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RNAi Design and Application 1st Edition Mohammed Amarzguioui
RNAi Design and Application 1st Edition Mohammed
Amarzguioui Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Mohammed Amarzguioui, John J. Rossi (auth.), Sailen Barik (eds.)
ISBN(s): 9781588298744, 1588298744
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 7.12 MB
Year: 2008
Language: english
RNAi Design and Application 1st Edition Mohammed Amarzguioui
RNAi
M E T H O D S I N M O L E C U L A R B I O L O G YTM
John M. Walker, SERIES EDITOR
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M E T H O D S I N M O L E C U L A R B I O L O G YTM
RNAi
Design and Application
Edited by
Sailen Barik
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,
University of South Alabama, College of Medicine,
Mobile, Alabama
Editor
Sailen Barik
Department of Biochemistry
and Molecular Biology
College of Medicine
University of South Alabama
Mobile, Alabama
Series Editor
John. M. Walker
School of Life Sciences
University of Hertfordshire
Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
ISBN: 978-1-58829-874-4 e-ISBN: 978-1-59745-191-8
ISSN:1064-3745 e-ISSN: 1940-6029
Library of Congress Control Number: 2007940759
© 2008 Humana Press, a part of Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written
permission of the publisher (Humana Press, 999 Riverview Drive, Suite 208, Totowa, NJ 07512 USA),
except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form
of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar
methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden.
The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are
not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to
proprietary rights.
While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of going to
press, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publishers can accept any legal responsibility for any errors
or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the
material contained herein.
Cover illustration: Figure 3, Chapter 16, “Temporal Control of Gene Silencing by in ovo Electroporation”
by Thomas Baeriswyl, Olivier Mauti, and Esther T. Stoeckli. Figure 3, Chapter 17, “Altering Flower Color
in Transgenic Plants by RNAi-Mediated Engineering of Flavonoid Biosynthetic Pathway,” by Yoshikazu
Tanaka, Noriko Nakamura, and Junichi Togami.
Printed on acid-free paper
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
springer.com
In memory of my Mother, Promilla Barik (1932–2006)
Preface
RNA interference (RNAi), in which RNA silences RNA, is the most recent
discovery to revolutionize biology and to be recognized by a Nobel Prize (in
2006, to Andrew Fire and Craig Mello). It is a story that began with historic
observations in plants and fungi and eventually worked its way up to humans.
If one were to describe the major steps of RNAi very briefly, it would read
as follows: RNAi is triggered by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), produced
endogenously or introduced by scientists –> Long dsRNA is trimmed into short
interfering RNA or microRNA (siRNA or miRNA) by Dicer –> The individual
strands of the si/miRNA then guide the assembly of a multiprotein complex,
known as RISC, the key constituent of which is Argonaute –> Depending on
the extent of homology of the guide RNA to the target, RISC either destroys
the target RNA or suppresses its translation, leading to gene silencing.
The chapters in RNAi: Design and Application, contributed by leaders in the
field, sum up the state-of-the-art methods on practical, everyday use of RNAi
in biological research. Although multiple books and monographs have been
published on RNAi, there is a noticeable dearth of bench protocols that can
be used quickly and easily by beginners aspiring to enter this new field. This
volume aims to fill that void.
RNAi: Design and Application is divided into two parts. The first and
smaller part (chapters 1–4) covers the fundamentals including designs of RNAi,
biochemical assay protocols for the major components of RNAi, and study
of potential off-target effects. The larger second part (chapters 5–18) covers
various applications of RNAi in diverse model organisms and systems, from
antiviral and anticancer applications to altering flower color in plants. Armed
with this volume, a researcher with standard molecular biological training
should be able to perform today’s major RNAi-related experiments and carry
out gene knock-down analyses in virtually any cell line or species of interest.
In the established tradition of the Methods in Molecular BiologyTM
series, each
chapter contains step-by-step protocols, extra notes, and problem-solving tips,
which are usually not found in original research papers. As the horizon of
RNAi application is rapidly broadening, we have strived to offer the most
recent protocols in each area so that they remain useful for years to come.
vii
viii Preface
My sincere thanks go to all the authors and the Humana staff for bringing
it all together, and to Professor John M. Walker for his guidance. I remain
indebted to my wife, Kumkum, and my children, Titus and Tiasha, for their
immeasurable support and encouragement.
Sailen Barik
Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Part I: Designing Optimal RNAi Tools
1. Principles of Dicer Substrate (D-siRNA) Design and Function
Mohammed Amarzguioui and John J. Rossi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Expression, Purification, and Analysis of Recombinant
Drosophila Dicer-1 and Dicer-2 Enzymes
Xuecheng Ye and Qinghua Liu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3. In vitro RNA Cleavage Assay for Argonaute-Family Proteins
Keita Miyoshi, Hiroshi Uejima, Tomoko Nagami-Okada,
Haruhiko Siomi, and Mikiko C. Siomi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4. Identifying siRNA-Induced Off-Targets by Microarray Analysis
Emily Anderson, Queta Boese, Anastasia Khvorova,
and Jon Karpilow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Part II: Application of RNAi in Diverse Organisms
5. Hydrodynamic Delivery of siRNA in a Mouse Model of Sepsis
Doreen E. Wesche-Soldato, Joanne Lomas-Neira, Mario Perl,
Chun-Shiang Chung, and Alfred Ayala . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
6. Nasal Delivery of siRNA
Vira Bitko and Sailen Barik. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
7. RNA Interference as a Genetic Tool in Trypanosomes
Vivian Bellofatto and Jennifer B. Palenchar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
8. Lentivirus-Mediated RNA Interference in Mammalian Neurons
Scott Q. Harper and Pedro Gonzalez-Alegre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
9. Silencing Genes by RNA Interference in the Protozoan Parasite
Entamoeba histolytica
Carlos F. Solis and Nancy Guillén . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
ix
x Contents
10. Use of RNAi in C. elegans
Tsuyoshi Ohkumo, Chikahide Masutani, Toshihiko Eki,
and Fumio Hanaoka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
11. Application of siRNA Against SARS in the Rhesus
Macaque Model
Qingquan Tang, Baojian Li, Martin Woodle, and Patrick Y. Lu . . . . . 139
12. siRNA and shRNA as Anticancer Agents
in a Cervical Cancer Model
Wenyi Gu, Lisa Putral, and Nigel McMillan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
13. Identification and Expression Analysis of Small RNAs During
Development
Toshiaki Watanabe, Hiroshi Imai, and Naojiro Minami. . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
14. Screening and Identification of Virus-Encoded RNA Silencing
Suppressors
Sumona Karjee, Mohammad Nurul Islam,
and Sunil K. Mukherjee. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
15. Application of RNA Interference in Functional Genomics Studies
of a Social Insect
Michael E. Scharf, Xuguo Zhou,
and Margaret A. Schwinghammer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
16. Temporal Control of Gene Silencing by in ovo Electroporation
Thomas Baeriswyl, Olivier Mauti, and Esther T. Stoeckli . . . . . . . . . . . 231
17. Altering Flower Color in Transgenic Plants by RNAi-Mediated
Engineering of Flavonoid Biosynthetic Pathway
Yoshikazu Tanaka, Noriko Nakamura, and Junichi Togami . . . . . . . . . 245
18. Transgenic RNA Interference in Mice
Pumin Zhang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Contributors
Mohammed Amarzguioui • The Biotechnology Centre of Oslo, Oslo,
Norway
Emily Anderson • Dharmacon, ThermoFisher Scientific, Lafayette, CO
Alfred Ayala • Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery,
Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University School of Medicine,
Providence, RI
Thomas Baeriswyl • Institute of Zoology, University of Zürich, Zürich,
Switzerland
Sailen Barik • Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,
University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile, AL
Vivian Bellofatto • Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics,
UMDNJ-NJ Medical School, International Center for Public Health,
Newark, NJ
Vira Bitko • Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile, AL
Queta Boese • Dharmacon, ThermoFisher Scientific, Lafayette, CO
Chun-Shiang Chung • Division of Surgical Research, Department of
Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University School of Medicine,
Providence, RI
Toshihiko Eki • Department of Ecological Engineering, Toyohashi
University of Technology, Toyohashi, Japan
Pedro Gonzalez-Alegre • Department of Neurology, Carver College of
Medicine at The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
Wenyi Gu • Cancer Biology Program, Centre for Immunology and Cancer
Research, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland,
Brisbane, Australia
Nancy Guillén • Unité de Biologie Cellulaire du Parasitisme, Institut
Pasteur, Paris, France
Fumio Hanaoka • Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka
University, and SORST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Osaka,
Japan
xi
xii Contributors
Scott Q. Harper • Center for Gene Therapy, Department of Pediatrics,
The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
Hiroshi Imai • Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Department of
Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
Mohammad Nurul Islam • International Center for Genetic Engineering
and Biotechnology, PMB Lab, New Delhi, India
Sumona Karjee • International Center for Genetic Engineering and
Biotechnology, PMB Lab, New Delhi, India
Jon Karpilow • Dharmacon, ThermoFisher Scientific, Lafayette, CO
Anastasia Khvorova • Dharmacon, ThermoFisher Scientific, Lafayette, CO
Baojian Li • Top Genomics, Ltd., and College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen
University, Guangzhou, China
Qinghua Liu • Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas
Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
Joanne Lomas-Neira • Division of Surgical Research, Department of
Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University School of Medicine,
Providence, RI
Patrick Y. Lu • Sirnaomics, Inc., Rockville, MD
Chikahide Masutani • Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka
University; and SORST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Osaka,
Japan
Olivier Mauti • Institute of Zoology, University of Zürich, Zürich,
Switzerland
Nigel McMillan • Cancer Biology Program, Centre for Immunology and
Cancer Research, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland,
Brisbane, Australia
Naojiro Minami • Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Department of
Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
Keita Miyoshi • Institute for Genome Research, University of Tokushima,
Tokushima, Japan
Sunil K. Mukherjee • International Center for Genetic Engineering and
Biotechnology, PMB Lab, New Delhi, India
Tomoko Nagami-Okada • Institute for Genome Research, University of
Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
Noriko Nakamura • Institute for Advanced Core Technology, Suntory Ltd.,
Osaka, Japan
Tsuyoshi Ohkumo • Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka
University; and SORST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Osaka,
Japan
Contributors xiii
Jennifer B. Palenchar • Department of Chemistry, Villanova University,
Villanova, PA
Mario Perl • Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Zentrum für Chirurgie, Klinik für
Unfallchirurgie, Hand-, Plastische- und Wiederherstellungschirurgie, Ulm,
Germany
Lisa Putral • Cancer Biology Program, Centre for Immunology and Cancer
Research, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland,
Brisbane, Australia
John J. Rossi • Division of Molecular Biology, Beckman Research Institute
of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA
Michael E. Scharf • Molecular and Applied Insect Toxicology, Entomology
and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
Margaret A. Schwinghammer • Department of Entomology, Purdue
University, West Lafayette, IN
Haruhiko Siomi • Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
Mikiko C. Siomi • Institute for Genome Research, University of Tokushima,
JST, CREST, Tokushima, Japan
Carlos F. Solis • Unité de Biologie Cellulaire du Parasitisme, Institut
Pasteur, Paris, France
Esther T. Stoeckli • Institute of Zoology, University of Zürich, Zürich,
Switzerland
Yoshikazu Tanaka • Institute for Advanced Core Technology, Suntory Ltd.,
Osaka, Japan
Qingquan Tang • OriGene Technologies, Inc., Rockville, MD
Junichi Togami • Institute for Advanced Core Technology, Suntory Ltd.,
Osaka, Japan
Hiroshi Uejima • Institute for Genome Research, University of Tokushima,
Tokushima, Japan
Toshiaki Watanabe • Division of Human Genetics, Department of
Integrated Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Research Organization
of Information and Systems; and Department of Genetics, School of Life
Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI),
Mishima, Japan
Doreen E. Wesche-Soldato • Division of Surgical Research, Department
of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University School of Medicine,
Providence, RI
Martin Woodle • Nanotides Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Rockville, MD
Xuecheng Ye • Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas
Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
xiv Contributors
Pumin Zhang • Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor
College of Medicine, Houston, TX
Xuguo Zhou • Molecular and Applied Insect Toxicology, Entomology and
Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
I
Designing Optimal RNAi Tools
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for reference:
Douglas W. Johnson, Topography and Strategy in the War, N. Y., Henry Holt & Co.,
1917, 221 pp. (Thorough and very illuminating; points out how the surface
features of the country influenced military operations in the most important
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The Scientific Monthly, Vol. 6, No. 2 (February, 1918), pp. 97–105. And “Weather
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ibidem, Vol. 6, No. 4 (April, 1918), pp. 289–304.
