RNAi Design and Application 1st Edition Mohammed Amarzguioui
RNAi Design and Application 1st Edition Mohammed Amarzguioui
RNAi Design and Application 1st Edition Mohammed Amarzguioui
RNAi Design and Application 1st Edition Mohammed Amarzguioui
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5. RNAi Design and Application 1st Edition Mohammed
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Author(s): Mohammed Amarzguioui, John J. Rossi (auth.), Sailen Barik (eds.)
ISBN(s): 9781588298744, 1588298744
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 7.12 MB
Year: 2008
Language: english
8. M E T H O D S I N M O L E C U L A R B I O L O G YTM
John M. Walker, SERIES EDITOR
465. Mycobacteria, Second Edition, edited by Tanya
Parish and Amanda Claire Brown, 2008
460. Essential Concepts in Toxicogenomics, edited by
Donna L. Mendrick and William B. Mattes, 2008
459. Prion Protein Protocols, edited by Andrew F. Hill,
2008
458. Artificial Neural Networks: Methods and
Applications, edited by David S. Livingstone, 2008
457. Membrane Trafficking, edited by Ales Vancura,
2008
456. Adipose Tissue Protocols, Second Edition, edited
by Kaiping Yang, 2008
455. Osteoporosis, edited by Jennifer J. Westendorf,
2008
454. SARS- and Other Coronaviruses: Laboratory
Protocols, edited by Dave Cavanagh, 2008
453. Bioinformatics, Volume 2: Structure, Function,
and Applications, edited by Jonathan M. Keith,
2008
452. Bioinformatics, Volume 1: Data, Sequence
Analysis, and Evolution, edited by Jonathan M.
Keith, 2008
451. Plant Virology Protocols: From Viral Sequence to
Protein Function, edited by Gary Foster, Elisabeth
Johansen, Yiguo Hong, and Peter Nagy, 2008
450. Germline Stem Cells, edited by Steven X. Hou and
Shree Ram Singh, 2008
449. Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Methods and Protocols,
edited by Darwin J. Prockop, Douglas G. Phinney,
and Bruce A. Brunnell, 2008
448. Pharmacogenomics in Drug Discovery and
Development, edited by Qing Yan, 2008
447. Alcohol: Methods and Protocols, edited by Laura
E. Nagy, 2008
446. Post-translational Modification of Proteins:
Tools for Functional Proteomics, Second Edition,
edited by Christoph Kannicht, 2008
445. Autophagosome and Phagosome, edited by Vojo
Deretic, 2008
444. Prenatal Diagnosis, edited by Sinuhe Hahn and
Laird G. Jackson, 2008
443. Molecular Modeling of Proteins, edited by
Andreas Kukol, 2008
442. RNAi: Design and Application, edited by Sailen
Barik, 2008
439. Genomics Protocols: Second Edition, edited by
Mike Starkey and Ramnanth Elaswarapu, 2008
438. Neural Stem Cells: Methods and Protocols,
Second Edition, edited by Leslie P. Weiner, 2008
437. Drug Delivery Systems, edited by Kewal K. Jain,
2008
436. Avian Influenza Virus, edited by Erica Spackman,
2008
435. Chromosomal Mutagenesis, edited by Greg Davis
and Kevin J. Kayser, 2008
434. Gene Therapy Protocols: Volume 2: Design and
Characterization of Gene Transfer Vectors, edited
by Joseph M. LeDoux, 2008
433. Gene Therapy Protocols: Volume 1: Production
and In Vivo Applications of Gene Transfer Vectors,
edited by Joseph M. LeDoux, 2007
432. Organelle Proteomics, edited by Delphine Pflieger
and Jean Rossier, 2008
431. Bacterial Pathogenesis: Methods and Protocols,
edited by Frank DeLeo and Michael Otto, 2008
430. Hematopoietic Stem Cell Protocols, edited by
Kevin D. Bunting, 2008
429. Molecular Beacons: Signalling Nucleic Acid
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Marx and Oliver Seitz, 2008
428. Clinical Proteomics: Methods and Protocols,
edited by Antonio Vlahou, 2008
427. Plant Embryogenesis, edited by Maria Fernanda
Suarez and Peter Bozhkov, 2008
426. Structural Proteomics: High-Throughput Methods,
edited by Bostjan Kobe, Mitchell Guss, and Huber
Thomas, 2008
425. 2D PAGE: Volume 2: Applications and Protocols,
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424. 2D PAGE: Volume 1: Sample Preparation and
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423. Electroporation Protocols, edited by Shulin Li,
2008
422. Phylogenomics, edited by William J. Murphy, 2008
421. Affinity Chromatography: Methods and
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420. Drosophila: Methods and Protocols, edited by
Christian Dahmann, 2008
419. Post-Transcriptional Gene Regulation, edited by
Jeffrey Wilusz, 2008
418. Avidin-Biotin Interactions: Methods and
