Ragavan data collection2
- 1. ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN - IV DATA COLLECTION N.ragavan 3 rd year B.ARCH
- 2. INTERGRATED TOWNSHIP SITE AREA : 30 ACRES INGREDIENTS OF INTERGRATED TOWNSHIP SHOPPING MALL CULTURAL CENTRE SPORTS ACADEMY RESIDENCIAL OFFICE BUILDINGS INTEGRATED TOWNSHIPS ARE MAMMOTH REAL ESTATE PROJECT THAT HAVE BOTH RESIDENTIAL AND COMMERCIAL COMPLEXES ,AND ALL ASSOCIATED INFRASTRUCTURE LIKE ROADS ,SCHOOLS, COLLEGES ,HOSPITALS ,SHOPPING CENTER, WATER TREATMENT PLANTS ,DRAINGE AND SWEAGE FACILITES ,PLCES OF WORSHIP ETC,THAT COME TOGETHER TO FORM A MINIATURE.
- 4. MALL INTRODUCTION: The word agora is Greek for “one place of assembly “ early in the history of Greece designated the area in the city where freeborn citizens could gather to hear civic announcements, muster for military campgains or discuss politics . Later the agora defined the open air ,often tented .market place of city where merchants had their shops and where craftmens made an sold their wars .the original agora of Athens was located below the acropolis near the building .
- 5. ENTRY / EXIT COLUMN SPACING: ◦ Significant dimension is along the mall as the involves the width. i.e frontages of stores. ◦ Often used spaces are 20, 25 and 30feet with the last the most flexible. ● Less than 5m width and 2.5m height for use of the public and to access of the fire fighting vehicles in the road frontage.
- 6. PARKING Dimensions, turning circles and weights of typical vehicles regarding space requirements and regulations for garages, parking spaces, and access and exit driveways.
- 7. PARKING The type, size and design of a place where vehicles can turn depend on the particular use of an area, the vehicles and the urban planning function. It is difficult to make generally valid recornrnendations for the selection of the correct turning place. The requirements of the fire services and refuse disposal trucks have to be considered in turning place decisions.
- 8. PARKING Parking spaces are usually outlined by 12- 20 mm wide yellow or white painted lines. When parking is facing a wall, these lines are often painted at a height of up to 1 m for better visibility. Guide rails in the floor along the side have also proved popular for demarcation of parking limits, and can be about 50-60 em long, 20 em wide and 10 em high. Where vehicles are parked in lines facing walls or at the edge of the parking deck in a multi-storey car park, it is common practice to provide buffers, restraining bars or railings up to axle height to prevent cars from going over the edge. Where cars are parked face to face, transverse barriers about 10 em high can be used to act as stops at the front.
- 10. LIFT For all buildings, lifts should normally be positioned at the source of traffic flow. Provide sufficient space for waiting and queuing which must not infringe on stairs. Carefully plan the connection to the traffic routes. There are two different drive systems for lifts: I. Traction sheave drive (for cable lifts) 2. Hydraulic lifts
- 11. Hydraulic lift
- 12. ESCALATORS Escalators are utilised for the continuous transport of large numbers of people (they do not count as stairs for the purposes of building regulations) and, for example in department stores, have a pitch of 30 or 35°. The 35° escalator is more economical because it requires less space. For travel heights E:;6 m, the 30° escalator is required . The transportation capacity is about the same for both pitches. When installed as part of transport facilities, a pitch of 27-28° should be used if possible. The pitch is derived from a gradient relationship of 16 x 30 em, a comfortable size for a step.
- 13. ESCALATORS
- 14. STAIRCASE Various calculations and dimensional requirements for the construction of stairs appear in national building regulations and standards. In the UK, British Standards and the building regulations should be consulted (see Approved Document K). For workplaces, the regulations of the relevant health and safety body are to be observed. According to German standards, residential buildings with no more than two flats must have a usable stair width min. All stairs without landings, whatever the type, cover practically the same surface area; curving of the steps only varies the distance between the bottom and top of the stairs. From the architectural point of view, therefore, only straight or curving stairs should be used. The latter have the advantage that the bottom and top stairs at storey levels lie above one another
- 15. RAMPS Pedestrians, wheelchair users and people with prams or pushchairs should be able to move easily from one level to another. Ramps stepped ramp stair with ramp gradient
- 17. THEATRE PROJECTION o Fire-separation materials are no longer required in the projection room due to the use of safety film o One projectionist operates a number of projectors, so the projection room is no longer considered as continuously occupied by staff o It has 1 m spacing from the projector at the back and on the operator side, 2.80 m height, ventilation and extraction, and sound insulation to the auditorium. The projection rooms of several auditoriums can be combined together. o Film widths are 16 mm, 35 mm and 70 mm. The centre of the projection beam should not deviate more than so horizontally and vertically from the centre of the screen or it should be redirected by a deflection mirror o These depend on the distance of the projector from the screen and having a height-side relationship of 1 :2.34 (Cinemascope) or 1 :1.66 (wide screen) with a narrow auditorium width. The angle from the centre of the back row of seating to the outer edge of the picture should not exceed, for Cinemascope, 38° = distance of the back row : screen = 3:2
- 18. THEATRE AUDITORIUM ◦ Auditorium: This should receive no incoming light except for emergency lighting. The walls and ceilings should be of nonreflecting material in relatively dark colours. The audience should sit within the outer edge of the screen. The viewing angle from the first row of seats to the centre of the picture should not exceed 30°. ◦ Up to a 10% floor gradient is permissible, or else steps with max. 16 em risers and aisles of 1.20 m width. Up to 10 seats may be arranged on each sde of each aisle Sound reproduction In addition to mono optical sound reproduction, the Dolby stereo optical system with four channels will be required in the future, using three loudspeaker combinations behind the screen and additional speakers at the sides and back. For 70 mm film, 6 channel magnetic sound, there are additional speaker combinations behind the screen. With BTX, behind the screen there is a sound-absorbing wall (following the Lucas film system), in which the loudspeaker combinations are installed. • Acoustics Adjacent auditoriums should be separated by walls of approx. 85 dB 18-20 000 Hz • The ceiling should feature sound-directing surfaces with low acoustic delay difference time. • The reverberation time can increase with growing auditorium volume and reduces from 0.8 to 0.2 s from low to high frequencies. ~ p. 222. The rear wall behind the last row of seats should have an insulated surface to prevent echo . • Loudspeakers are distributed in the auditorium so that the difference in volume between the front and back rows does not exceed 4 dB.
- 19. THEATRE MULTIPLEX CINIMAS ◦ With a number of screens of various sizes in one building, multiplex cinemas are often combined with shopping centres, car parks etc, which require extensive parking space ◦ The auditoriums are reached via a common entrance and sometimes stacked. On account of the large numbers of visitors, good orientation and clear signing to the individual screens is important. The location of the screens in relation to the entrance foyer should be according to their size (large screens nearest to the foyer), or the largest screen in a central location/on the direct route from the foyer. The sizes of the single auditoriums depend on the requirements of the operator, as also the spacing of the rows, foyer design etc. ◦ Cinema auditorium The screen should fill the entire wall; there should be no exits in this wall or the side walls near to it. Cross-passages should be provided as a connection between the doors or at a side entrance to reach the side aisles ◦ Projection room Minimum room size: 6.50 x 2.80 x 2.80 m 0/IJ x D x H). Projection window size approx. 150/250 x 50 em (one or two projectors) Film can be supplemented by video projectors, and space should also be provided for horizontal film tray equipment and control desk. The platform under the projectors should be vibration-free. A noise level of approx. 75 dB must be damped to 30 dB by the projection window. The working temperature should not exceed 22oc in order to protect film copies and equipment.
- 21. Toilets ◦ WC’S: Should not be set closer than 450mm from its centre to any side wall, partition, vanity or other obstruction. Supply a predetermined quantity of not more than 4.5 litres of water per flush after each use. ◦ URINALS : Individually wall-hung urinals units shall be at least 300mm wide. A urinal should not be set closer than 450mm from its centre to any side wall. ◦ WASHBASINS : The basin should have a minimum size of 500mm in length and 400mm in width. WASHROOMS : One toilet compartment with minimum size 2000x1750mm in each floor.
- 22. HVAC AIR CONDITIONING, HEATING AND MECHANICAL VENTILATION : Planning design criteria (fundamental requirements) The objects of installing ventilation and air conditioning facilities in buildings shall be to provide conditions under which people can live in comfort, work safety and efficiency. Ventilation and air conditioning installation shall aim at controlling and optimizing following factors in the building : a) Air purity and filtration b) b) Air movement c) Dry-bulb temperature d) Relative humidity e) Noise and vibration f) Energy efficiency g) Fire safety
- 23. FOOD COURT ONE OF THE MOST POPULAR COMPONENTS OF A SHOPPING MALL, HOWEVER, IS A COLLECTION OF DIFFERENT RESTAURANTS KNOWN AS A FOOD COURT. A FOOD COURT OFFERS MALL VISITORS WITH A COLLECTION OF DIVERSE EATERIES, FROM LOCAL FRANCHISES TO MULTINATIONAL CHAINS. VENUES IN A TYPICAL FOOD COURT OPERATE SIDE- BY-SIDE TO EACH OTHER, WITH A CENTRALIZED COMMON DINING AREA TO ACCOMMODATE CUSTOMERS.
- 24. SUPERMARKET ◦ ARCHITECTURALLY, THE SUPERMARKET IS A LARGESCALE EMPORIUM OF MERCHANDISE THAT DOESN'T HAVE TO SHOUT TO BE NOTICED PROPERLY SITUATED ON ITS SITE, THE SUPERMARKET AND ANY "SATELLITE SHOPS," ATTACHED OR NOT (SHOPS WHICH CAN BE ENTERED FROM THE MARKET OR FROM A SEPARATE OUTSIDE ENTRANCE) OFFER A PERKING RATIO OF 3 .6 SQ FT TO 1 SQ FT OF TOTAL STORE AREA . TO OBTAIN THE NECESSARY PARKING AREA IN AREAS WITH HIGH LAND COSTS, ROOFTOP AND BASEMENT PARKING SHOULD BE CONSIDERED . THE SATELLITE SHOPS SUCH AS CONVENIENCE GROCERY STORES, LIQUOR AND DRUGSTORES, AND A CARRY-OUT FOOD SHOP REMAIN OPEN AFTER THE SUPERMARKET HAS CLOSED FOR THE DAY ◦ NEW FREE-STANDING SUPERMARKETS AVERAGE 22,700 SQ FT TO 31,000 SQ FT WITH 75 TO 80 PERCENT OF THE TOTAL STORE DEVOTED TO SELLING SPACE AND THE REMAINING 20 TO 25 PERCENT OF FLOOR SPACE DEVOTED TO SERVICE AREAS SUCH AS STORAGE COOLERS, PREPACKAGING AREAS, GROCERY STORAGE, ETC . WEEKLY SALES PER SQUARE FOOT OF SELLING SPACE VARY FROM $3 .10/SQ FT TO $3 .75/SQ
- 25. SERVICES ◦ BUILDINGS MUST BE CONSTRUCTED SO THAT THE START OF FIRE, AND THE SPREAD OF FIRE AND SMOKE, ARE PREVENTED, AND RESCUE OF PEOPLE AND ANIMALS AND EFFECTIVE FIRE FIGHTING ARE POSSIBLE. CONSEQUENTLY THERE ARE REQUIREMENTS CONCERNING FLAMMABILITY OF BUILDING MATERIALS, BUILDING COMPONENTS' DURATION OF FIRE RESISTANCE (FIRE RESISTANCE RATING), THE SEALING OF CLOSURES TO OPENINGS AND THE PROVISION OF ESCAPE ROUTES ◦ ESCAPE ROUTES RESIDENTIAL OR COMMERCIAL UNITS WITH AT LEAST ONE OCCUPIED ROOM MUST HAVE AT LEAST TWO INDEPENDENT ESCAPE ROUTES LEADING TO THE OPEN AIR ON EACH STOREY. (IF THE UNITS ARE NOT AT GROUND LEVEL, THE FIRST ESCAPE ROUTE MUST BE VIA A LEGALLY ESSENTIAL STAIRCASE, IF REQUIRED IN ITS OWN {LEGALLY ESSENTIAL) STAIRWELL, AND THE SECOND ESCAPE ROUTE VIA A SECOND ESSENTIAL STAIRCASE OR A SINGLE UNIFIED LOCATION WHICH IS ACCESSIBLE WITH THE RESCUE EQUIPMENT OF THE LOCAL FIRE BRIGADE - ◦ FROM EVERY LOCATION IN AN OCCUPIED ROOM, THERE MUST BE WITHIN MAX. 35 M AT LEAST ONE EXIT INTO A LEGALLY ESSENTIAL STAIRWELL OR INTO THE OPEN AIR FIRE PROTECTION
- 26. WATER SUPPLY, DRAINAGE AND SANITATION ; ◦ A SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEM CONSISTS OF A BUILDING SEWER, A BUILDLNG DRAIN, A SOIL AND/OR WASTE STACK, HORIZONTAL BRANCHESOR FIXTUREDRAIN, ANDVENTS.THE SANITARYDRAINAGEOF A LARGE BUILDINGMAY HAVE A NUMBER OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY BRANCHES,AND SEVERALSOIL AND/ORWASTE STACKS,EACH OF THEMIN TURNMAY HAVE A NUMBEROF HORIZONTALBRANCHES. ◦ PLUMBING : A) THE PIPES, FIXTURES AND OTHER APPARATUS INSIDE A BUILDING FOR BRINGING IN THE WATER SUPPLY AND REMOVING THE LIQUID AND WATER BORNE WASTES. ◦ * B) THE INSTALLATION OF THE FOREGOING PIPES, FIXTURES AND OTHER APPARATUS.
- 27. WATER SUPPLY, DRAINAGE AND SANITATION ; ◦ PLUMBING SYSTEM : THE PLUMBING SYSTEM B SHALL INCLUDE THE WATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION PIPES; PLUMBING FITTINGS AND TRAPS; SOIL, WASTE, VENT PIPES AND ANTI- SIPHONAGE PIPES; BUILDING DRAINS AND BUILDING SEWERS INCLUDING THEIR RESPECTIVE CONNECTIONS, DEVICES AND APPURTENANCES WITHIN THE PROPERTY LINES OF THE PREMISES; AND WATER-TREATING OR WATER-USING EQUIPMENT. ◦ SYSTEMS OF DRAINAGE : COMBINED SYSTEM — A SYSTEM IN WHICH FOUL WATER (SEWAGE) AND SURFACE WATER ARE CONVEYED BY THE SAME SEWERS AND DRAINS. SEPARATE SYSTEM — A SYSTEM IN WHICH FOUL WATER (SEWAGE) AND SURFACE WATER ARE CONVEYED BY THE SEPARATE SEWERS AND DRAINS. PARTIALLY SEPARATE SYSTEM — A MODIFICATION OF THE SEPARATE SYSTEM IN WHICH PART OF THE SURFACE WATER IS CONVEYED BY THE FOUL (SANITARY) SEWERS AND DRAINS
- 28. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS IN MULTI-STOREYED BUILDINGS : THERE ARE FOUR BASIC METHODS OF DISTRIBUTION OF WATER TO A MULTI-STOREYED BUILDINGS. 1)DIRECT SUPPLY FROM MAINS TO ABLUTIONARY TAPS AND KITCHEN WITH WCS AND URINALS SUPPLIED BY OVERHEAD TANKS. 2)DIRECT PUMPING SYSTEMS 3)HYDRO-PNEUMATIC SYSTEMS 4)OVERHEAD TANKS DISTRIBUTION
- 29. VENTILATION ◦ MECHANICAL VENTILATION : • WHERE MECHANICAL MEANS ARE USED FOR VENTILATION, THERE SHOULD BE CROSS VENTILATION AND THE AIR EXCHANGE RATE SHOULD HAVE A MINIMUM OF 15 AIR CHANGES PER HOUR. • THE EXHAUST AIR SHOULD BE DISCHARGED TO THE EXTERIOR OF THE BUILDING AT A POSITION AT LEAST 2 M ABOVE THE PAVEMENT LEVEL AND AT LEAST 5 M FROM ANY WINDOW OR FRESH AIR INTAKE. ◦ NATURAL VENTILATION : FOR NATURAL VENTILATION, SUITABLE FRESH AIR INLET GRILLES SHALL BE PROVIDED TO ENSURE AN AIR EXCHANGE RATE OF 5 AIR CHANGES PER HOUR