1. For brief but valuable sketches of one phase or another of the
history of the theory of milieu, cf. Friedrich Ratzel,
Anthropogeographie. 1. Teil: Grundzüge der Anwendung der
Erdkunde auf die Geschichte (2. Aufl., Stuttgart, 1899, 604
pp.), pp. 13–23, 25–30, 31–40; Gustav Schmoller, Grundriß der
Allgemeinen Volkswirtschaftslehre. Erster Teil (Vierte bis
sechste Aufl., Leipzig, 1901), p. 127, pp. 137 f., 144 ff., Zweiter
Teil (Erste bis sechste Aufl., Leipzig, 1904), pp. 656 ff.;
Ferdinand v. Richthofen’s Vorlesungen über Allgemeine
Siedlungs- und Verkehrsgeographie, bearb. und
herausgegeben von O. Schlüter (Berlin, 1908, 351 pp.—A
course of lectures delivered in the summer semester of 1891 in
Berlin, repeated in the winter semester in 1897/8), pp. 6–13;
Jean Brunhes, La Géographie Humaine (Deuxième édition,
Paris: Alcan, 1912, 801 pp.), pp. 36 ff.; A. C. Haddon and A. H.
Quiggin, History of Anthropology (London, 1910, 158 pp.), pp.
131 f., 150–52; William Z. Ripley, “Geography and Sociology,”
Political Science Quarterly, X (1895), pp. 636–54; also the
same author’s The Races of Europe (New York: D. Appleton &
Co., 1899), pp. 2–5. Cf. also O. Schlüter, “Die leitenden
Gesichtspunkte der Anthropogeographie, insbesondere der
Lehre Friedrich Ratzels,” Arch. f. Sozialwissenschaft, Bd. IV
(1906), S. 581–630, and Rudolf Goldscheid, Höherentwicklung
und Menschenökonomie, I [Philosophisch-soziologische
Bücherei, Band VIII], (Leipzig: W. Klinkhardt, 1911, 664 pp.),
p. 52. For bibliographies, in addition to those yet to be
mentioned, see also Ratzel, l.c., pp. 579–85; Brunhes, l.c., nn.;
Ellen C. Semple, Influences of Geographic Environment, On the
Basis of Ratzel’s System of Anthropo-geography (New York: H.
Holt & Co., 1911, 637 pp.), to each chapter of which an
extensive bibliography is added; William J. Thomas, Source
Book for Social Origins (Chicago and London, 1909) pp. 134–
39: Bibliography to Part I: The Relation of Society to
Geographic and Economic Environment (pp. 29–129, Comment
on Part I, pp. 130–33); Ripley, “Geography and Sociology,” Pol.
Sc. Quar., X (1895), pp. 654–5.
2. Dictionnaire de l’Académie Françoise. Quatrième Édition. Tome
Second (Paris, 1762), p. 143.
3. Encyclopédie, ou Dictionnaire Raisonné des Sciences, etc.
Nouvelle Éd. 1778, ed. by Diderot and D’Alembert, 21st vol., p.
853.
4. Cours de Philosophie Positive (6 vols., 1830–42, 5e
édition,
Paris, 1892–94), see vol. 3, p. 235 n.
5. Cp. esp. the Introduction to his Histoire de la Littérature
Anglaise, 5 Tomes (8e
Édition, Paris: Hachette, 1892); the first
edition appeared in 1863, after Taine had been at work on it
for well-nigh a decade.
6. For Zola as the disciple of Taine, cf. H. Wiegler, Geschichte und
Kritik der Theorie des Milieus bei Émile Zola (Diss., Rostock,
1905), esp. pp. 19–36.
7. Vide Émile Waxweiler, Esquisse d’une Sociologie (Bruxelles,
1906), p. 65.
8. Dictionnaire de la Langue Française, vol. 3 (1885), pp. 559 f.
9. Verdeutschungen, Wörterbuch fürs tägliche Leben
(Braunschweig, Verlag von George Westermann, 1915, 176
pp.), p. 93.
10. Verdeutschungsbücher des Allgemeinen Deutschen
Sprachvereins, III (Zweite Aufl., neu bearb. v. Edward
Lohmeyer, Berlin, Verlag des Allgemeinen Deutschen
Sprachvereins, 1915, 182 pp.), pp. 91 f.
11. Phénomènes de la vie (2e
éd., Paris, 1885), t. I, p. 112. See
Waxweiler, l.c., p. 36.
12. Race Prejudice, transl. by Florence Wade-Evans (London,
1906), p. 130.
13. “The Services of Naturalism to Life and Literature. Reprinted,
with Additions, from The Sewanee Review, October, 1903,” p.
2.
14. See Murray’s NED., vol. III, Part II, (1897), p. 231.
15. Wörterbuch d. d. Sprache (1811), Bd. 5, S. 113.
16. See the article by I. Stosch on “Umwelt-milieu,” Zeitschrift für
Deutsche Wortforschung, g. v. Fr. Kluge, 7. Bd. (1905), pp. 58–
9.
17. 2. Bd., 2. Hälfte (Leipzig: Otto Wigand, 1865), p. 1556b
.
18. A. Gombert cites the passage in question in his article
“Umwelt,” Z. f. D. Wf., 7. Bd. (1905), pp. 150–52.
19. The Belgian sociologist De Greef, in his Introduction à la
Sociologie (1886–89), raised “Mésologie” (denoting “Erkenntnis
der milieux”) to a special introductory branch of sociology for
the purpose of discussing, according to Ratzel superficially, the
external factors of history; cf. Paul Barth, Die Philosophie der
Geschichte als Soziologie, I (Leipzig: Reisland, 1897), p. 70 and
Ratzel, l.c. p. 29. The term “Mésologie” was in use in France at
an earlier date than that. See for example the title of an article
written at the close of the Franco-German war by Dr. Bertillon,
“De l´Influence du milieu ou Mésologie,” La Philosophie
Positive, Revue dirigée par É. Littré & G. Wyrouboff, Tome IX
(Paris, 1872), pp. 309–20. Or see M. E. Jourdy, “De l´Influence
du milieu ou Mésologie,” ibid., Tome X (1873), pp. 154–60.
20. Fr. de Rougemont, in his important work Les deux cités; la
philosophie de l´histoire aux différents âges de l´humanité
(1874) treats this question exhaustively. See Robert
Poehlmann, Hellenische Anschauungen über den
Zusammenhang zwischen Natur und Geschichte (Leipzig: S.
Hirzel, 1879, 93 pp.), pp. 8 f.
21. Vide Eugénie Dutoit, Die Theorie des Milieu (Diss., Bern, 1899,
136 pp.), pp. 52–5.
22. “Hippocrate fut le premier à observer quelques-uns des effets
du milieu sur l’individu. Ses observations sont nécessairement
nébuleuses et chaotiques, plutôt descriptives et qualitatives,
étant donnée l’imperfection des connaissances de son
temps.”—Auguste Matteuzzi, Les Facteurs de l’Évolution des
Peuples (Paris, 1900), p. 6 (Avant-Propos).
23. “Wir sahen, daß sich das Buch des Hippokrates durchaus
darauf beschränkte, die Wechselbeziehungen zwischen
Landesnatur und Volkscharakter zu erörtern.”—Poehlmann, l.c.,
p. 51.
24. “Hippokrates von Kos, ‘der Vater der Heilkunde’ (ca. 460 bis ca.
370), ist der Begründer der Anthropogeographie. Er schrieb ein
Buch über Klima, Wasser und Bodenbeschaffenheit und ihren
Einfluß auf die Bewohner eines Landes in physischer und
geistiger Beziehung. Der philosophische Gedanke war damit
angeregt, fand aber keine weitere Entwicklung.”—F. v.
Richthofen’s Vorlesungen, etc. (Berlin, 1908), p. 7.
25. System of Positive Polity (4 vols., London: Longmans, Green &
Co., 1875–77—the original was published in 1851–54), vol. II,
p. 364: “... a study [of the aggregate of material influences:
Astronomical, Physical, Chemical] which was commenced by
the great Hippocrates in his admirable and unequalled Treatise
upon Climate.”
26. Haddon and Quiggin, Hist. of Anthropology (1910), p. 150.—
Poehlmann discusses Hippocrates in Hellenische
Anschauungen, etc., pp. 12–37.—Ludwig Stein, in his book Die
soziale Frage im Lichte der Philosophie (2. verb. Aufl.,
Stuttgart, 1903), p. 403, n., says that “Aless. Chiapelli, Le
promesse filosofiche del Socialismo (Napoli, 1897), p. 41, hebt
die interessante Tatsache hervor, daß die Lehre vom ‘Milieu’
ihrem Keime nach auf Hippokrates zurückgeht.” But a little over
three decades earlier, Peschel in his Geschichte der Erdkunde
(1. Aufl., 1865) surveyed on two pages some important phases
of Hippocrates and Strabo on milieu. And earlier still, a half
century before Peschel, Ukert in his Geographie der Griechen
und Römer (1816), I, 1, 79, noted Hippocrates as carefully
observing the effect of climate on the body and mind of man.
(Vide Poehlmann, l.c., pp. 7 f.)—And to Herder, Hippocrates
was the principal author on climate: “... Hippocrat. de aere,
locis et aquis, ... Für mich der Hauptschriftsteller über das
Klima.”—Herders Sämmtliche Werke, hg. v. B. Suphan, 13, 269
n.
27. See Dutoit, Die Theorie des Milieu, pp. 55–8.
28. Poehlmann, l.c., p. 68.—Aristotle neglects to give credit to
Hippocrates in connection with his ideas on environment,
although indebted to Hippocrates whom he mentions
elsewhere. See Dutoit, l.c., p. 57.
29. “Varron, De re rustica, 1, cite une oeuvre d’Eratosthènes où
celui-ci cherchait à démontrer que le caractère de l’homme et
la forme du gouvernement sont subordonnés au voisinage ou à
l’éloignement du soleil. Tentative sublime mais prématurée,
pour ramener les phénomènes sociaux à des lois uniques et
générales.”—Auguste Matteuzzi, Les Facteurs de l’Évolution des
Peuples (Paris, 1900), p. 6.
30. “Die vollständigste Beschreibung [of the earth] gab erst Strabo
in seinem Werk γεογραφικά. Hier begegnen wir zum
zweitenmal der philosophischen Idee, Mensch und Natur in
Kausalzusammenhang miteinander zu bringen. Strabos
Geographie ist als ‘Länder- und Völkerkunde’ das größte Werk
des Altertums. Die Anschauung eines kausalen
Zusammenhanges des Menschen mit der Natur ging darauf
unter [according to him, until the middle of the eighteenth
century, until Montesquieu].”—Richthofen’s Vorlesungen, etc.
(1908), p. 8.
31. Buckle and his Critics (London, 1895, 548 pp.), p. 7 n.
32. See Poehlmann, l.c., p. 7.—For a brief statement of the theory
of milieu in Greek writers (Thucydides, Xenophon, Plato,
Aristotle, Theophrastus), cf. Curtius, Boden und Clima von
Athen (1877), p. 4 f. For Aristotle, compare also Dondorff, Das
hellenische Land als Schauplatz der althellenischen Geschichte
(Hamburg, 1899, 42 pp.), pp. 11 f. Poehlmann, l.c., discusses
the views on environment of Herodotus (pp. 37–47), of
Thucydides (pp. 52–4), of Xenophon (pp. 55 f.), of Ephoros
[only fragments of his great work, A Universal History, are
extant; cited by Strabo] (pp. 56–9), of Plato (pp. 59–64), of
Aristotle (pp. 64–74), of Polybios (pp. 75–7), of Posidonios [in
Strabo and in Galen] (pp. 78–80), of Strabo (pp. 80–90), of
Galen (pp. 91 f.).
