The RDFIndex-MTSR 2013

The RDFIndex approach | MTSR 2013

Leveraging semantics to represent and compute
quantitative indexes.
The RDFIndex approach.
Michalis Vafopoulos (speaker)
and
{Jose María Álvarez-Rodríguez, Patricia Ordoñez De Pablos and
Jose Emilio Labra-Gayo}
MTSR 2013 | 7th Metadata and Semantics Research Conference
Main Track

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1

Introduction

2

Related Work

3

Main Contributions

4

The RDFIndex approach

5

Evaluation and Discussion

6

Conclusions and Future Work

7

Metadata and Information

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Introduction

The Motivating example...
Let’s suppose that...
1

We want to create a “Health
index”...

2

...to know which is the most
“healthy” country.

3

...to know which is the
performance of the health
expenditure .

4

...to collect in just one value a
set of indicators.

5

...to make some new policy.
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Introduction

It is not a big deal because...
We have the “Health Index” by an international network of physicians
and researchers (http://www.healthindex.com/).
...or the “Health Index” by the United Nations
(http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/indicators/72206.html).
...or the “Ocean Health Index” by an international collaborative
eﬀort (http://www.oceanhealthindex.org/).
...or the indicators in the World Bank
(http://data.worldbank.org/topic/health).
...

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Introduction


Beneﬁts of using an index...
1

Creation of valuable data and information.

2

Generation of know-how to make some policy.

3

Re-use of a great eﬀort and commitment by experts in some area.

4

Rank entities according to a quantitative value.

5

...

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Introduction

Drawbacks of existing indexes...
1

Data heterogeneity: different datasources, formats and access protocols.

2

Structure: math models to aggregate some indicators that can change over time.

3

Computation process: observations are gathered and processed, somehow, generating a
final value.

4

Documentation: multilingual and multicultural character of information.

5

...

..that imply the necessity of...
1

Accessing data and information under a common and shared data model.

2

Representing the evolving structure of the index.

3

Computing the index to improve transparency.

4

Providing context-aware documentation: user-profile.

5

... Exploiting valuable data and metadata.

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Introduction

Drawbacks of existing indexes...
1

Data heterogeneity: different datasources, formats and access protocols.

2

Structure: math models to aggregate some indicators that can change over time.

3

Computation process: observations are gathered and processed, somehow, generating a
final value.

4

Documentation: multilingual and multicultural character of information.

5

...

..that imply the necessity of...
1

Accessing data and information under a common and shared data model.

2

Representing the evolving structure of the index.

3

Computing the index to improve transparency.

4

Providing context-aware documentation: user-profile.

5

... Exploiting valuable data and metadata.

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Introduction

...but...Is it a common problem?
...some indexes (per domain)...
1

Bibliography: the JCR and JSR,
etc.

2

Government: the GDP, etc.

3

Web: the Webindex, etc.

4

Health: (the aforementioned
ones).

5

Cloud: the CSC Cloud Usage
Index, the VMWare index, the
SMI index, etc.

6

...to name a few per domain and
creators.
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Introduction

A quantitative index is...
1

It is technique to collect in just one value a set of indicators.

2

It can be divided into: index, component and indicator.

3

An index is calculated by aggregating n components using an OWA
operator 1 .

4

A component is also calculated by aggregating n indicators using an
OWA operator.

5

Observations are aligned to an indicator including some metadata such
as: location, measure, value, etc.

1

Ordered weighted averaging operator:
aggregated element ai .

n
i =1

wi ai , where wi is the weight of the
9 / 43

Introduction

Graphical view of a quantitative index...

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Related Work

Statistics and the Web of Data
Vocabularies
1

The Statistical Core Vocabulary [5] (SCOVO), a former standard to
describe statistical information in the Web of Data (2009).

2

The RDF Data Cube Vocabulary [2], an adaptation of the ISO
standard SDMX (Statistical Data and Metadata Exchange
Vocabulary) (2013).

