Remedial Instruction PPT presentation...
- 1. Remedial Instruction Week 4-5 Coverage ELT 325 | CODE 2841
- 3. PHONEMES -Smallest unit of speech. -The sound of spoken language. FOR EXAMPLE: /water/ has two syllables but four phonemes; w/a/t/er /inferno/ has three syllables but seven phonemes; i/n/f/e/r/n/o
- 4. DO NOT BE FOOLED INTO THINKING THAT EACH LETTER HAS A CORRESPONDING PHONEME. FOR EXAMPLE: /tough/ has two syllables and two phonemes; t/ough
- 5. GRAPHEMES -the 26 letters that makes up the English alphabet ORTHOGRAPHIC ALPHABET -the written equivalent of sounds or phonemes.
- 6. In English, not all words have phoneme/grapheme match. FOR EXAMPLE: words bough, through, and trough all end in “ough” but each are pronounced differently.
- 8. 1) Consonants 2) Vowels 3) Diphthongs Sounds of English:
- 9. Examples of Consonant Sounds: • /p/ as in pen (produced by closing the lips and releasing air) • /t/ as in top (produced by placing the tongue against the roof of the mouth) • /s/ as in snake (produced by restricting airflow between the tongue and teeth) Consonants
- 10. Examples of Vowels Sounds: /a/ as in cat /e/ as in bed /i/ as in sit /o/ as in dog Vowels
- 11. Examples of Diphthongs Sounds: /aɪ/ as in side /ɔɪ/ as in coin /aʊ/ as in loud Diphthongs
- 15. This is how we articulate or make sounds whether its voiced or unvoiced. Manner of Articulation
- 16. 6 Manners of Articulation Stop- These sounds are created by building up pressure of air. Some of these sounds are unvoiced, such as “pin, “tin”, and “kin”. Some of these are voiced, such as “ bust”,” dust”, and “ gust”. 1. Fricatives- Restricted air flow causes friction, but the air flow isn’t completely stopped. Unvoiced examples include “fin”, “thin”, “sin”, “shin”, “hit”. Voiced examples include “van”, “zoo”, “the”, and “treasure” 2.
- 17. 3. Affricates- These are combinations of stops and fricatives. “Cheap” is an example of an unvoiced affricate, and “jeep” is an example of a voiced affricate. 4. Nasals- The air is stopped from going through the mouth and is redirected into the nose. Voiced examples include “seem,” “scene”, “ scene,” and “sing.” 5. Liquids- Almost no air is stopped here. Voiced examples include “late” and “ rate”. 6. Glides- Sometimes referred to as “ semi-vowels,” the air passes through the articulators to create vowel-like sounds even though the letters are known as consonants. Examples include “well”and “yell”.
- 18. Vowel Diagram or Vowel Chart
- 19. Vowel Diagram Vowel diagram or vowel chart is a schematic arrangement of the vowels. Depending on the particular language being used, it can take the form of a triangle or a quadrilateral.
- 23. - this is when the vocal cords vibrate when the sound is produced. Examples of voiced sounds in English include: Vowels (a, e, i, o, u) Consonants (b, d, g, m, n, l, r, v, z) Voiced Sounds
- 24. - this is when the vocal cords do not vibrate when the sound is produced Examples of voiceless/unvoiced sounds in English include: Consonants like (p, t, k, f, s) Voiceless/unvoiced
- 25. - mean a puff of an air can be produced. Examples of aspirated sounds in English include: Consonants like (p, t, k) Aspirated Sounds
- 26. Factors that Affect Speaking or Language Learning
- 28. Problems Faced by Learners During Speaking
- 29. Students often have no ideas on what to say, so they tend to keep silent. #1 #2 They are also shy and uncomfortable as well as not confident if they make mistakes.
- 30. The students are afraid of making errors in class as they will be laughed at by their friends. #3 #4 The students are not used to talking in class since their pronunciation and vocabulary are poor and confined.
- 31. These difficulties were supported by a research finding by Taiqin (1995) about non-language factors, which shows that ninety-five percent of students say that they difficulty speaking because they are afraid of making errors in class, they don’t know what to say, they were not confident and comfortable if they make mistakes and they are not interested in the topics that are given by the lecturers.