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417. Tissue Engineering, Second Edition, edited by
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416. Gene Essentiality: Protocols and Bioinformatics,
edited by Svetlana Gerdes and Andrei L. Osterman,
2008
415. Innate Immunity, edited by Jonathan Ewbank and
Eric Vivier, 2007
414. Apoptosis in Cancer: Methods and Protocols,
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413. Protein Structure Prediction, Second Edition,
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412. Neutrophil Methods and Protocols, edited by
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411. Reporter Genes for Mammalian Systems, edited
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410. Environmental Genomics, edited by Cristofre
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409. Immunoinformatics: Predicting Immunogenicity
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408. Gene Function Analysis, edited by Michael Ochs,
2007
407. Stem Cell Assays, edited by Vemuri C. Mohan,
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406. Plant Bioinformatics: Methods and Protocols,
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405. Telomerase Inhibition: Strategies and Protocols,
edited by Lucy Andrews and Trygve O. Tollefsbol,
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9. M E T H O D S I N M O L E C U L A R B I O L O G YTM
RNAi
Design and Application
Edited by
Sailen Barik
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,
University of South Alabama, College of Medicine,
Mobile, Alabama
11. In memory of my Mother, Promilla Barik (1932–2006)
12. Preface
RNA interference (RNAi), in which RNA silences RNA, is the most recent
discovery to revolutionize biology and to be recognized by a Nobel Prize (in
2006, to Andrew Fire and Craig Mello). It is a story that began with historic
observations in plants and fungi and eventually worked its way up to humans.
If one were to describe the major steps of RNAi very briefly, it would read
as follows: RNAi is triggered by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), produced
endogenously or introduced by scientists –> Long dsRNA is trimmed into short
interfering RNA or microRNA (siRNA or miRNA) by Dicer –> The individual
strands of the si/miRNA then guide the assembly of a multiprotein complex,
known as RISC, the key constituent of which is Argonaute –> Depending on
the extent of homology of the guide RNA to the target, RISC either destroys
the target RNA or suppresses its translation, leading to gene silencing.
The chapters in RNAi: Design and Application, contributed by leaders in the
field, sum up the state-of-the-art methods on practical, everyday use of RNAi
in biological research. Although multiple books and monographs have been
published on RNAi, there is a noticeable dearth of bench protocols that can
be used quickly and easily by beginners aspiring to enter this new field. This
volume aims to fill that void.
RNAi: Design and Application is divided into two parts. The first and
smaller part (chapters 1–4) covers the fundamentals including designs of RNAi,
biochemical assay protocols for the major components of RNAi, and study
of potential off-target effects. The larger second part (chapters 5–18) covers
various applications of RNAi in diverse model organisms and systems, from
antiviral and anticancer applications to altering flower color in plants. Armed
with this volume, a researcher with standard molecular biological training
should be able to perform today’s major RNAi-related experiments and carry
out gene knock-down analyses in virtually any cell line or species of interest.
In the established tradition of the Methods in Molecular BiologyTM
series, each
chapter contains step-by-step protocols, extra notes, and problem-solving tips,
which are usually not found in original research papers. As the horizon of
RNAi application is rapidly broadening, we have strived to offer the most
recent protocols in each area so that they remain useful for years to come.
vii
13. viii Preface
My sincere thanks go to all the authors and the Humana staff for bringing
it all together, and to Professor John M. Walker for his guidance. I remain
indebted to my wife, Kumkum, and my children, Titus and Tiasha, for their
immeasurable support and encouragement.