33. Vide Élisàr v. Kupffer, Klima und Dichtung, Ein Beitrag zur
Psychophysik [in Grenzfragen der Literatur und Medizin in
Einzeldarstellungen hg. v. S. Rahmer, Berlin, 4. Heft]
(München, 1907), p. 63.
34. Translated into French by Baron Meg. F. de Slane (3 vols.,
Paris, 1862–8).
35. See R. Flint, History of the Philosophy of History, Historical
Philosophy in France and French Belgium and Switzerland
(New York: Scribner, 1894, 706 pp.), pp. 159 f.—“His
[Mohammed Ibn Khaldūn’s] fame rests securely ... on his
magnum opus, the ‘Universal History,’ and especially on the
first part of it, the ‘Prolegomena’ (p. 162).... They [the
Prolegomena] may fairly be regarded as forming a distinct and
complete work.... It consists of a preface, an introduction, and
six sections or divisions (p. 163).”
36. Flint, l.c., pp. 164 f.
37. Vide infra, p. 27.
38. Flint, l.c., p. 164.—Cf. also pp. 158–72, for Ibn Khaldūn in
general.
39. Cf. Kupffer, Klima and Dichtung, p. 63.
40. “Da Bodin hauptsächlich an die Anschauungen des Aristoteles
anknüpft, ...—Auch an Strabo, der dem Einfluß des Klimas und
der Landesnatur schon die schöpferischen Kräfte des
Volksgeistes gegenübergestellt hat, lehnt sich Bodin an.”—Fritz
Renz, Jean Bodin, Ein Beitrag z. Geschichte d. hist. Methode im
16. Jahrhundert [Geschichtliche Untersuchungen hg. v. Karl
Lamprecht, III. Bd., I. Heft], (Gotha, 1905, 84 pp.), p. 48 n.
41. Methodus ad facilem historiarum cognitionem, published in
1566.
42. Flint, l.c., 198.—The ‘Republic’ was first published in 1576 in
French under the title De la République. Eight years later
(1584) Bodin himself translated it into Latin as De Republica
Libri Sex. See Ludwig Stein, Die soziale Frage im Lichte der
Philosophie (2. verb. Aufl., Stuttgart, 1902), p. 217 n.
43. Compare Dutoit, Die Theorie des Milieu, pp. 58–62.
44. “Die physische Konstitution des Menschen hängt nach Bodin
eng mit den klimatischen Verhältnissen seiner Heimat
zusammen und entspricht dem Verhalten der Erde, die er
bewohnt ...”—Renz, Jean Bodin (1905), p. 50.—“... Da der
animalische Körper wie alle Körper aus einer Mischung der
Elemente besteht, so ergibt sich eine direkte Abhängigkeit der
physischen Konstitution von der umgebenden Natur, ja sogar
eine Übereinstimmung mit dem Verhalten der Erde in dem
betreffenden Himmelsstrich. Der menschliche Körper reagiert
auf die klimatischen Einflüsse genau so wie die Erde, die er
bewohnt, ...”—Ibidem, p. 44.
45. Discussed by Renz, l.c., pp. 47–61, in the chapter “Die Theorie
des Klimas.”—“Behandelt wird die Theorie des Klimas nach
dem 5. Kapitel des ‘Methodus,’ in dem sich Bodin zum ersten
Male mit dieser Doktrin befaßte; zur Erläuterung wird auch das
1. Kapitel des V. Buches der ‘République’ herangezogen, in
dem die Theorie des Klimas, aber in gedrängterer Form,
wiederholt wird.”—Ibid., p. 47 n. Cf. also p. 45.
46. “Sogar das Temperament variiert nach dem Klima ...
“Wie das Temperament wird die Sprache von dem inneren
physischen Bau abhängig gedacht ...
“Ebenso wird die Fortpflanzungsfähigkeit in direkte
Abhängigkeit von der physischen Konstitution gebracht ...”—
Ibid., pp. 52 f.
47. “Wie das Äußere und die physische Konstitution hängen auch
die Anlagen und Fähigkeiten der Völker mit den klimatischen
Verschiedenheiten zusammen ...”—Ibid., p. 54.
48. “... Nach der Dreiteilung der seelischen Fähigkeiten bei dem
Einzelmenschen und den Bewohnern jedes Staates werden die
Völker auf der ganzen Erde gruppiert, indem durch das Klima
immer eine Anlage besonders zur Ausbildung kommt ...”—
Ibid., p. 46.
49. “... Bodin nimmt zwei Teile des menschlichen Seelenlebens an,
erstens eine allen Menschen gemeinsame, unveränderliche
geistige Befähigung, die Vernunft, und zweitens Anlagen, die
von dem Klima und der physischen Natur des Menschen
abhängen. In der ‘République’ wird ausgeführt, daß diese
abhängigen Anlagen nur verschiedene von dem
geographischen Milieu abhängige Entwicklungsstufen des
Verstandes sind, während dieser an sich von den einzelnen
Gegenden unabhängig ist ...”—Ibid., p. 45.
50. “... Indem er [Bodin] als erster in der Neuzeit auf streng
wissenschaftlicher Grundlage versucht, die Wechselwirkung,
die zwischen dem historischen Verlauf und der Natur
stattfindet, festzustellen, gelangt er zu der Annahme von zwei
Teilen des geistig-seelischen Innenlebens, eines von den
umgebenden Verhältnissen abhängigen und eines absoluten,
gegen äußere Einflüsse sich passiv verhaltenden Teils.
Willensfreiheit neben der durch das Milieu bedingten
Ausbildung bestimmter Anlagen und Fähigkeiten ist der
mittlere Weg, den er zwischen der Annahme des zwingenden
Einflusses der äußeren Natur und der gänzlichen
Unabhängigkeit von ihr einschlägt ...”—Ibid., p. 77.
51. “Neben dem Horizontal- wendet Bodin den Vertikalmaßstab zur
Beurteilung der Völker an, indem er untersucht, wie die
verschiedene Erhebung des Bodens auf die Gestaltung des
Volkscharakters einwirkt ...
“Ebenso wird die Natur der Völker von der Qualität des
heimatlichen Bodens beeinflußt, ...”—Ibid., p. 58.—“Der
Einfluß, der sich aus der östlicheren oder westlicheren
Wohnlage auf den Volkscharakter geltend macht, ist, wo nicht
in der Richtung Süd-Nord sich erstreckende Gebirge eine
deutlichere Scheidelinie bilden, nach Bodin schwer zu
bestimmen ...”—Ibid. p. 57.
52. “Neben der Vorstellung von der geistig-sittlichen Einheit der
Menschen geht die Erkenntnis der Verschiedenartigkeit der
Nationen und ihres Bildungsgrades her, die aus den
partikularen Bedingungen des nationalen Einzeldaseins
resultiert. Zur Erklärung des Volkscharakters wird, wie schon
dargelegt, die Theorie des Klimas herangezogen ...”—Ibid., p.
62.
53. “Bodin hat sich deswegen mit der Theorie des Klimas
beschäftigt, weil er in der Geschichte und im Völkerleben
bestimmte regelmäßige Erscheinungen wahrnahm, die er sich
nur aus dem Einfluß des geographischen Milieus erklären
konnte. Bei dem strengen Festhalten an der menschlichen
Willensfreiheit konnte er sich diesen Einfluß nur durch die
Annahme einer von äußeren Verhältnissen abhängigen
Entwicklungsfähigkeit der geistigen Anlagen in bestimmter
Richtung erklären...”—Ibid., p. 60 f.—“Das unbedingte
Festhalten an der menschlichen Willensfreiheit mußte Bodin
vor der Annahme bewahren, daß der Einfluß des
geographischen Milieus auf die Menschen ein zwingender sei.
Nur die Entwicklung der Anlagen wird von der Umwelt
bestimmt, nicht aber das sittliche Wollen ...”—Ibid., p. 59.
54. “Wo die äußere Natur zur Entwicklung schlechter Anlagen
führt, besitzt nach Bodin die Menschheit in der Erziehung ein
Mittel, diesem Übelstand zu begegnen.”—Ibid., p. 77.—“... den
Menschen [wird] die Fähigkeit zugesprochen ..., die
schädlichen Einwirkungen des Klimas wenn auch schwer, zu
überwinden ...”—Ibid., p. 60.
55. L.c., p. 198.
56. “... Den Vergleich der drei Völkergruppen [südliche, mittlere,
nördliche] mit den menschlichen Lebensaltern hat Bodin von
Aristoteles entlehnt, was er Meth. V 140, 141 selbst zugibt.”—
Renz, l.c., p. 57.
57. L.c., p. 48.
58. Haddon and Quiggin, Hist. of Anthropology (London, 1910), p.
150.
59. L.c., p. 77.—For Bodin in general, cf. Renz, Jean Bodin; Flint,
l.c., pp. 190–200; Ludwig Stein, Die soziale Frage im Lichte der
Philosophie, pp. 217–19. H. Morf, Französische Literatur im
Zeitalter der Renaissance (2. verb. Aufl., Straßburg: Trübner,
1914), is brief on Bodin, vide esp. pp. 131 f.; cf. also p. 125.
60. Vide E. Bernheim, Lehrbuch der historischen Methode (5. u. 6.
Aufl, Leipzig, 1908), p. 230.
61. Montesquieu, The Spirit of Laws (translated from the French by
Th. Nugent, new ed., revised by J. V. Prichard, 2 vols., London:
Geo. Bell and Sons, 1906), I, 238–314.
62. “Seine [Montesquieu’s] Hervorkehrung des Einflusses, den
Klima und Bodenbeschaffenheit auf die Soziabilität der
Menschennatur ausüben, geht ebenfalls auf Locke, weiterhin
auf Bodin zurück.”—L. Stein, Die soziale Frage, etc., p. 364.—
According to Dutoit (Die Theorie des Milieu, p. 62),
Montesquieu concealed his obligation to Bodin.
63. L.c., pp. 238–53.
64. L.c., pp. 253–69.
65. L.c., pp. 270–83.
66. L.c., pp. 284–91.
67. L.c., pp. 291–314.
68. Flint, l.c., pp. 279 f.
69. Flint, l.c., p. 286.—(Turgot died in 1781.)
70. Ripley, The Races of Europe (1899), p. 4.—Cuvier was twenty
years younger than Goethe; both died in the same year.
71. E. G. Conklin, Heredity and Environment in the Development of
Men (Princeton Univ. Press, 1915, 533 pp.), p. 303.
72. Eckermanns Gespräche mit Goethe, neu herausgegeben v. H.
H. Houben (Leipzig: Brockhaus, 1909), p. 264.
73. Ibid., p. 265.—These two passages are also cited by Kupffer,
Klima and Dichtung, p. 64.
74. Eckermanns Gespräche mit Goethe, p. 542.
75. Ibid., p. 546.
76. Karl Lamprecht, “Neue Kulturgeschichte” (pp. 449–64 in Das
Jahr 1913, Ein Gesamtbild der Kulturentwicklung, hg. v. D.
Sarason, Leipzig-Berlin: B. G. Teubner, 1913), p. 453.
77. Albert Poetzsch, Studien zur frühromantischen Politik und
Geschichtsauffassung (Leipzig: Voigtländer, 1907, 111 pp.), p.
89.
78. “Die Einwirkung der äußeren Natur auf die Geschichte tritt
zurück [in der romantischen Geschichtsphilosophie]”; and in a
note is added: “Wenn auch der Zusammenhang von Boden
und Geschichte, namentlich von natürl. Grenzen u. Staat, der
Betrachtung nicht verloren geht. Vgl. A. W. Schlegel, Enz. 216.
697.”—Ibid., p. 94.
79. Bernheim, Lehrb. d. hist. Methode, p. 650.
80. Ibid., p. 515.
81. See Ludwig Gumplowicz, Der Rassenkampf (2.... Aufl.,
Innsbruck, 1909), p. 9 n.
82. Vide the quotation from Hegel by Gumplowicz, l.c., p. 13 n.
83. This paper will carry the discussion through anthropo-
geography.
84. The whole question, including Herder’s own idea thereof and
his indebtedness to preceding authors, both German and
foreign, as well as his influence upon succeeding writers at
home and abroad, his relation to his contemporaries, etc., will
be essayed more fully in a series of papers, to be published
soon, dealing with “Herder’s Conception of Milieu,” “Herder’s
Relations to France,” “Herder’s Relations to England,” and
“Herder in His Own Milieu.”