3

“DDI-RDF discovery vocabulary. a metadata vocabulary for
documenting research and survey data.” (2013) [1] .

Preliminary evaluation...
Existing RDF-based vocabularies enable us the possibility of modelling and
representing statistical data.
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Related Work

Vocabularies
1

The Statistical Core Vocabulary [5] (SCOVO), a former standard to
describe statistical information in the Web of Data (2009).

2

The RDF Data Cube Vocabulary [2], an adaptation of the ISO
standard SDMX (Statistical Data and Metadata Exchange
Vocabulary) (2013).

3

“DDI-RDF discovery vocabulary. a metadata vocabulary for
documenting research and survey data.” (2013) [1] .

Existing RDF-based vocabularies enable us the possibility of modelling and
representing statistical data.
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Related Work

Statistics and Linked Data
1

“Deﬁning and Executing Assessment Tests on Linked Data for Statistical Analysis”
(2011) [8].

2

“Publishing Statistical Data on the Web” (2012) [7].

3

“Publishing open statistical data: the Spanish census” (2011) [4].

4

“Publishing Statistical Data following the Linked Open Data Principles: The Web Index
Project” (2012) [6].

5

“Linked Open Data Statistics: Collection and Exploitation” (2013) [3].

6

Some works in the “RDF Validation Workshop 2013”
(http://www.w3.org/2012/12/rdf-val/).

All of the approaches are/were focused on data publishing/consumption...but...
Validation of statistical data and/or structure...and
the Computation process are still open issues.
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Related Work

Statistics and Linked Data
1

“Deﬁning and Executing Assessment Tests on Linked Data for Statistical Analysis”
(2011) [8].

2

“Publishing Statistical Data on the Web” (2012) [7].

3

“Publishing open statistical data: the Spanish census” (2011) [4].

4

“Publishing Statistical Data following the Linked Open Data Principles: The Web Index
Project” (2012) [6].

5

“Linked Open Data Statistics: Collection and Exploitation” (2013) [3].

6

Some works in the “RDF Validation Workshop 2013”
(http://www.w3.org/2012/12/rdf-val/).

All of the approaches are/were focused on data publishing/consumption...but...
Validation of statistical data and/or structure...and
the Computation process are still open issues.
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Main Contributions

Main Contributions

1-Representation
A high-level model on top of the RDF Data Cube Vocabulary for
representing quantitative indexes.

2-Computation
A Java-SPARQL based processor to exploit the meta-information,
validate and compute the new index values.

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Main Contributions

Main Contributions

1-Representation
A high-level model on top of the RDF Data Cube Vocabulary for
representing quantitative indexes.

2-Computation
A Java-SPARQL based processor to exploit the meta-information,
validate and compute the new index values.

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Example: Building the “The World Bank Naive Index”.
Components: “Aid Efectiveness” (c1 ) and “Health” (c2 ).
Indicators: “Life Expectancy” (in1 ) and “Health expenditure, total
( %) of GDP” (in2 ).
The index, i, is calculated through the ordered weighted averaging
(OWA) operator: n wi ci , where wi is the weight of the component
i=1
ci
All observations must be normalized using the z-score before
computing intermediate and ﬁnal values for each indicator, component
and index.
It is necessary to populate the average age by country and year to
create a new “derivate” indicator of “Life Expectancy” without the
“sex” dimension.
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Example of indicator observations from the WorldBank.

Description

Year

Country

Value

Status

Life Expectancy Male

2010

Spain

79

Normal


2011

Spain

79

Normal

Life Expectancy Female

2010

Spain

85

Normal


2011

Spain

85

Normal


2010

Greece

78

Normal


2011

Greece

79

Normal


2010

Greece

83

Normal


2011

Greece

83

Normal

Health expenditure, total ( % of GDP)

2010

Spain

74,2

Normal


2011

Spain

73,6

Normal


2010

Spain

61,5

Normal


2011

Spain

61,2

Normal

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Representing and computing data with the RDFIndex
(summary)
Steps
1

2

Define the structure and computation of the index with the RDFIndex
vocabulary.
Run the Java SPARQL based processor:
Load the RDFIndex ontology to have access to common definitions.
Create a kind of Abstract Syntax Tree (AST) containing the defined
meta-data (our index).
Validate the structure with an AST walker (structure and RDF Data
Cube normalization).
Create the SPARQL queries to compute the index (other AST walker).
Load the observations and run the SPARQL queries to generate new
observations.
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Graphical view of the RDFIndex workﬂow...

