
Deploying a new contract to the blockchain should use an output script which looks like so:
1; the version of the VM
[Gas limit]
[Gas price]
[Contract EVM bytecode]
OP_EXEC
Sending Funds and Message to an already deployed contract on the blockchain:
1; the version of the VM
[Gas limit]
[Gas price]
[Data to send to the contract]
[contract address]
OP_EXEC_ASSIGN
Note : there are no standard transaction type which can spend either of these. This is because they can
only be spent by using the Expected Contract Transaction List, and thus these spending transactions
would not be broadcast nor valid on the P2P network.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/patrickdaiqtumhowtomakeevmrunonutxomodel-170301095007/85/Qtum-How-To-Make-EVM-Run-On-UTXO-Model-Patrick-Dai-15-320.jpg)
Qtum How To Make EVM Run On UTXO Model - Patrick Dai
- 1. Qtum How Qtum Makes EVM Run on the UTXO Model Patrick Dai (Cofounder of Qtum) 18th Feb 2017@EDCON Paris
- 2. UTXO (Unspent Transaction Outputs) 1) The basis of bitcoin transaction 2) Stateless 3) Parallelism 4) SPV
- 3. Build smart contract base on stateless UTXO sets?
- 4. New Opcodes Qtum Account Abstraction Layer
- 5. Three New Opcodes 1.OP_EXEC - This opcode will trigger special processing of a transaction and will execute the EVM bytecode passed to it. OP_EXEC is primarily used to deploy new smart contracts. 2.OP_EXEC_ASSIGN - This opcode will also trigger special processing like OP_EXEC. This opcode is passed a contract address and data to give the contract. It will then execute the contract’s bytecode while passing in the given data (given as CALLERDATA in EVM). This opcode is also used for sending money to a smart contract. 3.OP_TXHASH - Spend the OP_EXEC_ASSIGN’s Vouts after checking they belong to the contract trying to spend them.
- 6. <sig> <pubKey> OP_DUP OP_HASH160 <pubKeyHash?> OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG <sig> ✓<pubKey> <pubKey> <pubKeyHash?> <pubKeyHash> true Figure 1 - Bitcoin script execution Alan Turing 23 June 1912 – 7 June 1954 I am not impressed
- 7. How to execute smart contract immediately when merged into the blockchain? 1) Special processing of transaction output scripts (ScriptPubKey) which contains either OP_EXEC or OP_EXEC_ASSIGN 2) When one of these opcodes are detected in a script, it is executed by all nodes of the network after the transaction is placed into a block as output. 3) When Qtum encounters OP_EXEC or OP_EXEC_ASSIGN it runs some initial checks, then feeds the code and gas values to the EVM 4) Executes the code and applies changes to its state and returns execution results to Qtum core including the regular EVM results such as gas used…
- 8. Qtum Account Abstraction Layer Account Abstraction Layer which translates the UTXO-based model to an account-based interface for the EVM to use
- 9. How to Deploy and Call a Contract in Qtum? 1) Create a new zero balance contract using OP_EXEC 2) Call the contract using OP_EXEC_ASSIGN opcode The output script (scriptPubkey) which sends money to the contract syntax ; ( )1 the version of the VM EVM is 1 ;10000 gas limit for the transaction ;100 gas price in Qtum satoshis ;0xF012 data to send the contract ;0x1452b22265803b201ac1f8bb25840cb70afe3303 address of the contract OP_EXEC_ASSIGN The value to send to the contract is passed using the
- 10. Assign Funds and/or Message contract TX Figure 2 - Assign Funds and/or Message contract TX
- 11. Contract to Contract or to Public Key Hash Address payment Expected Contract Transactions List: Contract spend transactions generated by the miner and added to a block 1) Contract spends one or more of its owned output 2) These transactions must be include in a block to be considered valid 3) Generated by miners while verifying and executing transactions, rather than being generated by consumers 4) No need to broadcast contract transactions on the P2P network.
- 12. Spend contract OP_EXEC_ASSIGN transaction Figure 3 - Spend contract OP_EXEC_ASSIGN transac
- 13. Consensus-critical Coin Picking Algorithm • To avoid nodes picking different outputs to spend contract funds,We designed a strict and simple consensus-critical coin picking algorithm. • First In First Out • Any miner/node who picks different outputs will be rejected, because it will fail at the block verification.
- 14. Figure 4 - Qtum Block Validation showing Expected Contract Transaction List
- 15. Standard transaction types: Bitcoin Script templates Deploying a new contract to the blockchain should use an output script which looks like so: 1; the version of the VM [Gas limit] [Gas price] [Contract EVM bytecode] OP_EXEC Sending Funds and Message to an already deployed contract on the blockchain: 1; the version of the VM [Gas limit] [Gas price] [Data to send to the contract] [contract address] OP_EXEC_ASSIGN Note : there are no standard transaction type which can spend either of these. This is because they can only be spent by using the Expected Contract Transaction List, and thus these spending transactions would not be broadcast nor valid on the P2P network.
- 16. Gas model •gas_fee = gas_limit * gas_price •Txfee = vin - vout •tx_relay_fee = txfee - gas_fee •refund = gas_fee - used_gas
- 17. Gas refund model Figure 5 - Gas refund model
- 18. Qtum General Architecture Figure 6 - Qtum General Architecture
- 19. SPV ： Simple Payment Verification Figure 7 - testnet and mobile smartcontract Figure 8 - Apple Watch Wallet