85. The term “anthropo-geography” derives from the title of Fr.
Ratzel’s main work.—“... le domaine si intéressant, mais à
peine défriché, de l’anthropogéographie, semble avoir acquis à
ce mot le droit de cité dans le langage scientifique.”—L.
Metchnikoff, La Civilisation et Les Grands Fleuves Historiques
(Paris, 1889), p. 70 and n.—In England, and in America, it is
commonly called human geography, after the French “la
géographie humaine.” Various names have been proposed for
this subject. See also W. Z. Ripley, “Geography and Sociology.”
The Viennese Erwin Hanslick, I believe, denominates it
“Kulturgeographie.”
86. Walther May, “Herders Anschauung der organischen Natur,”
Archiv f. d. Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften u. d. Technik,
etc., Leipzig, Bd. 4 (1913, S. 8–39, 89–113), p. 91.
87. Ferd. v. Richthofen’s Vorlesungen üb. Allgem. Siedlungs- u.
Verkehrsgeographie, bearb. u. hg. v. O. Schlüter (Berlin, 1908),
p. 11.
88. “... Ritter selbst hat keine methodische Darstellung, kein
Lehrgebäude gegeben; sondern nur Andeutungen, die
anregend sind. Daher blieb Ritters Grundidee fast ohne Einfluß
auf die Geographie; nur die Historiker haben sie sich
angeeignet und haben seitdem größeres Gewicht auf die
Landesnatur gelegt.”—Ibid., p. 11.
89. Cosmos, a Sketch of a Physical Description of the Universe,
translated by E. C. Otté (5 vols., New York: Harper, 1875–77),
p. 48.
90. Die Erdkunde im Verhältnis zur Natur und zur Geschichte des
Menschen oder eine allgemeine, vergleichende Geographie was
published in two volumes at Berlin in 1817–18; the second
edition, completely revised, appeared in nineteen volumes
from 1822 to 1859, the year of his death. Neither edition is
finished; the second deals only with Africa (vol. 1) and Asia
(vols. 2–19).
91. Die Naturkunde, etc.—See Th. Achelis, Moderne Völkerkunde
(Stuttgart, 1896), p. 71.
92. Ibid., see Achelis, l.c., pp. 72 f.
93. In Felix Lampe’s book, Große Geographen, Bilder aus der
Geschichte der Erdkunde (Leipzig u. Berlin: B. G. Teubner,
1915, 288 S. [Band 28 der v. B. Schmid in Zwickau
herausgegebenen “Naturwissenschaftlichen Bibliothek”]),
neither the chapter on Ritter (pp. 227–33), nor that on “Die
wissenschaftliche Geographie der Gegenwart” (pp. 281–87) is
very full.
94. Stuttgart & Tübingen, 1808.
95. Views of Nature (London, 1850), Author’s Preface, p. X.
96. p. 382. See Achelis, Moderne Völkerkunde, pp. 88 f.—The
relation of man to environment is also referred to in Cosmos
(English translation by Otté), I, pp. 351–9.—Kosmos was
originally published as follows: vols. 1 and 2 in 1845–7; vols. 3
and 4 in 1850–8; vol. 5 in 1862.
97. Leipzig, 1841.
98. Kohl, Der Verkehr, etc., p. 111. See Achelis, l.c., pp. 80 f.
99. Ibid.
100.
Kohl, l.c., p. 537. See Achelis, l.c., pp. 81 f.
101.
Kohl, Ibid.,—See Achelis, l.c., pp. 82 f.—The manifold
influences of nature are also exemplified in Kohl’s Die
geographische Lage der Hauptstädte Europas, 1874, and L.
Felix, Der Einfluß der Natur auf die Entwicklung des Eigentums,
1893.
102.
Über den Einfluß der äußeren Natur auf die sozialen
Verhältnisse der einzelnen Völker und die Geschichte der
Menschheit überhaupt, 1848; later published in Studien aus
dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaft, I, 1876.
103.
Deutschlands Boden, sein geologischer Bau und dessen
Einwirkungen auf das Leben der Menschen, 2 Bde., Leipzig,
1854.
104.
501 pp., Breslau: F. Hirt, 1855.
105.
Kutzen himself says in the Vorwort that he “leans on” Cotta; he
cites the latter, for instance, on p. 466.
106.
Die Naturgeschichte des Volkes als Grundlage einer deutschen
Sozialpolitik, vol. 1 (11th ed., Stuttgart: Cotta, 1908): Land und
Leute.
107. Vide the first Preface, written in 1853, to volume one, pp. VI-
VII.
108.
Die Naturgeschichte, etc., I, p. 42.
109.
Ibid., Vorwort zur achten Auflage, 1883, p. X.
110.
Die Naturgeschichte, etc., Vierter Band, “Wanderbuch,” als
zweiter Teil zu “Land und Leute.” Vierte Aufl., 1903, p. 32.
111.
G. P. Gooch, History and Historians in the Nineteenth Century
(London & N. Y.; Longmans, Green & Co., 1913), p. 576.
112.
Gooch, ibid., p. 575.
113.
For Riehl’s view of milieu in a scheme of sciences, cf. Die
Naturgeschichte, etc., I, pp. 40–2.
114.
164 pp., Meyers Volksbücher, Leipzig u. Wien:
Bibliographisches Institut, s.a.—This essay forms the second
chapter in Hans Meyer’s Das deutsche Volkstum (2. Aufl.,
1903), pp. 41–122.
115.
Moderne Völkerkunde, p. 81, n.
116.
2. Aufl., 1905 (Aus Natur und Geisteswelt, 31. Bändchen,
Leipzig: B. G. Teubner), 127 pp.—It has been translated into
English under the title Man and Earth (London & N. Y., 1906.
Reprinted 1914, 223 pp.) by A. S. “from the second amended
German edition,” in which are intercalated two chapters:
Chapter V, on The British Isles and Britons, by the author; and
Chapter VI, on America and the Americans, by the translator.—
The first four chapters of a general nature—features of the
globe, sea, steppes and deserts, in their influence on
civilization, the influence of man on landscape—are followed by
four chapters on The British Isles and Britons, America and the
Americans, Germany and the Germans, China and the Chinese.
117. Vorlesungen, etc., delivered at Berlin in 1891 and 1897/8.
118.
“... Es ist mehr unsere Aufgabe gewesen, in dem großen
Getriebe der Siedlung und des Verkehrs der allmählichen
Entwicklung nachzugehen, das steigende Maß der
Überwindung von Widerständen durch den Menschen zu
zeigen, die Kräfte zu untersuchen, welche in der Entwicklung
wirksam sind,—als bei der großen Fülle des Tatsächlichen der
heutigen Zeit zu verweilen.” Vorlesungen, p. 351.
119.
It will be noted that Herder is not mentioned here.
120.
Ellen C. Semple, Influences of Geographic Environment (N. Y.,
1911), p. V.
121.
“In Germany the exponents of these theories [of
environmental influence] were Cotta and Kohl, and later
Peschel, Kirchhof, Bastian, and Gerland; but the greatest name
of all is that of Fr. Ratzel, who has written the standard work
on Anthropogeographie.”—Haddon and Quiggin, Hist. of
Anthropology (London, 1910), p. 152.—The first vol. of Ratzel’s
Anthropogeographie was published in 1882, 2nd ed. in 1899,
the second vol. in 1897.
122.
As further illustration, it might be instructive to compare here
the chapter headings of Semple’s Influences of Geographic
Environment, which book was written “On the Basis of Ratzel’s
System of Anthropo-geography.” They are as follows: I—
Operation of Geographic Factors in History (1–31); II—Classes
of Geographic Influences (22–50); III—Society and State in
Relation to the Land (51–73); IV—Movements of Peoples in
Their Geographical Significance (74–128); V—Geographical
Location (129–67); VI—Geographical Area (168–203); VII—
Geographical Boundaries (204–41); VIII—Coast Peoples (242–
91); IX—Oceans and Enclosed Seas (292–317); X—Man’s
Relation to the Water (318–35); XI—The Anthropo-geography
of Rivers (336–80); XII—Continents and Their Peninsulas
(380–408); XIII—Island Peoples (409–72); XIV—Plains,
Steppes and Deserts (473–523); XV—Mountain Barriers and
Their Passes (524–56); XVI—Influences of a Mountain
Environment (557–606); XVII—The Influences of Climate upon
Man (607–37).
123.
Richthofen’s Vorlesungen, p. 13.
124.
1897; 2. Aufl. 1903.
125.
“Diese [die enge Erdgebundenheit] in ihrer ganzen
tiefgreifenden Bedeutung für das staatliche Leben erkannt und
dargelegt zu haben, bleibt freilich für immer ein großes
Verdienst der ‘Politischen Geographie’ ...”—O. Schlüter, “Die
leitenden Gesichtspunkte d. Anthropogeogr.,” Arch. f.
Sozialwiss., Bd. IV, p. 620.
126.
Vide Richthofen, l.c., p. 12.
127. 2 vols., München, 1893; see vol. 2, 2nd ed.: Politische
Geographie der Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika, unter
besonderer Berücksichtigung der natürlichen Bedingungen u.
wirtschaftlichen Verhältnisse (763 pp.), esp. pp. 1–176.
128.
London, 1896 (this is a translation of his Völkerkunde, 1887/8),
cf. the opening pp. of vol. 1.
129.
In Helmolt, The History of the World (N. Y., 1902), vol. 1, pp.
62–103, where Ratzel discusses in turn The Coherence of
Countries, The Relation of Man to the Collective Life of the
Earth, Races and States as Organisms, Historical Movement,
Natural Regions, Climate and Location, Geographical Situation,
Area, Population, The Water-Oceans, Seas, and Rivers,
Conformation of the Earth’s Surface.
130.
London & N. Y.: Longmans, 1915.
131.
See The Nation, N. Y., March 18, 1915, p. 310.
132.
Paris, 1911, 420 pp.
133.
Semple, l.c., p. VI; cf. also Ratzel, Anthropogeogr., I,
2
p. XII.
134.
Archiv f. Sozialwissenschaft, Bd. IV (1906), pp. 581–630.
135.
For Ratzel, cf. also Paul Barth, Die Philosophie der Geschichte
als Soziologie, I (Leipzig: Reisland, 1897), pp. 227–30; Jean
Brunhes, La Géographie Humaine, 2e
éd. (Paris: Alcan, 1912),
pp. 39–47.
136.
Buckle, History of Civilization (1867), p. 32 n.
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RNAi Design and Application 1st Edition Mohammed Amarzguioui

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  • 5. RNAi Design and Application 1st Edition Mohammed Amarzguioui Digital Instant Download Author(s): Mohammed Amarzguioui, John J. Rossi (auth.), Sailen Barik (eds.) ISBN(s): 9781588298744, 1588298744 Edition: 1 File Details: PDF, 7.12 MB Year: 2008 Language: english
  • 8. M E T H O D S I N M O L E C U L A R B I O L O G YTM John M. Walker, SERIES EDITOR 465. Mycobacteria, Second Edition, edited by Tanya Parish and Amanda Claire Brown, 2008 460. Essential Concepts in Toxicogenomics, edited by Donna L. Mendrick and William B. Mattes, 2008 459. Prion Protein Protocols, edited by Andrew F. Hill, 2008 458. Artificial Neural Networks: Methods and Applications, edited by David S. Livingstone, 2008 457. Membrane Trafficking, edited by Ales Vancura, 2008 456. Adipose Tissue Protocols, Second Edition, edited by Kaiping Yang, 2008 455. Osteoporosis, edited by Jennifer J. Westendorf, 2008 454. SARS- and Other Coronaviruses: Laboratory Protocols, edited by Dave Cavanagh, 2008 453. Bioinformatics, Volume 2: Structure, Function, and Applications, edited by Jonathan M. Keith, 2008 452. Bioinformatics, Volume 1: Data, Sequence Analysis, and Evolution, edited by Jonathan M. Keith, 2008 451. Plant Virology Protocols: From Viral Sequence to Protein Function, edited by Gary Foster, Elisabeth Johansen, Yiguo Hong, and Peter Nagy, 2008 450. Germline Stem Cells, edited by Steven X. Hou and Shree Ram Singh, 2008 449. Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Methods and Protocols, edited by Darwin J. Prockop, Douglas G. Phinney, and Bruce A. Brunnell, 2008 448. Pharmacogenomics in Drug Discovery and Development, edited by Qing Yan, 2008 447. Alcohol: Methods and Protocols, edited by Laura E. Nagy, 2008 446. Post-translational Modification of Proteins: Tools for Functional Proteomics, Second Edition, edited by Christoph Kannicht, 2008 445. Autophagosome and Phagosome, edited by Vojo Deretic, 2008 444. Prenatal Diagnosis, edited by Sinuhe Hahn and Laird G. Jackson, 2008 443. Molecular Modeling of Proteins, edited by Andreas Kukol, 2008 442. RNAi: Design and Application, edited by Sailen Barik, 2008 439. Genomics Protocols: Second Edition, edited by Mike Starkey and Ramnanth Elaswarapu, 2008 438. Neural Stem Cells: Methods and Protocols, Second Edition, edited by Leslie P. Weiner, 2008 437. Drug Delivery Systems, edited by Kewal K. Jain, 2008 436. Avian Influenza Virus, edited by Erica Spackman, 2008 435. Chromosomal Mutagenesis, edited by Greg Davis and Kevin J. Kayser, 2008 434. Gene Therapy Protocols: Volume 2: Design and Characterization of Gene Transfer Vectors, edited by Joseph M. LeDoux, 2008 433. Gene Therapy Protocols: Volume 1: Production and In Vivo Applications of Gene Transfer Vectors, edited by Joseph M. LeDoux, 2007 432. Organelle Proteomics, edited by Delphine Pflieger and Jean Rossier, 2008 431. Bacterial Pathogenesis: Methods and Protocols, edited by Frank DeLeo and Michael Otto, 2008 430. Hematopoietic Stem Cell Protocols, edited by Kevin D. Bunting, 2008 429. Molecular Beacons: Signalling Nucleic Acid Probes, Methods and Protocols, edited by Andreas Marx and Oliver Seitz, 2008 428. Clinical Proteomics: Methods and Protocols, edited by Antonio Vlahou, 2008 427. Plant Embryogenesis, edited by Maria Fernanda Suarez and Peter Bozhkov, 2008 426. Structural Proteomics: High-Throughput Methods, edited by Bostjan Kobe, Mitchell Guss, and Huber Thomas, 2008 425. 2D PAGE: Volume 2: Applications and Protocols, edited by Anton Posch, 2008 424. 2D PAGE: Volume 1: Sample Preparation and Pre-Fractionation, edited by Anton Posch, 2008 423. Electroporation Protocols, edited by Shulin Li, 2008 422. Phylogenomics, edited by William J. Murphy, 2008 421. Affinity Chromatography: Methods and Protocols, Second Edition, edited by Michael Zachariou, 2008 420. Drosophila: Methods and Protocols, edited by Christian Dahmann, 2008 419. Post-Transcriptional Gene Regulation, edited by Jeffrey Wilusz, 2008 418. Avidin-Biotin Interactions: Methods and Applications, edited by Robert J. McMahon, 2008 417. Tissue Engineering, Second Edition, edited by Hannsjörg Hauser and Martin Fussenegger, 2007 416. Gene Essentiality: Protocols and Bioinformatics, edited by Svetlana Gerdes and Andrei L. Osterman, 2008 415. Innate Immunity, edited by Jonathan Ewbank and Eric Vivier, 2007 414. Apoptosis in Cancer: Methods and Protocols, edited by Gil Mor and Ayesha Alvero, 2008 413. Protein Structure Prediction, Second Edition, edited by Mohammed Zaki and Chris Bystroff, 2008 412. Neutrophil Methods and Protocols, edited by Mark T. Quinn, Frank R. DeLeo, and Gary M. Bokoch, 2007 411. Reporter Genes for Mammalian Systems, edited by Don Anson, 2007 410. Environmental Genomics, edited by Cristofre C. Martin, 2007 409. Immunoinformatics: Predicting Immunogenicity In Silico, edited by Darren R. Flower, 2007 408. Gene Function Analysis, edited by Michael Ochs, 2007 407. Stem Cell Assays, edited by Vemuri C. Mohan, 2007 406. Plant Bioinformatics: Methods and Protocols, edited by David Edwards, 2007 405. Telomerase Inhibition: Strategies and Protocols, edited by Lucy Andrews and Trygve O. Tollefsbol, 2007
  • 9. M E T H O D S I N M O L E C U L A R B I O L O G YTM RNAi Design and Application Edited by Sailen Barik Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile, Alabama
  • 10. Editor Sailen Barik Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology College of Medicine University of South Alabama Mobile, Alabama Series Editor John. M. Walker School of Life Sciences University of Hertfordshire Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK ISBN: 978-1-58829-874-4 e-ISBN: 978-1-59745-191-8 ISSN:1064-3745 e-ISSN: 1940-6029 Library of Congress Control Number: 2007940759 © 2008 Humana Press, a part of Springer Science+Business Media, LLC All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Humana Press, 999 Riverview Drive, Suite 208, Totowa, NJ 07512 USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of going to press, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publishers can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Cover illustration: Figure 3, Chapter 16, “Temporal Control of Gene Silencing by in ovo Electroporation” by Thomas Baeriswyl, Olivier Mauti, and Esther T. Stoeckli. Figure 3, Chapter 17, “Altering Flower Color in Transgenic Plants by RNAi-Mediated Engineering of Flavonoid Biosynthetic Pathway,” by Yoshikazu Tanaka, Noriko Nakamura, and Junichi Togami. Printed on acid-free paper 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com
  • 11. In memory of my Mother, Promilla Barik (1932–2006)
  • 12. Preface RNA interference (RNAi), in which RNA silences RNA, is the most recent discovery to revolutionize biology and to be recognized by a Nobel Prize (in 2006, to Andrew Fire and Craig Mello). It is a story that began with historic observations in plants and fungi and eventually worked its way up to humans. If one were to describe the major steps of RNAi very briefly, it would read as follows: RNAi is triggered by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), produced endogenously or introduced by scientists –> Long dsRNA is trimmed into short interfering RNA or microRNA (siRNA or miRNA) by Dicer –> The individual strands of the si/miRNA then guide the assembly of a multiprotein complex, known as RISC, the key constituent of which is Argonaute –> Depending on the extent of homology of the guide RNA to the target, RISC either destroys the target RNA or suppresses its translation, leading to gene silencing. The chapters in RNAi: Design and Application, contributed by leaders in the field, sum up the state-of-the-art methods on practical, everyday use of RNAi in biological research. Although multiple books and monographs have been published on RNAi, there is a noticeable dearth of bench protocols that can be used quickly and easily by beginners aspiring to enter this new field. This volume aims to fill that void. RNAi: Design and Application is divided into two parts. The first and smaller part (chapters 1–4) covers the fundamentals including designs of RNAi, biochemical assay protocols for the major components of RNAi, and study of potential off-target effects. The larger second part (chapters 5–18) covers various applications of RNAi in diverse model organisms and systems, from antiviral and anticancer applications to altering flower color in plants. Armed with this volume, a researcher with standard molecular biological training should be able to perform today’s major RNAi-related experiments and carry out gene knock-down analyses in virtually any cell line or species of interest. In the established tradition of the Methods in Molecular BiologyTM series, each chapter contains step-by-step protocols, extra notes, and problem-solving tips, which are usually not found in original research papers. As the horizon of RNAi application is rapidly broadening, we have strived to offer the most recent protocols in each area so that they remain useful for years to come. vii
  • 13. viii Preface My sincere thanks go to all the authors and the Humana staff for bringing it all together, and to Professor John M. Walker for his guidance. I remain indebted to my wife, Kumkum, and my children, Titus and Tiasha, for their immeasurable support and encouragement. Sailen Barik
  • 14. Contents Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi Part I: Designing Optimal RNAi Tools 1. Principles of Dicer Substrate (D-siRNA) Design and Function Mohammed Amarzguioui and John J. Rossi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. Expression, Purification, and Analysis of Recombinant Drosophila Dicer-1 and Dicer-2 Enzymes Xuecheng Ye and Qinghua Liu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 3. In vitro RNA Cleavage Assay for Argonaute-Family Proteins Keita Miyoshi, Hiroshi Uejima, Tomoko Nagami-Okada, Haruhiko Siomi, and Mikiko C. Siomi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 4. Identifying siRNA-Induced Off-Targets by Microarray Analysis Emily Anderson, Queta Boese, Anastasia Khvorova, and Jon Karpilow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Part II: Application of RNAi in Diverse Organisms 5. Hydrodynamic Delivery of siRNA in a Mouse Model of Sepsis Doreen E. Wesche-Soldato, Joanne Lomas-Neira, Mario Perl, Chun-Shiang Chung, and Alfred Ayala . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 6. Nasal Delivery of siRNA Vira Bitko and Sailen Barik. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 7. RNA Interference as a Genetic Tool in Trypanosomes Vivian Bellofatto and Jennifer B. Palenchar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 8. Lentivirus-Mediated RNA Interference in Mammalian Neurons Scott Q. Harper and Pedro Gonzalez-Alegre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 9. Silencing Genes by RNA Interference in the Protozoan Parasite Entamoeba histolytica Carlos F. Solis and Nancy Guillén . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 ix
  • 15. x Contents 10. Use of RNAi in C. elegans Tsuyoshi Ohkumo, Chikahide Masutani, Toshihiko Eki, and Fumio Hanaoka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 11. Application of siRNA Against SARS in the Rhesus Macaque Model Qingquan Tang, Baojian Li, Martin Woodle, and Patrick Y. Lu . . . . . 139 12. siRNA and shRNA as Anticancer Agents in a Cervical Cancer Model Wenyi Gu, Lisa Putral, and Nigel McMillan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 13. Identification and Expression Analysis of Small RNAs During Development Toshiaki Watanabe, Hiroshi Imai, and Naojiro Minami. . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 14. Screening and Identification of Virus-Encoded RNA Silencing Suppressors Sumona Karjee, Mohammad Nurul Islam, and Sunil K. Mukherjee. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 15. Application of RNA Interference in Functional Genomics Studies of a Social Insect Michael E. Scharf, Xuguo Zhou, and Margaret A. Schwinghammer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 16. Temporal Control of Gene Silencing by in ovo Electroporation Thomas Baeriswyl, Olivier Mauti, and Esther T. Stoeckli . . . . . . . . . . . 231 17. Altering Flower Color in Transgenic Plants by RNAi-Mediated Engineering of Flavonoid Biosynthetic Pathway Yoshikazu Tanaka, Noriko Nakamura, and Junichi Togami . . . . . . . . . 245 18. Transgenic RNA Interference in Mice Pumin Zhang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
  • 16. Contributors Mohammed Amarzguioui • The Biotechnology Centre of Oslo, Oslo, Norway Emily Anderson • Dharmacon, ThermoFisher Scientific, Lafayette, CO Alfred Ayala • Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI Thomas Baeriswyl • Institute of Zoology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland Sailen Barik • Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile, AL Vivian Bellofatto • Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, UMDNJ-NJ Medical School, International Center for Public Health, Newark, NJ Vira Bitko • Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile, AL Queta Boese • Dharmacon, ThermoFisher Scientific, Lafayette, CO Chun-Shiang Chung • Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI Toshihiko Eki • Department of Ecological Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, Japan Pedro Gonzalez-Alegre • Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine at The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA Wenyi Gu • Cancer Biology Program, Centre for Immunology and Cancer Research, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia Nancy Guillén • Unité de Biologie Cellulaire du Parasitisme, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France Fumio Hanaoka • Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, and SORST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Osaka, Japan xi
  • 17. xii Contributors Scott Q. Harper • Center for Gene Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH Hiroshi Imai • Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Department of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Mohammad Nurul Islam • International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, PMB Lab, New Delhi, India Sumona Karjee • International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, PMB Lab, New Delhi, India Jon Karpilow • Dharmacon, ThermoFisher Scientific, Lafayette, CO Anastasia Khvorova • Dharmacon, ThermoFisher Scientific, Lafayette, CO Baojian Li • Top Genomics, Ltd., and College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China Qinghua Liu • Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX Joanne Lomas-Neira • Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI Patrick Y. Lu • Sirnaomics, Inc., Rockville, MD Chikahide Masutani • Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University; and SORST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Osaka, Japan Olivier Mauti • Institute of Zoology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland Nigel McMillan • Cancer Biology Program, Centre for Immunology and Cancer Research, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia Naojiro Minami • Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Department of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Keita Miyoshi • Institute for Genome Research, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan Sunil K. Mukherjee • International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, PMB Lab, New Delhi, India Tomoko Nagami-Okada • Institute for Genome Research, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan Noriko Nakamura • Institute for Advanced Core Technology, Suntory Ltd., Osaka, Japan Tsuyoshi Ohkumo • Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University; and SORST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Osaka, Japan
  • 18. Contributors xiii Jennifer B. Palenchar • Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA Mario Perl • Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Zentrum für Chirurgie, Klinik für Unfallchirurgie, Hand-, Plastische- und Wiederherstellungschirurgie, Ulm, Germany Lisa Putral • Cancer Biology Program, Centre for Immunology and Cancer Research, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia John J. Rossi • Division of Molecular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA Michael E. Scharf • Molecular and Applied Insect Toxicology, Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL Margaret A. Schwinghammer • Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN Haruhiko Siomi • Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan Mikiko C. Siomi • Institute for Genome Research, University of Tokushima, JST, CREST, Tokushima, Japan Carlos F. Solis • Unité de Biologie Cellulaire du Parasitisme, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France Esther T. Stoeckli • Institute of Zoology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland Yoshikazu Tanaka • Institute for Advanced Core Technology, Suntory Ltd., Osaka, Japan Qingquan Tang • OriGene Technologies, Inc., Rockville, MD Junichi Togami • Institute for Advanced Core Technology, Suntory Ltd., Osaka, Japan Hiroshi Uejima • Institute for Genome Research, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan Toshiaki Watanabe • Division of Human Genetics, Department of Integrated Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Research Organization of Information and Systems; and Department of Genetics, School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Mishima, Japan Doreen E. Wesche-Soldato • Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI Martin Woodle • Nanotides Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Rockville, MD Xuecheng Ye • Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
  • 19. xiv Contributors Pumin Zhang • Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX Xuguo Zhou • Molecular and Applied Insect Toxicology, Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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  • 22. Jahreßeit auf das Nerven- und Seelenleben,” without the date or place of publication. Note: Since the foregoing pages went to press, the following publications have appeared; being too late for inclusion or comment in the text, they are added here for reference: Douglas W. Johnson, Topography and Strategy in the War, N. Y., Henry Holt & Co., 1917, 221 pp. (Thorough and very illuminating; points out how the surface features of the country influenced military operations in the most important theaters of the war.) James Fairgrieve, Geography and World Power, N. Y., E. P. Dutton & Co., 1917, 356 pp. (Shows how History has been controlled by Geography.) Robert De C. Ward, “Weather Controls Over the Fighting in the Italian War Zone,” The Scientific Monthly, Vol. 6, No. 2 (February, 1918), pp. 97–105. And “Weather Controls Over the Fighting in Mesopotamia, in Palestine, and near the Suez Canal,” ibidem, Vol. 6, No. 4 (April, 1918), pp. 289–304. 1. For brief but valuable sketches of one phase or another of the history of the theory of milieu, cf. Friedrich Ratzel, Anthropogeographie. 1. Teil: Grundzüge der Anwendung der Erdkunde auf die Geschichte (2. Aufl., Stuttgart, 1899, 604 pp.), pp. 13–23, 25–30, 31–40; Gustav Schmoller, Grundriß der Allgemeinen Volkswirtschaftslehre. Erster Teil (Vierte bis sechste Aufl., Leipzig, 1901), p. 127, pp. 137 f., 144 ff., Zweiter Teil (Erste bis sechste Aufl., Leipzig, 1904), pp. 656 ff.; Ferdinand v. Richthofen’s Vorlesungen über Allgemeine Siedlungs- und Verkehrsgeographie, bearb. und herausgegeben von O. Schlüter (Berlin, 1908, 351 pp.—A course of lectures delivered in the summer semester of 1891 in Berlin, repeated in the winter semester in 1897/8), pp. 6–13; Jean Brunhes, La Géographie Humaine (Deuxième édition, Paris: Alcan, 1912, 801 pp.), pp. 36 ff.; A. C. Haddon and A. H. Quiggin, History of Anthropology (London, 1910, 158 pp.), pp. 131 f., 150–52; William Z. Ripley, “Geography and Sociology,”
  • 23. Political Science Quarterly, X (1895), pp. 636–54; also the same author’s The Races of Europe (New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1899), pp. 2–5. Cf. also O. Schlüter, “Die leitenden Gesichtspunkte der Anthropogeographie, insbesondere der Lehre Friedrich Ratzels,” Arch. f. Sozialwissenschaft, Bd. IV (1906), S. 581–630, and Rudolf Goldscheid, Höherentwicklung und Menschenökonomie, I [Philosophisch-soziologische Bücherei, Band VIII], (Leipzig: W. Klinkhardt, 1911, 664 pp.), p. 52. For bibliographies, in addition to those yet to be mentioned, see also Ratzel, l.c., pp. 579–85; Brunhes, l.c., nn.; Ellen C. Semple, Influences of Geographic Environment, On the Basis of Ratzel’s System of Anthropo-geography (New York: H. Holt & Co., 1911, 637 pp.), to each chapter of which an extensive bibliography is added; William J. Thomas, Source Book for Social Origins (Chicago and London, 1909) pp. 134– 39: Bibliography to Part I: The Relation of Society to Geographic and Economic Environment (pp. 29–129, Comment on Part I, pp. 130–33); Ripley, “Geography and Sociology,” Pol. Sc. Quar., X (1895), pp. 654–5. 2. Dictionnaire de l’Académie Françoise. Quatrième Édition. Tome Second (Paris, 1762), p. 143. 3. Encyclopédie, ou Dictionnaire Raisonné des Sciences, etc. Nouvelle Éd. 1778, ed. by Diderot and D’Alembert, 21st vol., p. 853. 4. Cours de Philosophie Positive (6 vols., 1830–42, 5e édition, Paris, 1892–94), see vol. 3, p. 235 n. 5. Cp. esp. the Introduction to his Histoire de la Littérature Anglaise, 5 Tomes (8e Édition, Paris: Hachette, 1892); the first edition appeared in 1863, after Taine had been at work on it for well-nigh a decade.
  • 24. 6. For Zola as the disciple of Taine, cf. H. Wiegler, Geschichte und Kritik der Theorie des Milieus bei Émile Zola (Diss., Rostock, 1905), esp. pp. 19–36. 7. Vide Émile Waxweiler, Esquisse d’une Sociologie (Bruxelles, 1906), p. 65. 8. Dictionnaire de la Langue Française, vol. 3 (1885), pp. 559 f. 9. Verdeutschungen, Wörterbuch fürs tägliche Leben (Braunschweig, Verlag von George Westermann, 1915, 176 pp.), p. 93. 10. Verdeutschungsbücher des Allgemeinen Deutschen Sprachvereins, III (Zweite Aufl., neu bearb. v. Edward Lohmeyer, Berlin, Verlag des Allgemeinen Deutschen Sprachvereins, 1915, 182 pp.), pp. 91 f. 11. Phénomènes de la vie (2e éd., Paris, 1885), t. I, p. 112. See Waxweiler, l.c., p. 36. 12. Race Prejudice, transl. by Florence Wade-Evans (London, 1906), p. 130. 13. “The Services of Naturalism to Life and Literature. Reprinted, with Additions, from The Sewanee Review, October, 1903,” p. 2. 14. See Murray’s NED., vol. III, Part II, (1897), p. 231. 15. Wörterbuch d. d. Sprache (1811), Bd. 5, S. 113. 16. See the article by I. Stosch on “Umwelt-milieu,” Zeitschrift für Deutsche Wortforschung, g. v. Fr. Kluge, 7. Bd. (1905), pp. 58– 9. 17. 2. Bd., 2. Hälfte (Leipzig: Otto Wigand, 1865), p. 1556b .
  • 25. 18. A. Gombert cites the passage in question in his article “Umwelt,” Z. f. D. Wf., 7. Bd. (1905), pp. 150–52. 19. The Belgian sociologist De Greef, in his Introduction à la Sociologie (1886–89), raised “Mésologie” (denoting “Erkenntnis der milieux”) to a special introductory branch of sociology for the purpose of discussing, according to Ratzel superficially, the external factors of history; cf. Paul Barth, Die Philosophie der Geschichte als Soziologie, I (Leipzig: Reisland, 1897), p. 70 and Ratzel, l.c. p. 29. The term “Mésologie” was in use in France at an earlier date than that. See for example the title of an article written at the close of the Franco-German war by Dr. Bertillon, “De l´Influence du milieu ou Mésologie,” La Philosophie Positive, Revue dirigée par É. Littré & G. Wyrouboff, Tome IX (Paris, 1872), pp. 309–20. Or see M. E. Jourdy, “De l´Influence du milieu ou Mésologie,” ibid., Tome X (1873), pp. 154–60. 20. Fr. de Rougemont, in his important work Les deux cités; la philosophie de l´histoire aux différents âges de l´humanité (1874) treats this question exhaustively. See Robert Poehlmann, Hellenische Anschauungen über den Zusammenhang zwischen Natur und Geschichte (Leipzig: S. Hirzel, 1879, 93 pp.), pp. 8 f. 21. Vide Eugénie Dutoit, Die Theorie des Milieu (Diss., Bern, 1899, 136 pp.), pp. 52–5. 22. “Hippocrate fut le premier à observer quelques-uns des effets du milieu sur l’individu. Ses observations sont nécessairement nébuleuses et chaotiques, plutôt descriptives et qualitatives, étant donnée l’imperfection des connaissances de son temps.”—Auguste Matteuzzi, Les Facteurs de l’Évolution des Peuples (Paris, 1900), p. 6 (Avant-Propos). 23. “Wir sahen, daß sich das Buch des Hippokrates durchaus darauf beschränkte, die Wechselbeziehungen zwischen
