Qualitative & Mixed Methods Research
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Qualitative research uses words rather than numbers to understand phenomena through interviews, observations and documents. It is useful when little is known about a condition or environment. Some key characteristics of qualitative research include studying things in their natural settings, using the researcher as the instrument of data collection, collecting multiple sources of data, and analyzing data inductively to identify themes. Mixed-methods research combines qualitative and quantitative approaches by collecting and analyzing both types of data sequentially or concurrently.
Qualitative & Mixed Methods Research
- 1. Qualitative & Mixed-MethodsResearchSohailBajammal, MBChB, MSc, FRCS(C), PhD(c)Umm Al-Qura Universityssbajammal@uqu.edu.sa
- 3. Not everything that can be counted counts,and not everythingthat counts can be counted.Albert Einstein
- 4. EBMResearch EvidencePatients’ PreferencesClinical ExpertiseClinical ContextHaynes et al. BMJ 2002;324:1350
- 5. EverydayNew PatientQUALITATIVE quantitativeFollow-up PatientQUANTITATIVE qualitative
- 6. QuestionsHow do trauma patients with quadriplegia in the Western region – Saudi Arabia rehabilitate?What are the important aspects of quality of life for Saudi patients?What are the barriers to conduct RCTs in Saudi Arabia?
- 7. Learning OutcomesBy the end of the lecture, you will be able to:Identify:What is qualitative research? characteristics?When to use it?Identify:What is mixed-methods research? types?When to use it?
- 9. Types of Research QuestionsQuantitative: (cause, determine, relate, influence)Does A cause/correlate with B?Which is better A or B in terms of diagnosis, treatment, or prognosis?Qualitative: (discover, understand, explore, describe)What?How?Why?
- 10. Creswell J. Research Design. 2009
- 11. Characteristics of QualitativeNatural settingsResearcher as key instrumentMultiple sources of data: interviews, observations, documentsInductive data analysisParticipants’ meaningsEmergent designTheoretical lens: sampling, saturation, integratingInterpretiveHolistic accountCreswell J. Research Design. 2009
- 12. When to use qualitative?Investigate complex phenomena that are difficult to measure quantitativelyGenerate data necessary for a comprehensive understanding of a problemGain insights into potential causal mechanismsDevelop quantitative measurement instrumentsStudy special populations (those traditionally underrepresented in research, low literacy)Curry et al, Circulation 2009
- 13. Investigate complex phenomena that are difficult to measure quantitatively
- 15. Generate data necessary for a comprehensive understanding of a problem
- 18. Common Strategies (Approaches) of Qualitative ResearchCulture-sharing behavior of groupsEthnographyPhenomenologyNarrative researchCase studiesGrounded theoryIndividualsExplore processes, activities, events
- 19. Data Collection MethodsObservation field notesInterviews transcriptsOne-on-one: in-depth, open-endedFocus groupDocuments content analysisAudio-visual materials analysis
- 20. Qualitative Data AnalysisData CollectionData Analysis
- 21. Qualitative Data AnalysisRaw Data (transcripts, field notes, images)Organizing data for analysisReading through all dataCoding the data ThemesIntegrating themes, diagramming Interpreting
- 22. Data
- 24. NVivo
- 25. NVivo
- 27. “Validity” StrategiesRationale for choosing an approachTriangulation of methodsInterviewers trainingMember checkingRich, thick descriptionReflectivityPeer debriefing Cross-codingDocumentation External auditor
- 28. Mixed-Methods
- 29. What is mixed-methods research?Combining qualitative & quantitative research1960s
- 30. Aspects in Mixed-MethodsTiming: sequentially or concurrentlyEmphasis:qualitative, quantitative, or bothMixing:integrating, connecting, or embedding
- 31. 1. Sequential ExplanatoryQUANqualCreswell J. Research Design. 2009
- 32. 2. Sequential ExploratoryQUALquanCreswell J. Research Design. 2009
- 33. 3. Concurrent TriangulationQUALQUANQUANData CollectionQUALData CollectionQUANData AnalysisQUALData AnalysisData Results ComparedCreswell J. Research Design. 2009
- 34. 4. Concurrent EmbeddedQUANqualCreswell J. Research Design. 2009
- 35. Lewin et al, BMJ 2009
- 36. Publishing
- 39. Resources
- 40. BooksResearch Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. John Creswell. 3rd Edition. 2009. SAGE Publications.
- 41. Articles
- 44. PeopleLook around in your university:NursingMedical EducationalistPsychologySociologyMedical Geography
- 45. QuestionsHow do Saudi patients with quadriplegia in the Western region rehabilitate?What are the important aspects of quality of life for Saudi patients?What are the barriers to conduct RCTs in Saudi Arabia?
- 46. SummaryPatients talk, act & react not numbersQualitative is helpful when nothing or little is known about a condition or environmentGOOD qualitative research needs lots of workBe pragmaticssbajammal@uqu.edu.sa
Editor's Notes
- #19: Ethnography: study a group in a natural setting over a prolonged period of timePhenomenology: identify the essence of human experiences about a phenomenon as described by participants.studying a small number of participants through extensive & prolonged engagementCase studies: The researcher explores in depth a program, event, activity, process, or one or more individualsNarrative research:The researcher studies the lives of individuals and asks one or more individuals to provide stories about their lives