![Slide 6- 28
Some properties of JOIN
Consider the following JOIN operation:
R(A1, A2, . . ., An) S(B1, B2, . . ., Bm)
R.Ai=S.Bj
Result is a relation Q with degree n + m attributes:
Q(A1, A2, . . ., An, B1, B2, . . ., Bm), in that order.
The resulting relation state has one tuple for each
combination of tuples—r from R and s from S, but only if they
satisfy the join condition r[Ai]=s[Bj]
Hence, if R has nR tuples, and S has nS tuples, then the join
result will generally have less than nR * nS tuples.
Only related tuples (based on the join condition) will appear
in the result.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/relationalalgebra-240516104220-37514548/85/Relational-Algebra-pptx-for-Module-four-28-320.jpg)
Relational Algebra.pptx for Module four
- 1. DBMS, BCA 4th Sem
- 2. What is Relational Algebra? 1. Relational algebra is a widely used procedural query language. 2. It collects instances of relations as input and gives occurrences of relations as output. 3. It uses operators to perform queries. An operator can be either unary or binary. 4. It uses various operation to perform this action.
- 3. The fundamental operations of relational algebra Select Project Union Set different Cartesian product Rename
- 4. Relational Algebra Overview Relational Algebra consists of several groups of operations Unary Relational Operations SELECT (symbol: (sigma)) PROJECT (symbol: (pi)) RENAME (symbol: (rho)) Relational Algebra Operations From Set Theory UNION ( ), INTERSECTION ( ), DIFFERENCE (or MINUS, – ) CARTESIAN PRODUCT ( x ) Binary Relational Operations JOIN (several variations of JOIN exist) DIVISION Additional Relational Operations OUTER JOINS, OUTER UNION AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS (These compute summary of information: for example, SUM, COUNT, AVG, MIN, MAX) Slide 6- 4
- 5. Slide 6- 5 Database State for COMPANY All examples discussed below refer to the COMPANY database shown here.
- 6. Slide 6- 6 Unary Relational Operations: SELECT The SELECT operation (denoted by (sigma)) is used to select a subset of the tuples from a relation based on a selection condition. The selection condition acts as a filter Keeps only those tuples that satisfy the qualifying condition Tuples satisfying the condition are selected whereas the other tuples are discarded (filtered out) Examples: Select the EMPLOYEE tuples whose department number is 4: DNO = 4 (EMPLOYEE) Select the employee tuples whose salary is greater than $30,000: SALARY > 30,000 (EMPLOYEE)
- 7. Slide 6- 7 Unary Relational Operations: SELECT In general, the select operation is denoted by <selection condition>(R) where the symbol (sigma) is used to denote the select operator the selection condition is a Boolean (conditional) expression specified on the attributes of relation R tuples that make the condition true are selected appear in the result of the operation tuples that make the condition false are filtered out discarded from the result of the operation
- 8. Slide 6- 8 Unary Relational Operations: PROJECT PROJECT Operation is denoted by (pi) This operation keeps certain columns (attributes) from a relation and discards the other columns. PROJECT creates a vertical partitioning The list of specified columns (attributes) is kept in each tuple The other attributes in each tuple are discarded Example: To list each employee’s first and last name and salary, the following is used: LNAME, FNAME,SALARY(EMPLOYEE)
- 9. Slide 6- 9 Unary Relational Operations: PROJECT (cont.) The general form of the project operation is: <attribute list>(R) (pi) is the symbol used to represent the project operation <attribute list> is the desired list of attributes from relation R. The project operation removes any duplicate tuples This is because the result of the project operation must be a set of tuples Mathematical sets do not allow duplicate elements.