  • 26. Landesnatur und Volkscharakter zu erörtern.”—Poehlmann, l.c., p. 51. 24. “Hippokrates von Kos, ‘der Vater der Heilkunde’ (ca. 460 bis ca. 370), ist der Begründer der Anthropogeographie. Er schrieb ein Buch über Klima, Wasser und Bodenbeschaffenheit und ihren Einfluß auf die Bewohner eines Landes in physischer und geistiger Beziehung. Der philosophische Gedanke war damit angeregt, fand aber keine weitere Entwicklung.”—F. v. Richthofen’s Vorlesungen, etc. (Berlin, 1908), p. 7. 25. System of Positive Polity (4 vols., London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1875–77—the original was published in 1851–54), vol. II, p. 364: “... a study [of the aggregate of material influences: Astronomical, Physical, Chemical] which was commenced by the great Hippocrates in his admirable and unequalled Treatise upon Climate.” 26. Haddon and Quiggin, Hist. of Anthropology (1910), p. 150.— Poehlmann discusses Hippocrates in Hellenische Anschauungen, etc., pp. 12–37.—Ludwig Stein, in his book Die soziale Frage im Lichte der Philosophie (2. verb. Aufl., Stuttgart, 1903), p. 403, n., says that “Aless. Chiapelli, Le promesse filosofiche del Socialismo (Napoli, 1897), p. 41, hebt die interessante Tatsache hervor, daß die Lehre vom ‘Milieu’ ihrem Keime nach auf Hippokrates zurückgeht.” But a little over three decades earlier, Peschel in his Geschichte der Erdkunde (1. Aufl., 1865) surveyed on two pages some important phases of Hippocrates and Strabo on milieu. And earlier still, a half century before Peschel, Ukert in his Geographie der Griechen und Römer (1816), I, 1, 79, noted Hippocrates as carefully observing the effect of climate on the body and mind of man. (Vide Poehlmann, l.c., pp. 7 f.)—And to Herder, Hippocrates was the principal author on climate: “... Hippocrat. de aere, locis et aquis, ... Für mich der Hauptschriftsteller über das
  • 27. Klima.”—Herders Sämmtliche Werke, hg. v. B. Suphan, 13, 269 n. 27. See Dutoit, Die Theorie des Milieu, pp. 55–8. 28. Poehlmann, l.c., p. 68.—Aristotle neglects to give credit to Hippocrates in connection with his ideas on environment, although indebted to Hippocrates whom he mentions elsewhere. See Dutoit, l.c., p. 57. 29. “Varron, De re rustica, 1, cite une oeuvre d’Eratosthènes où celui-ci cherchait à démontrer que le caractère de l’homme et la forme du gouvernement sont subordonnés au voisinage ou à l’éloignement du soleil. Tentative sublime mais prématurée, pour ramener les phénomènes sociaux à des lois uniques et générales.”—Auguste Matteuzzi, Les Facteurs de l’Évolution des Peuples (Paris, 1900), p. 6. 30. “Die vollständigste Beschreibung [of the earth] gab erst Strabo in seinem Werk γεογραφικά. Hier begegnen wir zum zweitenmal der philosophischen Idee, Mensch und Natur in Kausalzusammenhang miteinander zu bringen. Strabos Geographie ist als ‘Länder- und Völkerkunde’ das größte Werk des Altertums. Die Anschauung eines kausalen Zusammenhanges des Menschen mit der Natur ging darauf unter [according to him, until the middle of the eighteenth century, until Montesquieu].”—Richthofen’s Vorlesungen, etc. (1908), p. 8. 31. Buckle and his Critics (London, 1895, 548 pp.), p. 7 n. 32. See Poehlmann, l.c., p. 7.—For a brief statement of the theory of milieu in Greek writers (Thucydides, Xenophon, Plato, Aristotle, Theophrastus), cf. Curtius, Boden und Clima von Athen (1877), p. 4 f. For Aristotle, compare also Dondorff, Das hellenische Land als Schauplatz der althellenischen Geschichte (Hamburg, 1899, 42 pp.), pp. 11 f. Poehlmann, l.c., discusses
  • 28. the views on environment of Herodotus (pp. 37–47), of Thucydides (pp. 52–4), of Xenophon (pp. 55 f.), of Ephoros [only fragments of his great work, A Universal History, are extant; cited by Strabo] (pp. 56–9), of Plato (pp. 59–64), of Aristotle (pp. 64–74), of Polybios (pp. 75–7), of Posidonios [in Strabo and in Galen] (pp. 78–80), of Strabo (pp. 80–90), of Galen (pp. 91 f.). 33. Vide Élisàr v. Kupffer, Klima und Dichtung, Ein Beitrag zur Psychophysik [in Grenzfragen der Literatur und Medizin in Einzeldarstellungen hg. v. S. Rahmer, Berlin, 4. Heft] (München, 1907), p. 63. 34. Translated into French by Baron Meg. F. de Slane (3 vols., Paris, 1862–8). 35. See R. Flint, History of the Philosophy of History, Historical Philosophy in France and French Belgium and Switzerland (New York: Scribner, 1894, 706 pp.), pp. 159 f.—“His [Mohammed Ibn Khaldūn’s] fame rests securely ... on his magnum opus, the ‘Universal History,’ and especially on the first part of it, the ‘Prolegomena’ (p. 162).... They [the Prolegomena] may fairly be regarded as forming a distinct and complete work.... It consists of a preface, an introduction, and six sections or divisions (p. 163).” 36. Flint, l.c., pp. 164 f. 37. Vide infra, p. 27. 38. Flint, l.c., p. 164.—Cf. also pp. 158–72, for Ibn Khaldūn in general. 39. Cf. Kupffer, Klima and Dichtung, p. 63. 40. “Da Bodin hauptsächlich an die Anschauungen des Aristoteles anknüpft, ...—Auch an Strabo, der dem Einfluß des Klimas und
  • 29. der Landesnatur schon die schöpferischen Kräfte des Volksgeistes gegenübergestellt hat, lehnt sich Bodin an.”—Fritz Renz, Jean Bodin, Ein Beitrag z. Geschichte d. hist. Methode im 16. Jahrhundert [Geschichtliche Untersuchungen hg. v. Karl Lamprecht, III. Bd., I. Heft], (Gotha, 1905, 84 pp.), p. 48 n. 41. Methodus ad facilem historiarum cognitionem, published in 1566. 42. Flint, l.c., 198.—The ‘Republic’ was first published in 1576 in French under the title De la République. Eight years later (1584) Bodin himself translated it into Latin as De Republica Libri Sex. See Ludwig Stein, Die soziale Frage im Lichte der Philosophie (2. verb. Aufl., Stuttgart, 1902), p. 217 n. 43. Compare Dutoit, Die Theorie des Milieu, pp. 58–62. 44. “Die physische Konstitution des Menschen hängt nach Bodin eng mit den klimatischen Verhältnissen seiner Heimat zusammen und entspricht dem Verhalten der Erde, die er bewohnt ...”—Renz, Jean Bodin (1905), p. 50.—“... Da der animalische Körper wie alle Körper aus einer Mischung der Elemente besteht, so ergibt sich eine direkte Abhängigkeit der physischen Konstitution von der umgebenden Natur, ja sogar eine Übereinstimmung mit dem Verhalten der Erde in dem betreffenden Himmelsstrich. Der menschliche Körper reagiert auf die klimatischen Einflüsse genau so wie die Erde, die er bewohnt, ...”—Ibidem, p. 44. 45. Discussed by Renz, l.c., pp. 47–61, in the chapter “Die Theorie des Klimas.”—“Behandelt wird die Theorie des Klimas nach dem 5. Kapitel des ‘Methodus,’ in dem sich Bodin zum ersten Male mit dieser Doktrin befaßte; zur Erläuterung wird auch das 1. Kapitel des V. Buches der ‘République’ herangezogen, in dem die Theorie des Klimas, aber in gedrängterer Form, wiederholt wird.”—Ibid., p. 47 n. Cf. also p. 45.
  • 30. 46. “Sogar das Temperament variiert nach dem Klima ... “Wie das Temperament wird die Sprache von dem inneren physischen Bau abhängig gedacht ... “Ebenso wird die Fortpflanzungsfähigkeit in direkte Abhängigkeit von der physischen Konstitution gebracht ...”— Ibid., pp. 52 f. 47. “Wie das Äußere und die physische Konstitution hängen auch die Anlagen und Fähigkeiten der Völker mit den klimatischen Verschiedenheiten zusammen ...”—Ibid., p. 54. 48. “... Nach der Dreiteilung der seelischen Fähigkeiten bei dem Einzelmenschen und den Bewohnern jedes Staates werden die Völker auf der ganzen Erde gruppiert, indem durch das Klima immer eine Anlage besonders zur Ausbildung kommt ...”— Ibid., p. 46. 49. “... Bodin nimmt zwei Teile des menschlichen Seelenlebens an, erstens eine allen Menschen gemeinsame, unveränderliche geistige Befähigung, die Vernunft, und zweitens Anlagen, die von dem Klima und der physischen Natur des Menschen abhängen. In der ‘République’ wird ausgeführt, daß diese abhängigen Anlagen nur verschiedene von dem geographischen Milieu abhängige Entwicklungsstufen des Verstandes sind, während dieser an sich von den einzelnen Gegenden unabhängig ist ...”—Ibid., p. 45. 50. “... Indem er [Bodin] als erster in der Neuzeit auf streng wissenschaftlicher Grundlage versucht, die Wechselwirkung, die zwischen dem historischen Verlauf und der Natur stattfindet, festzustellen, gelangt er zu der Annahme von zwei Teilen des geistig-seelischen Innenlebens, eines von den umgebenden Verhältnissen abhängigen und eines absoluten, gegen äußere Einflüsse sich passiv verhaltenden Teils. Willensfreiheit neben der durch das Milieu bedingten
  • 31. Ausbildung bestimmter Anlagen und Fähigkeiten ist der mittlere Weg, den er zwischen der Annahme des zwingenden Einflusses der äußeren Natur und der gänzlichen Unabhängigkeit von ihr einschlägt ...”—Ibid., p. 77. 51. “Neben dem Horizontal- wendet Bodin den Vertikalmaßstab zur Beurteilung der Völker an, indem er untersucht, wie die verschiedene Erhebung des Bodens auf die Gestaltung des Volkscharakters einwirkt ... “Ebenso wird die Natur der Völker von der Qualität des heimatlichen Bodens beeinflußt, ...”—Ibid., p. 58.—“Der Einfluß, der sich aus der östlicheren oder westlicheren Wohnlage auf den Volkscharakter geltend macht, ist, wo nicht in der Richtung Süd-Nord sich erstreckende Gebirge eine deutlichere Scheidelinie bilden, nach Bodin schwer zu bestimmen ...”—Ibid. p. 57. 52. “Neben der Vorstellung von der geistig-sittlichen Einheit der Menschen geht die Erkenntnis der Verschiedenartigkeit der Nationen und ihres Bildungsgrades her, die aus den partikularen Bedingungen des nationalen Einzeldaseins resultiert. Zur Erklärung des Volkscharakters wird, wie schon dargelegt, die Theorie des Klimas herangezogen ...”—Ibid., p. 62. 53. “Bodin hat sich deswegen mit der Theorie des Klimas beschäftigt, weil er in der Geschichte und im Völkerleben bestimmte regelmäßige Erscheinungen wahrnahm, die er sich nur aus dem Einfluß des geographischen Milieus erklären konnte. Bei dem strengen Festhalten an der menschlichen Willensfreiheit konnte er sich diesen Einfluß nur durch die Annahme einer von äußeren Verhältnissen abhängigen Entwicklungsfähigkeit der geistigen Anlagen in bestimmter Richtung erklären...”—Ibid., p. 60 f.—“Das unbedingte Festhalten an der menschlichen Willensfreiheit mußte Bodin vor der Annahme bewahren, daß der Einfluß des
  • 32. geographischen Milieus auf die Menschen ein zwingender sei. Nur die Entwicklung der Anlagen wird von der Umwelt bestimmt, nicht aber das sittliche Wollen ...”—Ibid., p. 59. 54. “Wo die äußere Natur zur Entwicklung schlechter Anlagen führt, besitzt nach Bodin die Menschheit in der Erziehung ein Mittel, diesem Übelstand zu begegnen.”—Ibid., p. 77.—“... den Menschen [wird] die Fähigkeit zugesprochen ..., die schädlichen Einwirkungen des Klimas wenn auch schwer, zu überwinden ...”—Ibid., p. 60. 55. L.c., p. 198. 56. “... Den Vergleich der drei Völkergruppen [südliche, mittlere, nördliche] mit den menschlichen Lebensaltern hat Bodin von Aristoteles entlehnt, was er Meth. V 140, 141 selbst zugibt.”— Renz, l.c., p. 57. 57. L.c., p. 48. 58. Haddon and Quiggin, Hist. of Anthropology (London, 1910), p. 150. 59. L.c., p. 77.—For Bodin in general, cf. Renz, Jean Bodin; Flint, l.c., pp. 190–200; Ludwig Stein, Die soziale Frage im Lichte der Philosophie, pp. 217–19. H. Morf, Französische Literatur im Zeitalter der Renaissance (2. verb. Aufl., Straßburg: Trübner, 1914), is brief on Bodin, vide esp. pp. 131 f.; cf. also p. 125. 60. Vide E. Bernheim, Lehrbuch der historischen Methode (5. u. 6. Aufl, Leipzig, 1908), p. 230. 61. Montesquieu, The Spirit of Laws (translated from the French by Th. Nugent, new ed., revised by J. V. Prichard, 2 vols., London: Geo. Bell and Sons, 1906), I, 238–314.
  • 33. 62. “Seine [Montesquieu’s] Hervorkehrung des Einflusses, den Klima und Bodenbeschaffenheit auf die Soziabilität der Menschennatur ausüben, geht ebenfalls auf Locke, weiterhin auf Bodin zurück.”—L. Stein, Die soziale Frage, etc., p. 364.— According to Dutoit (Die Theorie des Milieu, p. 62), Montesquieu concealed his obligation to Bodin. 63. L.c., pp. 238–53. 64. L.c., pp. 253–69. 65. L.c., pp. 270–83. 66. L.c., pp. 284–91. 67. L.c., pp. 291–314. 68. Flint, l.c., pp. 279 f. 69. Flint, l.c., p. 286.—(Turgot died in 1781.) 70. Ripley, The Races of Europe (1899), p. 4.—Cuvier was twenty years younger than Goethe; both died in the same year. 71. E. G. Conklin, Heredity and Environment in the Development of Men (Princeton Univ. Press, 1915, 533 pp.), p. 303. 72. Eckermanns Gespräche mit Goethe, neu herausgegeben v. H. H. Houben (Leipzig: Brockhaus, 1909), p. 264. 73. Ibid., p. 265.—These two passages are also cited by Kupffer, Klima and Dichtung, p. 64. 74. Eckermanns Gespräche mit Goethe, p. 542. 75. Ibid., p. 546.