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Underlying definitions
Observation-o
It is a tuple {v , m, s}, where v is a numerical value for the measure m with an status s that
belongs to only one dataset of observations O.

Dataset-q
It is a tuple {O, m, D, A, T } where O is a set of observations for only one measure m that is
described under a set of dimensions D and a set of annotations A. Additionally, some attributes
can be defined in the set T for structure enrichment.

Aggregated dataset-aq
It is an aggregation of n datasets qi (identified by the set Q) which set of observations O is
derivate by applying an OWA operator p to the observations Oqi .

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Scope and Consequences
Necessary condition for the computation process
An aggregated dataset aq defined by means of the set of dimensions Daq can be computed iif
∀qj ∈ Q : Daq ⊆ Dqj . Furthermore the OWA operator p can only aggregate values belonging to
the same measure m.
The set of dimensions D, annotations A and attributes T for a given dataset Q is always
the same with the aim of describing all observations under the same context.
An index i and a component c are aggregated datasets. Nevertheless this restriction is
relaxed if observations can be directly mapped to these elements without any computation
process.
An indicator in can be both dataset or aggregated dataset.
All elements in definitions must be uniquely identified.
An aggregated dataset is also a dataset.

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Mapping the RDFIndex to the RDF Data Cube Vocabulary
Concept

Vocabulary element

Comments

Observation o

qb:Observation

Enrichment through annotations

Numerical value v

xsd:double

Restriction to numerical values

Measure m

qb:MeasureProperty
sdmx-measure:obsValue

Restriction to one measure

Status s

sdmx-concept:obsStatus

Deﬁned by the SDMX-RDF vocabulary

Dataset q

qb:dataSet
and
qb:qb:DataStructureDefinition

Metadata of the qb:dataSet

Dimension di ∈ D

qb:DimensionProperty

Context of observations

Annotation ai ∈ A

owl:AnnotationProperty

Intensive use of Dublin Core

Attribute ati ∈ T

qb:AttributeProperty

Link to existing datasets such as
DBPedia

OWA operator p

SPARQL 1.1 aggregation operators

Other extensions depend on the
RDF repository

Index, Component
and Indicator

skos:Concept

SKOS taxonomy (logical structure)

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Example of the “World Bank Naive index” structure in RDF.
§
@prefix
@prefix
@prefix

¤
r d f i n d e x : < h t t p : // p u r l . o r g / r d f i n d e x / o n t o l o g y /> .
r d f i n d e x −wb: < h t t p : // p u r l . o r g / r d f i n d e x /wb/ r e s o u r c e /> .
r d f i n d e x −w b o n t : < h t t p : // p u r l . o r g / r d f i n d e x /wb/ o n t o l o g y /> .

r d f i n d e x −w b : T h e W o r l d B a n k N a i v e I n d e x
a rdfindex:Index ;
r d f s : l a b e l " The ␣ World ␣ Bank ␣ N a i v e ␣ I n d e x " @en ;
rdfindex:type rdfindex:Quantitative ;
rdfindex:aggregates [
r d f i n d e x : a g g r e g a t i o n −o p e r a t o r r d f i n d e x : O W A ;
r d f i n d e x : p a r t −o f [
r d f i n d e x : d a t a s e t r d f i n d e x −w b : A i d E f f e c t i v e n e s s ;
rdfindex:weight 0.4];
r d f i n d e x : p a r t −o f [ r d f i n d e x : d a t a s e t r d f i n d e x −w b : H e a l t h ;
rdfindex:weight 0.6];
];
#More meta−d a t a p r o p e r t i e s . . .
qb:structure
r d f i n d e x −wb:TheWorldBankNaiveIndexDSD ; .
r d f i n d e x −wb:TheWorldBankNaiveIndexDSD
a qb:DataStructureDefinition ;
qb:component
[ q b : d i m e n s i o n r d f i n d e x −w b o n t : r e f −a r e a ] ,
[ q b : d i m e n s i o n r d f i n d e x −w b o n t : r e f −y e a r ] ,
[ qb:measure
rdfindex:value ] ,
[ q b : a t t r i b u t e sdmx−a t t r i b u t e : u n i t M e a s u r e ] ;
#More meta−d a t a p r o p e r t i e s . . .
.

