Quantum computing
- 1. QUANTUM COMPUTING --THE FUTURE IN PRESENT
- 2. CRITERION OF NORMAL COMPUTING In normal computing, • The size of a transistor ranges from 14nm, 500 times less then RBC’s (7µm). • This resembles in accordance with Moore’s Law, • Its states that “The number of transistors in a dense integrated circuit doubles about every two years”. • This was stated true till 2015. • Later period, the counting of transistors shrunk down in doubles for every two years, experts told that the size of a transistor can be shrunk up to 5nm more by much in increase it could lead to quantum tunnelling. • Quantum Tunneling: Mechanical phenomenon where a subatomic particle passes through a potential barrier that it cannot surmount under the provision of classical mechanics.
- 3. PRINCIPLES OF QUANTUM COMPUTING: QUANTUM SUPERPOSITION QUANTUM ENTANGLEMENT
- 4. QUANTUM SUPERPOSITION The principle of Quantum superposition states that • If a physical system may be in one of many configurations—arrangements of particles or fields—then the most general state is a combination of all of these possibilities, where the amount in each configuration is specified by a complex number. • Mathematically, it refer to the major theory proposed by Schrodinger known as Schrodinger’s Cat theory. • Schrödinger's cat: A cat, a flask of poison, and a radioactive source are placed in a sealed box. If an internal monitor (e.g. Geiger counter) detects radioactivity (i.e. a single atom decaying), the flask is shattered, releasing the poison, which kills the cat. The Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics implies that after a while, the cat is simultaneously alive and dead. Yet, when one looks in the box, one sees the cat either alive or dead, not both alive and dead. This poses the question of when exactly quantum superposition ends and reality collapses into one possibility or the other.
- 5. QUBITS • Quantum Computer process out the given data in the form of ‘1’ and ‘0’ in the form of qubits in the quantum processor. • QUBITS: Quantum Bits. • In normal computer, the speed depends on the number of transistors present, the gigahertz of frequency, here it depends on the count of qubits. • May be a electron or a photon. • Here switching of transistors corresponds to spin of a electron. • Transistor ON : electron spins UP : binary count : ‘1’ • Transistor OFF : electron spins DOWN : binary count : ‘0’ • Spin is in dilemma of Schrodinger Cat theory, either 20% spin UP and 80% spin DOWN (or) 80% spin UP and 20% spin DOWN. • “The two states are perfectly correlated”. • In the language of quantum mechanics, the two states are “Entangled”.
- 6. QUANTUM ENTANGLEMENT • It is a quantum mechanical phenomenon in which the quantum states of two or more objects have to be described with reference to each other, even though the individual objects may be spatially separated. • This leads to correlations between observable physical properties of the systems. • Qubits can be entangled with one another, which means that they can form the superposition of their unique states. • This can be related with Schrodinger’s Cat Theory as well.
- 7. WORKING OF A QUANTUM COMPUTER • The quantum computers work efficiently and it must be operated in controlled magnetic field and operated at absolute zero temperature. Any external disturbances to quantum computing or quantum computers may ruin the process. • Eg: If you work like a classical computer, then in the worst-case scenario you'll have to look the function up five times. That's because even if you see a 1 allocated to the first 4 bit-strings you check, you still can't be sure that all the bit-strings come with a 1: there is still the possibility that it's only half of them, so you do need that 5th look- up. If you have a quantum computer, however, you can get it to look up the function value for all the eight people simultaneously, so you only need one look-up..
- 8. QUANTUM COMPUTING ADVANTAGES • Can execute any task very faster when compared to the classical computer. • In quantum computing, qubit is the conventional superposition state and so there is an advantage of exponential speedup which is resulted by handle number of calculations. • Classical algorithm calculations are also performed easily which is similar to the classical computer. • Google has made a initiative to develop a quantum computer ranging up to 72nm qubits structure, which means 2^72 operations can be done simultaneously DISADVANTAGES • Technology required to implement a quantum computer is not available at present. • The reason for this is the consistent electron is damaged as soon as it is affected by its environment. • The research for this problem is still continuing the effort, • Application to identify a solution for this case has no positive progress.
- 9. RELATIVITY WITH QUBITS In the same way, • When one qubit is ‘1’, the other qubit should always be ‘0’ (or) • When one qubit is ‘0’, the other qubit should always be ‘1’. • The performance of qubits is done by the following formula, 2^N where N= number of qubits or electrons or photons. So when N= 20, 2^20= 1,048,576 operations take place simultaneously. APPLICATIONS: o ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE o MOLECULAR MODELING o CRYPTOGRAPHY o FINANCIAL MODELING o WEATHER FORECASTING o PARTICLE PHYSICS
- 11. THANK YOU BY: GAUTHAM.G PRADEEP.B.M DEPARTMENT OF ECE KUMARAGURU COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY