Rfid & its Implentation
- 1. PRESENTATION FOR RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION & IT’S IMPLEMENTATION
- 2. INTRODUCTION TO RFID RFID (radio frequency identification) is a form of wireless communication that incorporates the use of electromagnetic or electrostatic coupling in the radio frequency portion of the electromagnetic spectrum to uniquely identify an object. Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a technology that uses communication via radio waves to exchange data between a reader and an electronic tag attached to an object, for the purpose of identification and tracking. WHAT IS RFID? A tag can be from up to several feet away and does not need to be within direct line-of-sight of the reader to be tracked.
- 3. INTRODUCTION TO RFID WHAT IS RFID? RFID READER OBJECT RFID Waves RFID Tags or labels attached to the objects to be identified Two-way radio transmitter-receivers called interrogators /readers send a signal to the tag and read its response.
- 4. Category Low Frequency High Frequency Ultra High Frequency General Frequency Range 30 - 300 kHz NA 300 - 3000 MHz Primary Frequency Range 125 - 134 kHz 13.56 MHz 433 MHz, 860 - 960 MHz Read Range 10 Centimetres 30 Centimetres Active 30 - 100+ M Passive 25M Average Cost Per Tag $0.75 - $5.00 $0.20 - $10.00 Active $25.00 - $50.00 Passive $0.09 - $20.00 Applications Animal Tracking, Access Control, Car Key-Fob, Applications with High Volumes of Liquids and Metals DVD Kiosks, Library Books, Personal ID Cards, Poker/Gaming Chips, NFC Applications A: Vehicle Tracking, Auto Manufacturing P: Supply Chain Tracking, Manufacturing, Pharmaceuticals, Pros Works well near Liquids & Metals NFC Global Protocols, Larger Memory Option Large Memory Capacity Cons Very Short Read Range, Limited Quantity of Memory, Short Read Range, Low Data Transmission Rate High Per Tag Cost
- 5. COMPONENTS OF RFID SYSTEM RFID System RFID Reader RFID Tags Active Tag Passive Tag Fixed Reader Mobile Reader
- 6. COMPONENTS OF RFID SYSTEM COMPONENTS OF RFID READER Microcontroller/ Computer RF Signal Generator Receiver Signal Detector Antenna From RFID Tag
- 7. COMPONENTS OF RFID SYSTEM Fixed readers stay in one location and are typically mounted on walls, on desks, into portals, or other stationary locations. Fixed RFID Readers typically have external antenna ports that can connect anywhere from one additional antenna to up to eight different antennas. With the addition of a multiplexer, some readers can connect to up to 32 RFID antennas. The number of antennas connected to one reader depends on the area of coverage required for the RFID application. Some desktop applications, like checking files in and out, only need a small area of coverage, so one antenna works well. Other applications with a larger area of coverage, such as a finish line in a race timing application typically require multiple antennas to create the necessary coverage zone. FIXED RFID READER
- 8. COMPONENTS OF RFID SYSTEM Application: Typically used at a doorway/walkthrough like docks warehouse FIXED RFID READER
- 9. COMPONENTS OF RFID SYSTEM Mobile readers are handheld devices that allow for flexibility when reading RFID tags while still being able to communicate with a host computer or smart device. There are two primary categories of Mobile RFID readers – readers with an on-board computer, called Mobile Computing Devices, and readers that use a Bluetooth or Auxiliary connection to a smart device or tablet, called Sleds. These can be used for low budget projects, flexible with low infrastructure cost. MOBILE RFID READER
- 10. COMPONENTS OF RFID SYSTEM Application: These can be used for projects related to warehouse and storage areas, ticket scanning for a park or event. MOBILE RFID READER
- 11. COMPONENTS OF RFID SYSTEM RFID TAG Controller Memory Rectifier Circuit Transponder Power Source
- 12. COMPONENTS OF RFID SYSTEM Active RFID tags possess their own power source – an internal battery that enables them to have extremely long read ranges as well as large memory banks. RFID that use active tags are called Active RFID systems these tags continuously broadcast their own signal. There are two main frequencies used by active systems – 433 MHz and 915 MHz. Generally RFID systems that operate on the 433 MHz is used, because it has a longer wavelength enabling it to work a little better with non-RF friendly materials like metal and water. Pros Extremely Long Read Range Increased tag abilities with partnered technologies (GPS, sensors,etc.) Extremely Rugged tag options ACTIVE TAG
- 13. COMPONENTS OF RFID SYSTEM In a system that uses an active transponder tag, the reader (like passive systems) will send a signal first, and then the active transponder will send a signal back with the relevant information. Transponder tags are very efficient because they conserve battery life when the tag is out of range of the reader. TYPES OF ACTIVE TAG: TRANSPONDER Application: Active RFID transponders are commonly used in secure access control and in toll booth payment systems.