¦

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SPARQL template for building aggregated observations.
§

¤

SELECT ( di ∈ D ) [ ( sum ( ?w∗? m e a s u r e ) a s ? n e w v a l u e ) | OWA( ? m e a s u r e ) ]
WHERE{
q rdfindex : aggregates ? parts .
? p a r t s r d f i n d e x : p a r t −o f ? p a r t o f .
? p a r t o f r d f i n d e x : d a t a s e t qi .
FILTER ( ?partof ∈ Q ) .
? o b s e r v a t i o n r d f : t y p e qb : O b s e r v a t i o n .
? part r d f i n d e x : weight ? defaultw .
OPTIONAL {? p a r t o f r d f i n d e x : w e i g h t ? a g g r e g a t i o n w . } .
BIND ( i f ( BOUND( ? a g g r e g a t i o n w ) , ? a g g r e g a t i o n w , ? d e f a u l t w ) AS ?w)
? o b s e r v a t i o n m ? measure .
? o b s e r v a t i o n ? dim ? dimR ef .
FILTER ( ?dim ∈ D ) .
}GROUP BY ( di ∈ D )

¦

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Example of generated SPARQL query.
§

¤

p r e f i x r d f i n d e x : h t t p : / / p u r l . o r g / r d f i n d e x / o n t o l o g y /
SELECT ? dim0 ? dim1 ( sum ( ?w∗? m e a s u r e ) a s ? n e w v a l u e )
WHERE{
r d f i n d e x −wb : T h e W o r l d B a n k N a i v e I n d e x
rdfindex : aggregates ? parts .
? p a r t s r d f i n d e x : p a r t −o f ? p a r t o f .
? partof rdfindex : dataset ? part .
FILTER ( ( ? p a r t =r d f i n d e x −wb : A i d E f f e c t i v e n e s s ) | |
( ? p a r t =r d f i n d e x −wb : H e a l t h ) ) .
? o b s e r v a t i o n qb : d a t a S e t ? p a r t .
? part r d f i n d e x : weight ? defaultw .
OPTIONAL {? p a r t o f r d f i n d e x : w e i g h t ? a g g r e g a t i o n w . } .
BIND ( i f ( BOUND( ? a g g r e g a t i o n w ) , ? a g g r e g a t i o n w , ? d e f a u l t w ) AS ?w)
? o b s e r v a t i o n r d f i n d e x : v a l u e ? measure .
? o b s e r v a t i o n r d f i n d e x −wbont : r e f −a r e a ? dim0 .
? o b s e r v a t i o n r d f i n d e x −wbont : r e f −y e a r ? dim1 .
} GROUP BY ? dim0 ? dim1