  • 34. 76. Karl Lamprecht, “Neue Kulturgeschichte” (pp. 449–64 in Das Jahr 1913, Ein Gesamtbild der Kulturentwicklung, hg. v. D. Sarason, Leipzig-Berlin: B. G. Teubner, 1913), p. 453. 77. Albert Poetzsch, Studien zur frühromantischen Politik und Geschichtsauffassung (Leipzig: Voigtländer, 1907, 111 pp.), p. 89. 78. “Die Einwirkung der äußeren Natur auf die Geschichte tritt zurück [in der romantischen Geschichtsphilosophie]”; and in a note is added: “Wenn auch der Zusammenhang von Boden und Geschichte, namentlich von natürl. Grenzen u. Staat, der Betrachtung nicht verloren geht. Vgl. A. W. Schlegel, Enz. 216. 697.”—Ibid., p. 94. 79. Bernheim, Lehrb. d. hist. Methode, p. 650. 80. Ibid., p. 515. 81. See Ludwig Gumplowicz, Der Rassenkampf (2.... Aufl., Innsbruck, 1909), p. 9 n. 82. Vide the quotation from Hegel by Gumplowicz, l.c., p. 13 n. 83. This paper will carry the discussion through anthropo- geography. 84. The whole question, including Herder’s own idea thereof and his indebtedness to preceding authors, both German and foreign, as well as his influence upon succeeding writers at home and abroad, his relation to his contemporaries, etc., will be essayed more fully in a series of papers, to be published soon, dealing with “Herder’s Conception of Milieu,” “Herder’s Relations to France,” “Herder’s Relations to England,” and “Herder in His Own Milieu.”
  • 35. 85. The term “anthropo-geography” derives from the title of Fr. Ratzel’s main work.—“... le domaine si intéressant, mais à peine défriché, de l’anthropogéographie, semble avoir acquis à ce mot le droit de cité dans le langage scientifique.”—L. Metchnikoff, La Civilisation et Les Grands Fleuves Historiques (Paris, 1889), p. 70 and n.—In England, and in America, it is commonly called human geography, after the French “la géographie humaine.” Various names have been proposed for this subject. See also W. Z. Ripley, “Geography and Sociology.” The Viennese Erwin Hanslick, I believe, denominates it “Kulturgeographie.” 86. Walther May, “Herders Anschauung der organischen Natur,” Archiv f. d. Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften u. d. Technik, etc., Leipzig, Bd. 4 (1913, S. 8–39, 89–113), p. 91. 87. Ferd. v. Richthofen’s Vorlesungen üb. Allgem. Siedlungs- u. Verkehrsgeographie, bearb. u. hg. v. O. Schlüter (Berlin, 1908), p. 11. 88. “... Ritter selbst hat keine methodische Darstellung, kein Lehrgebäude gegeben; sondern nur Andeutungen, die anregend sind. Daher blieb Ritters Grundidee fast ohne Einfluß auf die Geographie; nur die Historiker haben sie sich angeeignet und haben seitdem größeres Gewicht auf die Landesnatur gelegt.”—Ibid., p. 11. 89. Cosmos, a Sketch of a Physical Description of the Universe, translated by E. C. Otté (5 vols., New York: Harper, 1875–77), p. 48. 90. Die Erdkunde im Verhältnis zur Natur und zur Geschichte des Menschen oder eine allgemeine, vergleichende Geographie was published in two volumes at Berlin in 1817–18; the second edition, completely revised, appeared in nineteen volumes from 1822 to 1859, the year of his death. Neither edition is
  • 36. finished; the second deals only with Africa (vol. 1) and Asia (vols. 2–19). 91. Die Naturkunde, etc.—See Th. Achelis, Moderne Völkerkunde (Stuttgart, 1896), p. 71. 92. Ibid., see Achelis, l.c., pp. 72 f. 93. In Felix Lampe’s book, Große Geographen, Bilder aus der Geschichte der Erdkunde (Leipzig u. Berlin: B. G. Teubner, 1915, 288 S. [Band 28 der v. B. Schmid in Zwickau herausgegebenen “Naturwissenschaftlichen Bibliothek”]), neither the chapter on Ritter (pp. 227–33), nor that on “Die wissenschaftliche Geographie der Gegenwart” (pp. 281–87) is very full. 94. Stuttgart & Tübingen, 1808. 95. Views of Nature (London, 1850), Author’s Preface, p. X. 96. p. 382. See Achelis, Moderne Völkerkunde, pp. 88 f.—The relation of man to environment is also referred to in Cosmos (English translation by Otté), I, pp. 351–9.—Kosmos was originally published as follows: vols. 1 and 2 in 1845–7; vols. 3 and 4 in 1850–8; vol. 5 in 1862. 97. Leipzig, 1841. 98. Kohl, Der Verkehr, etc., p. 111. See Achelis, l.c., pp. 80 f. 99. Ibid. 100. Kohl, l.c., p. 537. See Achelis, l.c., pp. 81 f.
  • 37. 101. Kohl, Ibid.,—See Achelis, l.c., pp. 82 f.—The manifold influences of nature are also exemplified in Kohl’s Die geographische Lage der Hauptstädte Europas, 1874, and L. Felix, Der Einfluß der Natur auf die Entwicklung des Eigentums, 1893. 102. Über den Einfluß der äußeren Natur auf die sozialen Verhältnisse der einzelnen Völker und die Geschichte der Menschheit überhaupt, 1848; later published in Studien aus dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaft, I, 1876. 103. Deutschlands Boden, sein geologischer Bau und dessen Einwirkungen auf das Leben der Menschen, 2 Bde., Leipzig, 1854. 104. 501 pp., Breslau: F. Hirt, 1855. 105. Kutzen himself says in the Vorwort that he “leans on” Cotta; he cites the latter, for instance, on p. 466. 106. Die Naturgeschichte des Volkes als Grundlage einer deutschen Sozialpolitik, vol. 1 (11th ed., Stuttgart: Cotta, 1908): Land und Leute. 107. Vide the first Preface, written in 1853, to volume one, pp. VI- VII. 108. Die Naturgeschichte, etc., I, p. 42.
  • 38. 109. Ibid., Vorwort zur achten Auflage, 1883, p. X. 110. Die Naturgeschichte, etc., Vierter Band, “Wanderbuch,” als zweiter Teil zu “Land und Leute.” Vierte Aufl., 1903, p. 32. 111. G. P. Gooch, History and Historians in the Nineteenth Century (London & N. Y.; Longmans, Green & Co., 1913), p. 576. 112. Gooch, ibid., p. 575. 113. For Riehl’s view of milieu in a scheme of sciences, cf. Die Naturgeschichte, etc., I, pp. 40–2. 114. 164 pp., Meyers Volksbücher, Leipzig u. Wien: Bibliographisches Institut, s.a.—This essay forms the second chapter in Hans Meyer’s Das deutsche Volkstum (2. Aufl., 1903), pp. 41–122. 115. Moderne Völkerkunde, p. 81, n. 116. 2. Aufl., 1905 (Aus Natur und Geisteswelt, 31. Bändchen, Leipzig: B. G. Teubner), 127 pp.—It has been translated into English under the title Man and Earth (London & N. Y., 1906. Reprinted 1914, 223 pp.) by A. S. “from the second amended German edition,” in which are intercalated two chapters: Chapter V, on The British Isles and Britons, by the author; and Chapter VI, on America and the Americans, by the translator.— The first four chapters of a general nature—features of the globe, sea, steppes and deserts, in their influence on
  • 39. civilization, the influence of man on landscape—are followed by four chapters on The British Isles and Britons, America and the Americans, Germany and the Germans, China and the Chinese. 117. Vorlesungen, etc., delivered at Berlin in 1891 and 1897/8. 118. “... Es ist mehr unsere Aufgabe gewesen, in dem großen Getriebe der Siedlung und des Verkehrs der allmählichen Entwicklung nachzugehen, das steigende Maß der Überwindung von Widerständen durch den Menschen zu zeigen, die Kräfte zu untersuchen, welche in der Entwicklung wirksam sind,—als bei der großen Fülle des Tatsächlichen der heutigen Zeit zu verweilen.” Vorlesungen, p. 351. 119. It will be noted that Herder is not mentioned here. 120. Ellen C. Semple, Influences of Geographic Environment (N. Y., 1911), p. V. 121. “In Germany the exponents of these theories [of environmental influence] were Cotta and Kohl, and later Peschel, Kirchhof, Bastian, and Gerland; but the greatest name of all is that of Fr. Ratzel, who has written the standard work on Anthropogeographie.”—Haddon and Quiggin, Hist. of Anthropology (London, 1910), p. 152.—The first vol. of Ratzel’s Anthropogeographie was published in 1882, 2nd ed. in 1899, the second vol. in 1897. 122. As further illustration, it might be instructive to compare here the chapter headings of Semple’s Influences of Geographic Environment, which book was written “On the Basis of Ratzel’s System of Anthropo-geography.” They are as follows: I—
  • 40. Operation of Geographic Factors in History (1–31); II—Classes of Geographic Influences (22–50); III—Society and State in Relation to the Land (51–73); IV—Movements of Peoples in Their Geographical Significance (74–128); V—Geographical Location (129–67); VI—Geographical Area (168–203); VII— Geographical Boundaries (204–41); VIII—Coast Peoples (242– 91); IX—Oceans and Enclosed Seas (292–317); X—Man’s Relation to the Water (318–35); XI—The Anthropo-geography of Rivers (336–80); XII—Continents and Their Peninsulas (380–408); XIII—Island Peoples (409–72); XIV—Plains, Steppes and Deserts (473–523); XV—Mountain Barriers and Their Passes (524–56); XVI—Influences of a Mountain Environment (557–606); XVII—The Influences of Climate upon Man (607–37). 123. Richthofen’s Vorlesungen, p. 13. 124. 1897; 2. Aufl. 1903. 125. “Diese [die enge Erdgebundenheit] in ihrer ganzen tiefgreifenden Bedeutung für das staatliche Leben erkannt und dargelegt zu haben, bleibt freilich für immer ein großes Verdienst der ‘Politischen Geographie’ ...”—O. Schlüter, “Die leitenden Gesichtspunkte d. Anthropogeogr.,” Arch. f. Sozialwiss., Bd. IV, p. 620. 126. Vide Richthofen, l.c., p. 12. 127. 2 vols., München, 1893; see vol. 2, 2nd ed.: Politische Geographie der Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika, unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der natürlichen Bedingungen u. wirtschaftlichen Verhältnisse (763 pp.), esp. pp. 1–176.
  • 41. 128. London, 1896 (this is a translation of his Völkerkunde, 1887/8), cf. the opening pp. of vol. 1. 129. In Helmolt, The History of the World (N. Y., 1902), vol. 1, pp. 62–103, where Ratzel discusses in turn The Coherence of Countries, The Relation of Man to the Collective Life of the Earth, Races and States as Organisms, Historical Movement, Natural Regions, Climate and Location, Geographical Situation, Area, Population, The Water-Oceans, Seas, and Rivers, Conformation of the Earth’s Surface. 130. London & N. Y.: Longmans, 1915. 131. See The Nation, N. Y., March 18, 1915, p. 310. 132. Paris, 1911, 420 pp. 133. Semple, l.c., p. VI; cf. also Ratzel, Anthropogeogr., I, 2 p. XII. 134. Archiv f. Sozialwissenschaft, Bd. IV (1906), pp. 581–630. 135. For Ratzel, cf. also Paul Barth, Die Philosophie der Geschichte als Soziologie, I (Leipzig: Reisland, 1897), pp. 227–30; Jean Brunhes, La Géographie Humaine, 2e éd. (Paris: Alcan, 1912), pp. 39–47. 136. Buckle, History of Civilization (1867), p. 32 n.
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