- 14. COMPONENTS OF RFID SYSTEM In a system that uses an active beacon tag, the tag will not wait to hear the reader’s signal. Instead, true to its name, the tag will ‘beacon’, or send out its specific information every 3 - 5 seconds. Active tag’s beacons can be read hundreds of meters away, but, in order to conserve battery life, they may be set to a lower transmit power in order to reach around 100 meters read range. TYPES OF ACTIVE TAG: BEACONS Application: Beacon tags are very common in the oil and gas industry, as well as mining and cargo tracking applications.
- 15. COMPONENTS OF RFID SYSTEM Passive tags operate with no internal power source and instead are powered by the electromagnetic energy transmitted from an RFID reader. PASSIVE TAG Reader Antenna Energy RF Wave Read Zone (Tag is read) Internal Antenna Energy from RF Wave Integrated Circuit Tag RF Wave Signal Information Interpretation
- 16. COMPONENTS OF RFID SYSTEM Pros Cheaper , Smaller, thinner/more flexible tags Higher range of tag options Tags can last a lifetime without a battery Application Access control File tracking Race timing Supply chain management Smart labels, and more. PASSIVE TAG
- 17. COMPONENTS OF RFID SYSTEM Passive RFID tags have no internal power source, and a standard passive RFID tag consists only of an IC and internal antenna; this basic structure is referred to as an RFID inlay. TYPES OF PASSIVE TAG: INLAY TAGS Hard RFID tags are durable and made of plastic, metal, ceramic and even rubber. They come in all shapes and sizes and are typically designed for a unique function, material, or application. TYPES OF PASSIVE TAG: HARD TAGS
- 18. ACTIVE TAG VS PASSIVE TAG
- 19. COMPONENTS OF RFID SYSTEM RFID Antennas convert the RFID reader’s signal into RF waves that can be picked up by RFID tags. RFID antennas receive their power directly from the reader. When the reader’s energy is transmitted to the antenna, the antenna generates an RF field and, subsequently, an RF signal is transmitted to the tags in the vicinity. Antenna Gain: The antenna’s efficiency of generating waves in a specific direction is known as the antenna’s gain. The higher the gain, the more powerful, and further-reaching RF field an antenna will have. Antenna Polarity: The RFID antenna gives off RFID waves along a horizontal or vertical plane, which is described as the antenna’s polarity. RFID ANTENNA
- 20. COMPONENTS OF RFID SYSTEM If the RF field is a horizontal plane, is it called horizontally linear, and if in vertical plane it is vertically linear. An antenna’s polarity impacts upon a system’s read range to maximize read range antenna’s polarity should align with the polarity of the RFID tag. TYPES OF RFID ANTENNA A circularly-polarized antenna transmits waves that continually rotate between horizontal and vertical planes in order to give an application enhanced flexibility by allowing for RFID tags to be read in multiple orientations The energy is divided between two planes, a circularly-polarized antenna’s read range is shorter versus a similar gain linear antenna.
- 21. APPLICATIONS OF RFID SYSTEM Asset Tracking: Companies can keep a record of their assets; also can track their movement in and out of a gateway through RFID. INDUSTRY & LOGISTICS The RFID systems can be used at Baggage Handling at airports and Container Tracking at shipment docks. Beer Keg Tracking : RFID is used to track draught beer to reach retail outlets , the kegs are tracked from the breweries through the distributors and wholesalers all the way to where it is consumed.