¦

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Partial example of a populated observation for “The World
Bank Naive Index”.
§
r d f i n d e x −wb : o680 810085 1579
a
qb : o b s e r v a t i o n ;
qb : d a t a S e t r d f i n d e x −wb : T h e W o r l d B a n k N a i v e I n d e x
;
r d f i n d e x −wbont : r e f −a r e a d b p e d i a −r e s : S p a i n ;
r d f i n d e x −wbont : r e f −y e a r
h t t p : / / r e f e r e n c e . d a t a . gov . uk / i d /
g r e g o r i a n − i n t e r v a l /2010−01−01T00 : 0 0 : 0 0 / P1Y ;
...
#r d f s : { l a b e l , comment} { l i t e r a l } ;
#d c t e r m s : { i s s u e d , d a t e , c o n t r i b u t o r , a u t h o r ,
#p u b l i s h e r , i d e n t i f i e r }
#{ r e s o u r c e , l i t e r a l } ;
r d f i n d e x : md5−h a s h 6 c d d a 7 6 0 8 8 c d 1 6 1 d 7 6 6 8 0 9 d 6 a 7 8 d 3 5 f 6 ;
sdmx−c o n c e p t : o b s S t a t u s
sdmx−c o d e : o b s S t a t u s −E ;
r d f i n d e x : v a l u e 0 . 7 0 7 ^^ x s d : d o u b l e .

¦

¤

¥
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Evolution: joint eﬀort between the RDFIndex and Computex
Computex
1

Vocabulary for statistical computations.

2

Extends RDF Data Cube.

3

Ontology at: http://purl.org/weso/computex.

4

Data and structure validation using SPARQL Queries.

5

Some terms:

cex:Concept
cex:Indicator
cex:Computation
cex:WeightSchema
qb:Observation
6

Learn more: http://computex.herokuapp.com/

Preliminary Evaluation...
Similar approaches that have been merged between July and September, 2013.
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Demo of the RDFIndex/Computex...

http://computex.herokuapp.com/
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On-going working examples
The Cloud Index
Compilation of Key Performance Indicators for cloud services.
Creation of a Cloud Index to measure Quality of Service of cloud providers.
Funded by the RELATE-ITN (FP7-PEOPLE-2010-ITN, 264840) project and developed in
the subproject “Quality Management in Service-based Systems and Cloud
Applications”.
Demo: http://cloudindex-doc.herokuapp.com/

The Web Index 2012 and 2013
Compilation of several indicators (85) from 61 countries (100 in 2013).
Creation of the Web Index to measure the web impact over the world.
Funded by The Webfoundation.
Demo: http://thewebindex.org

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On-going working examples
The Cloud Index
Compilation of Key Performance Indicators for cloud services.
Creation of a Cloud Index to measure Quality of Service of cloud providers.
Funded by the RELATE-ITN (FP7-PEOPLE-2010-ITN, 264840) project and developed in
the subproject “Quality Management in Service-based Systems and Cloud
Applications”.
Demo: http://cloudindex-doc.herokuapp.com/

The Web Index 2012 and 2013
Compilation of several indicators (85) from 61 countries (100 in 2013).
Creation of the Web Index to measure the web impact over the world.
Funded by The Webfoundation.
Demo: http://thewebindex.org

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Advantages
Data Sources
Data management applying the Linked Data principles.

Structure
Automatic validation and veriﬁcation of the structure and metadata of

Computation process
A native approach using SPARQL queries that can help to boost
transparency.

Documentation
Implicit multilingual and multicultural support.
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Advantages
Data Sources

Structure

Computation process
transparency.

Documentation
33 / 43


Advantages
Data Sources

Structure

Computation process
transparency.

Documentation
34 / 43


Advantages
Data Sources

Structure

Computation process
transparency.

Documentation
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Detailed advantages (I)
Feature

Main advantages

Data sources
Common and shared data model, RDF.
Description of data providers (provenance and trust).
A formal query language to query data, SPARQL.
Use of Internet protocols, HTTP.
Data enrichment and validation (domain and range).
Unique identification of entities, concepts, etc. through (HTTP) URIs.
Possibility of publishing new data under the aforementioned characteristics.
Standardization and integration of data sources.
Structure
Meta-description of index structure (validation).
Re-use of existing semantic web vocabularies.
Re-use of existing datasets to enrich meta-data.
Context-aware definitions.
Underlying logic formalism.
Orthogonal and flexible.