- 10. Slide 6- 10 Examples of applying SELECT and PROJECT operations
- 11. Slide 6- 11 Single expression versus sequence of relational operations (Example) To retrieve the first name, last name, and salary of all employees who work in department number 5, we must apply a select and a project operation We can write a single relational algebra expression as follows: FNAME, LNAME, SALARY( DNO=5(EMPLOYEE)) OR We can explicitly show the sequence of operations, giving a name to each intermediate relation: DEP5_EMPS DNO=5(EMPLOYEE) RESULT FNAME, LNAME, SALARY (DEP5_EMPS)
- 12. Slide 6- 12 Unary Relational Operations: RENAME The RENAME operator is denoted by (rho) In some cases, we may want to rename the attributes of a relation or the relation name or both Useful when a query requires multiple operations Necessary in some cases of Join
- 13. Slide 6- 13 Unary Relational Operations: RENAME (contd.) The general RENAME operation can be expressed by any of the following forms: S (B1, B2, …, Bn )(R) changes both: the relation name to S, and the column (attribute) names to B1, B1, …..Bn S(R) changes: the relation name only to S (B1, B2, …, Bn )(R) changes: the column (attribute) names only to B1, B1, …..Bn
- 14. Slide 6- 14 Unary Relational Operations: RENAME (contd.) For convenience, we also use a shorthand for renaming attributes in an intermediate relation: If we write: • RESULT FNAME, LNAME, SALARY (DEP5_EMPS) • RESULT will have the same attribute names as DEP5_EMPS (same attributes as EMPLOYEE) • If we write: • RESULT (F, M, L, S, B, A, SX, SAL, SU, DNO) FNAME, LNAME, SALARY (DEP5_EMPS) • The 10 attributes of DEP5_EMPS are renamed to F, M, L, S, B, A, SX, SAL, SU, DNO, respectively
- 15. Slide 6- 15 Example of applying multiple operations and RENAME
- 16. 16 Set Operations Binary operations from mathematical set theory: UNION: R1 U R2, INTERSECTION: R1 | | R2, SET DIFFERENCE: R1 - R2, CARTESIAN PRODUCT: R1 X R2. - For U, | |, -, the operand relations R1(A1, A2, ..., An) and R2(B1, B2, ..., Bn) must have the same number of attributes, and the domains of corresponding attributes must be compatible; that is, dom(Ai)=dom(Bi) for i=1, 2, ..., n. This condition is called union compatibility. The resulting relation for U, | |, or - has the same attribute names as the first operand relation R1 (by convention).
- 17. Slide 6- 17 Relational Algebra Operations from Set Theory: UNION UNION Operation Binary operation, denoted by The result of R S, is a relation that includes all tuples that are either in R or in S or in both R and S Duplicate tuples are eliminated The two operand relations R and S must be “type compatible” (or UNION compatible) R and S must have same number of attributes Each pair of corresponding attributes must be type compatible (have same or compatible domains)
- 18. Slide 6- 18 Relational Algebra Operations from Set Theory: UNION Example: To retrieve the social security numbers of all employees who either work in department 5 (RESULT1 below) or directly supervise an employee who works in department 5 (RESULT2 below) We can use the UNION operation as follows: DEP5_EMPS DNO=5 (EMPLOYEE) RESULT1 SSN(DEP5_EMPS) RESULT2(SSN) SUPERSSN(DEP5_EMPS) RESULT RESULT1 RESULT2 The union operation produces the tuples that are in either RESULT1 or RESULT2 or both
- 19. Slide 6- 19 Example of the result of a UNION operation UNION Example
- 20. Slide 6- 20 Relational Algebra Operations from Set Theory Type Compatibility of operands is required for the binary set operation UNION , (also for INTERSECTION , and SET DIFFERENCE –, see next slides) R1(A1, A2, ..., An) and R2(B1, B2, ..., Bn) are type compatible if: they have the same number of attributes, and the domains of corresponding attributes are type compatible (i.e. dom(Ai)=dom(Bi) for i=1, 2, ..., n). The resulting relation for R1R2 (also for R1R2, or R1–R2, see next slides) has the same attribute names as the first operand relation R1 (by convention)
- 21. Slide 6- 21 Relational Algebra Operations from Set Theory: INTERSECTION INTERSECTION is denoted by The result of the operation R S, is a relation that includes all tuples that are in both R and S The attribute names in the result will be the same as the attribute names in R The two operand relations R and S must be “type compatible”
- 22. Slide 6- 22 Relational Algebra Operations from Set Theory: SET DIFFERENCE (cont.) SET DIFFERENCE (also called MINUS or EXCEPT) is denoted by – The result of R – S, is a relation that includes all tuples that are in R but not in S The attribute names in the result will be the same as the attribute names in R The two operand relations R and S must be “type compatible”
- 23. Slide 6- 23 Example to illustrate the result of UNION, INTERSECT, and DIFFERENCE
- 24. Slide 6- 24 Some properties of UNION, INTERSECT, and DIFFERENCE Notice that both union and intersection are commutative operations; that is R S = S R, and R S = S R Both union and intersection can be treated as n-ary operations applicable to any number of relations as both are associative operations; that is R (S T) = (R S) T (R S) T = R (S T) The minus operation is not commutative; that is, in general R – S ≠ S – R
- 25. Slide 6- 25 Binary Relational Operations: JOIN JOIN Operation (denoted by ) The sequence of CARTESIAN PRODECT followed by SELECT is used quite commonly to identify and select related tuples from two relations A special operation, called JOIN combines this sequence into a single operation This operation is very important for any relational database with more than a single relation, because it allows us combine related tuples from various relations The general form of a join operation on two relations R(A1, A2, . . ., An) and S(B1, B2, . . ., Bm) is: R <join condition>S where R and S can be any relations that result from general relational algebra expressions.