- 22. APPLICATIONS OF RFID SYSTEM Electronic Toll Collection: These system allows electronically charging a toll to an established customer account. ETC allows vehicles to pass through a toll without stopping or requiring any action by the driver. The automatic toll collection requires an account with the concerned government authority. RFID Tag with a chip in it is fixed on the windshield of the vehicle and enables a customer to make the toll payment directly from the account linked to the tag. INDUSTRY & LOGISTICS Gas Cylinder Identification : RFID tags can be used effectively to monitor, track and bill for gas cylinders quickly and accurately.
- 23. APPLICATIONS OF RFID SYSTEM Inventory Management: RFID technology helps in the identification and recording of individual products and components, and to track them throughout the verticals from production to point-of-sale. This process does not require direct line-of-sight and it creates visibility of stock in hand, thus helps proper utilization to it. Every movement of the inventory/stock can be automatically stored on the system with the help of this technology. INDUSTRY & LOGISTICS Pallet Tracking: Pallet movement contributes significantly towards the handling, transport and storage costs. As goods move on pallets through a warehouse or a supply chain, it becomes imperative to track their movement and collect information regarding their location, usage, process flow, and available inventory.
- 24. APPLICATIONS OF RFID SYSTEM Jewellery Management : RFID Tagging of jewellery articles can assist in the quick, accurate and efficient management of these goods. RFID tagged jewellery items can be read in bulk which makes stock-taking and bookkeeping very quick and reduces the scope of manual error. INDUSTRY & LOGISTICS Manufacturing & Automation: The tags are deployed to help in management of all assets on the assembly line from manufacturing machinery, equipment and tools to WIP and final goods produced. They help in data collection, maintaining accurate reports and records, finding inconsistencies in process or quality, tracking rework and rejected material and even proper and accurate dispatches.
- 25. APPLICATIONS OF RFID SYSTEM Access Control: The access control system is one of the most commonly used systems in electronic door control using a card or a magnetic stripe that can be accessed by swiping through a reader on the door. These access control systems are used for security purposes. It is widely used in Offices, Server rooms, Homes, Airports, Defence, Data centers, etc. Library Applications: RFID based system supports the library in tracking and recording the transactions, it helps in monitoring and improving the handling process. RFID tags are attached to books & material in the library with their stored information on the chip. Other Applications of RFID: Mobile Payments Parking Management Personal Identification Public Transport ACCESS & SECURITY
- 26. APPLICATIONS OF RFID SYSTEM Animal Identification & Tracking: RFID based Animal Tracking and identification are used the world over to track history and movement of farm animals, zoo animals, and pet animals. It is necessary to maintain records regarding animal origin, health, nutrition, the threat of disease and so on. ANIMAL Hospital Equipment Tracking: RFID tags can be used to track inventory, locate assets, follow maintenance cycles, and optimize equipment usage across the hospital for different procedures. Patient Tracking: Patients are made to wear RFID Wristband tags which are stored with information regarding their diagnosis, medical history, and treatment process. PHARMA & HEALTHCARE
- 27. SECURITY ATTACKS ON RFID SYSTEMS & COUNTER MEASURES RFID tags and readers can be reverse engineered i.e. Hackers can take apart the chip in order to find out how it works in order to receive the data from the IC. Purpose: Steal Information and/or Gain Access REVERSE ENGINEERING A Federal Information Processing standard refers to chip coatings as an anti-reverse engineering method to prevent attacks. Various tamper proof techniques have been developed to defend against reverse engineering attacks. For instance, by adding a tamper-release layer to RFID tags, operations personnel can be alerted if a tag has been tampered with. COUNTERMEASURES
- 28. SECURITY ATTACKS ON RFID SYSTEMS & COUNTER MEASURES Power analysis is a form of side-channel attack that is intended to retrieve information by analyzing changes in the power consumption of a device. The power emission patterns are different when the card received correct and incorrect password bits or cryptographic keys. It is possible to breach smart card security by monitoring power consumption signals. Purpose: Steal Information and/or Gain Access POWER ANALYSIS Filtering power signals or delaying the computation randomly can increase the difficulty for the attacker to identify the power consumption patterns. COUNTERMEASURES