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Detailed advantages (II)
Computation
cess

proMeta-description of datasets aggregation.
Validation of composed datasets.
OWA operators support.
Direct translation to SPARQL queries.

Documentation
Multilingual support to describe datasets, etc.
Easy generation with existing tools.
Cross-Domain Features

Separation of concerns and responsibilities: data and meta-data (structure
and computation).
Standardization (put in action specs from organisms such as W3C).
Declarative and adaptive approach.
Non-vendor lock-in (format, access and computation).
Integration, Interoperability and Transparency.
Align to existing trend (data management: quality and ﬁltering).
Easy integration with third-party services such as visualization.
Contribution to the Web of Data.
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Restrictions
SPARQL 1.1 support
1

Some built-in functions are not standardized:
Example: z-score employs standard deviation.
It requires built-in function: sqrt (only available in some SPARQL
implementations).

2

Ranking of values is not obvious:
GROUP_CONCAT
Check a value against all the other values.
...neither solution is eﬃcient.

Limitations of the RDFIndex expressivity
The working examples show its applicability but some lack of
terms/relationships should be expected.
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Restrictions
SPARQL 1.1 support
1

Some built-in functions are not standardized:
Example: z-score employs standard deviation.
It requires built-in function: sqrt (only available in some SPARQL
implementations).

2

Ranking of values is not obvious:
GROUP_CONCAT
Check a value against all the other values.
...neither solution is eﬃcient.

Limitations of the RDFIndex expressivity
The working examples show its applicability but some lack of
terms/relationships should be expected.
39 / 43


Conclusions
1

The use of quantitative indexes is a common practice to compile and
rank indicators for making decisions.

2

Existing indexes are completely opaque (PDF, HTML, etc.)

3

It is necessary to improve the access to data/metadata and to
boost transparency.

4

The RDFIndex/Computex vocabulary seeks for providing the
appropriate building blocks to represent and compute indexes.
However:

5

SPARQL limitations avoid a fully development of “pedantic” Linked
Data approach.
The vocabulary likely does not cover all required elements to represent
any index.

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Future Work

1

Extend the RDFIndex/Computex vocabulary.

2

Externalize the computation with a hybrid approach R+SPARQL.

3

Parallelization of the computation process.

41 / 43

End of the presentation...

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Metadata and Information

Roster...
Dr. Jose María Alvarez-Rodríguez
SEERC (until August, 2013) and Carlos III
University of Madrid, Spain
E-mail: josemaria.alvarez@uc3m.es
WWW: http://www.josemalvarez.es

Prof. Dr. Patricia Ordoñez De Pablos
University of Oviedo, Spain
E-mail: patriop@uniovi.es

Prof. Dr. Jose Emilio Labra-Gayo
University of Oviedo, Spain
E-mail: labra@uniovi.es
WWW: http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra
43 / 43

Some SPARQL queries

Z-score normalization using SPARQL...
§

¤

prefix afn : http :// jena . hpl . hp . com / ARQ / function #
SELECT ( (? measure -? mean )/? stddev as ? zscore )
WHERE {
...
? observation rdfindex : value ? measure
{
SELECT ? mean ( afn : sqrt (( SUM ((? measure -? mean )*
(? measure -? mean ))/? count )) as ? stddev )
WHERE {
{
SELECT ( COUNT (? measure ) as ? count ) ( AVG (? measure ) as ? mean )
WHERE {
} GROUP BY ? count ? mean LIMIT 1
}
} GROUP BY ? mean ? count LIMIT 1
}
}

¦

¥
44 / 43

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Publishing open statistical data: the spanish census.
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Deﬁning and Executing Assessment Tests on Linked Data for Statistical Analysis.
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Leveraging semantics to represent and compute
The RDFIndex approach.
Michalis Vafopoulos (speaker)
and
{Jose María Álvarez-Rodríguez, Patricia Ordoñez De Pablos and
Jose Emilio Labra-Gayo}
MTSR 2013 | 7th Metadata and Semantics Research Conference
Main Track

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The RDFIndex-MTSR 2013

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