- 26. Slide 6- 26 Binary Relational Operations: JOIN (cont.) Example: Suppose that we want to retrieve the name of the manager of each department. To get the manager’s name, we need to combine each DEPARTMENT tuple with the EMPLOYEE tuple whose SSN value matches the MGRSSN value in the department tuple. We do this by using the join operation. DEPT_MGR DEPARTMENT MGRSSN=SSN EMPLOYEE MGRSSN=SSN is the join condition Combines each department record with the employee who manages the department The join condition can also be specified as DEPARTMENT.MGRSSN= EMPLOYEE.SSN
- 27. Slide 6- 27 Example of applying the JOIN operation
- 28. Slide 6- 28 Some properties of JOIN Consider the following JOIN operation: R(A1, A2, . . ., An) S(B1, B2, . . ., Bm) R.Ai=S.Bj Result is a relation Q with degree n + m attributes: Q(A1, A2, . . ., An, B1, B2, . . ., Bm), in that order. The resulting relation state has one tuple for each combination of tuples—r from R and s from S, but only if they satisfy the join condition r[Ai]=s[Bj] Hence, if R has nR tuples, and S has nS tuples, then the join result will generally have less than nR * nS tuples. Only related tuples (based on the join condition) will appear in the result.
- 29. Slide 6- 29 Some properties of JOIN The general case of JOIN operation is called a Theta- join: R S theta The join condition is called theta Theta can be any general boolean expression on the attributes of R and S; for example: R.Ai<S.Bj AND (R.Ak=S.Bl OR R.Ap<S.Bq) Most join conditions involve one or more equality conditions “AND”ed together; for example: R.Ai=S.Bj AND R.Ak=S.Bl AND R.Ap=S.Bq
- 30. Slide 6- 30 Binary Relational Operations: EQUIJOIN EQUIJOIN Operation The most common use of join involves join conditions with equality comparisons only Such a join, where the only comparison operator used is =, is called an EQUIJOIN. In the result of an EQUIJOIN we always have one or more pairs of attributes (whose names need not be identical) that have identical values in every tuple. The JOIN seen in the previous example was an EQUIJOIN.
- 31. Slide 6- 31 Binary Relational Operations: NATURAL JOIN Operation NATURAL JOIN Operation Another variation of JOIN called NATURAL JOIN — denoted by * — was created to get rid of the second (superfluous) attribute in an EQUIJOIN condition. because one of each pair of attributes with identical values is superfluous The standard definition of natural join requires that the two join attributes, or each pair of corresponding join attributes, have the same name in both relations If this is not the case, a renaming operation is applied first.
- 32. Slide 6- 32 Binary Relational Operations NATURAL JOIN (contd.) Example: To apply a natural join on the DNUMBER attributes of DEPARTMENT and DEPT_LOCATIONS, it is sufficient to write: DEPT_LOCS DEPARTMENT * DEPT_LOCATIONS Only attribute with the same name is DNUMBER An implicit join condition is created based on this attribute: DEPARTMENT.DNUMBER=DEPT_LOCATIONS.DNUMBER Another example: Q R(A,B,C,D) * S(C,D,E) The implicit join condition includes each pair of attributes with the same name, “AND”ed together: R.C=S.C AND R.D.S.D Result keeps only one attribute of each such pair: Q(A,B,C,D,E)
- 33. Slide 6- 33 Example of NATURAL JOIN operation