- 29. SECURITY ATTACKS ON RFID SYSTEMS & COUNTER MEASURES Eavesdropping, is when an unauthorized RFID reader listens to conversations between a tag and reader then obtains important data. Replay attacks builds on eavesdropping and specifically occur when one part of communication in an RFID system is recorded and then ‘replayed’ at a later time to the receiving device in order to steal information or gain access. Purpose: Steal Information and/or Gain Access EAVESDROPPING & REPLAY Countermeasures against eavesdropping include establishing a secure channel and/or encrypting the communication between tag and reader. Another approach is to only write the tag with enough information to identify the object. The identity is used to look up relevant information about the object in a back end database, thus requiring the attacker to have access to both the tag and the database to succeed in the attack. COUNTERMEASURES
- 30. SECURITY ATTACKS ON RFID SYSTEMS & COUNTER MEASURES A man-in-the-middle attack happens during the transmission of a signal. Like eavesdropping, the hacker listens for communication between a tag and reader and then intercepts and manipulates the information. The hacker diverts the original signal and then sends false data while pretending to be a normal component in the RFID system. Purpose: Take Down System SNIFFING (MAN-IN-THE-MIDDLE ATTACK) Several technologies can be implemented to reduce MITM threats, such as encrypting communications, sending information through a secure channel, and providing an authentication protocol. COUNTERMEASURES
- 31. SECURITY ATTACKS ON RFID SYSTEMS & COUNTER MEASURES A Denial of Service attack is the broad concept of an RFID system failure that is associated with an attack. These attacks are usually physical attacks like jamming the system with noise interference, blocking radio signals, or even removing or disabling RFID tags. Purpose: Take Down System DENIAL OF SERVICE It is easier to detect DoS attacks than prevent them from happening but detected, the attacks can generally be stopped before they do too much harm. For eg, countermeasures against jamming can use passive listening to detect the tags whose transmission exceeds a predefined volume, and then use block functions to thwart them. Cowuntermeasures against detaching the tags from the targeted items could be either through enhancing the mechanical connection between the tags and items, or adding an alarm function to active tags. COUNTERMEASURES
- 32. SECURITY ATTACKS ON RFID SYSTEMS & COUNTER MEASURES Cloning and spoofing are usually done back to back. Cloning is duplicating data from a pre-existing tag, and spoofing is then using the cloned tag to gain access to a secured area or item. Because the hacker has to know the data on the tag to clone it, this type of attack is mainly seen in access or asset management operations. Purpose: Gain Access CLONING & SPOOFING To defeat a spoofing attack is to implement an RFID authentication protocol and data encryption, which increases the cost and technology complexity needed for a successful attack. COUNTERMEASURES
- 33. SECURITY ATTACKS ON RFID SYSTEMS & COUNTER MEASURES RFID tags currently do not have enough memory capacity to store a virus; but in the future, viruses could be a serious threat to an RFID system. A virus programmed on an RFID tag by an unknown source could cripple an RFID system when the tagged item is read at a facility. When read, the virus would transfer from tag to reader and then to a company’s network and software – bringing down connected computers, RFID components, and networks. Purpose: Take Down System VIRUS The virus attacks which have been demonstrated on RFID-based systems are the common attacks against information systems, such as buffer overflow attacks, code or SQL injection attacks, etc. Well- developed middleware can be used to avoid virus attacks by blocking anomalous bits from the tag. COUNTERMEASURES
- 34. SECURITY ATTACKS ON RFID SYSTEMS & COUNTER MEASURES Reverse Engineering •Optical Tamper Sensor •Chip Coating Power Analysis •Randomization Eavesdropping •Encryption •Shift data to backend Man-in-the-Middle •Encryption •Authentication Cloning •Authentication •Recognizing Duplicates Unauthorized Reading •Authentication •Install Field Detector •Shift Data to backend Unauthorized writing/Modification •Authentication •Install Field Detector •Use read-only tags Spoofing •Install Field Detector •Frequency Division/Hopping Jamming Transmitters •Authentication •Encryption Reply •Challenge and Response Virus •Bounds Checking & Parameter Detaching Tag from Tagged item •Mechanical connection •Alarm Function for Active Tags Tracking •Kill function Misuse Kill Command •Authentication
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