Sailen Barik
15. x Contents
10. Use of RNAi in C. elegans
Tsuyoshi Ohkumo, Chikahide Masutani, Toshihiko Eki,
and Fumio Hanaoka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
11. Application of siRNA Against SARS in the Rhesus
Macaque Model
Qingquan Tang, Baojian Li, Martin Woodle, and Patrick Y. Lu . . . . . 139
12. siRNA and shRNA as Anticancer Agents
in a Cervical Cancer Model
Wenyi Gu, Lisa Putral, and Nigel McMillan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
13. Identification and Expression Analysis of Small RNAs During
Development
Toshiaki Watanabe, Hiroshi Imai, and Naojiro Minami. . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
14. Screening and Identification of Virus-Encoded RNA Silencing
Suppressors
Sumona Karjee, Mohammad Nurul Islam,
and Sunil K. Mukherjee. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
15. Application of RNA Interference in Functional Genomics Studies
of a Social Insect
Michael E. Scharf, Xuguo Zhou,
and Margaret A. Schwinghammer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
16. Temporal Control of Gene Silencing by in ovo Electroporation
Thomas Baeriswyl, Olivier Mauti, and Esther T. Stoeckli . . . . . . . . . . . 231
17. Altering Flower Color in Transgenic Plants by RNAi-Mediated
Engineering of Flavonoid Biosynthetic Pathway
Yoshikazu Tanaka, Noriko Nakamura, and Junichi Togami . . . . . . . . . 245
18. Transgenic RNA Interference in Mice
Pumin Zhang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
16. Contributors
Mohammed Amarzguioui • The Biotechnology Centre of Oslo, Oslo,
Norway
Emily Anderson • Dharmacon, ThermoFisher Scientific, Lafayette, CO
Alfred Ayala • Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery,
Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University School of Medicine,
Providence, RI
Thomas Baeriswyl • Institute of Zoology, University of Zürich, Zürich,
Switzerland
Sailen Barik • Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,
University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile, AL
Vivian Bellofatto • Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics,
UMDNJ-NJ Medical School, International Center for Public Health,
Newark, NJ
Vira Bitko • Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile, AL
Queta Boese • Dharmacon, ThermoFisher Scientific, Lafayette, CO
Chun-Shiang Chung • Division of Surgical Research, Department of
Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University School of Medicine,
Providence, RI
Toshihiko Eki • Department of Ecological Engineering, Toyohashi
University of Technology, Toyohashi, Japan
Pedro Gonzalez-Alegre • Department of Neurology, Carver College of
Medicine at The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
Wenyi Gu • Cancer Biology Program, Centre for Immunology and Cancer
Research, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland,
Brisbane, Australia
Nancy Guillén • Unité de Biologie Cellulaire du Parasitisme, Institut
Pasteur, Paris, France
Fumio Hanaoka • Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka
University, and SORST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Osaka,
Japan
xi
17. xii Contributors
Scott Q. Harper • Center for Gene Therapy, Department of Pediatrics,
The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
Hiroshi Imai • Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Department of
Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
Mohammad Nurul Islam • International Center for Genetic Engineering
and Biotechnology, PMB Lab, New Delhi, India
Sumona Karjee • International Center for Genetic Engineering and
Biotechnology, PMB Lab, New Delhi, India
Jon Karpilow • Dharmacon, ThermoFisher Scientific, Lafayette, CO
Anastasia Khvorova • Dharmacon, ThermoFisher Scientific, Lafayette, CO
Baojian Li • Top Genomics, Ltd., and College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen
University, Guangzhou, China
Qinghua Liu • Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas
Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
Joanne Lomas-Neira • Division of Surgical Research, Department of
Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University School of Medicine,
Providence, RI
Patrick Y. Lu • Sirnaomics, Inc., Rockville, MD
Chikahide Masutani • Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka
University; and SORST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Osaka,
Japan
Olivier Mauti • Institute of Zoology, University of Zürich, Zürich,
Switzerland
Nigel McMillan • Cancer Biology Program, Centre for Immunology and
Cancer Research, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland,
Brisbane, Australia
Naojiro Minami • Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Department of
Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
Keita Miyoshi • Institute for Genome Research, University of Tokushima,
Tokushima, Japan
Sunil K. Mukherjee • International Center for Genetic Engineering and
Biotechnology, PMB Lab, New Delhi, India
Tomoko Nagami-Okada • Institute for Genome Research, University of
Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
Noriko Nakamura • Institute for Advanced Core Technology, Suntory Ltd.,
Osaka, Japan
Tsuyoshi Ohkumo • Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka
University; and SORST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Osaka,
Japan
18. Contributors xiii
Jennifer B. Palenchar • Department of Chemistry, Villanova University,
Villanova, PA
Mario Perl • Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Zentrum für Chirurgie, Klinik für
Unfallchirurgie, Hand-, Plastische- und Wiederherstellungschirurgie, Ulm,
Germany
Lisa Putral • Cancer Biology Program, Centre for Immunology and Cancer
Research, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland,
Brisbane, Australia
John J. Rossi • Division of Molecular Biology, Beckman Research Institute
of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA
Michael E. Scharf • Molecular and Applied Insect Toxicology, Entomology
and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
Margaret A. Schwinghammer • Department of Entomology, Purdue
University, West Lafayette, IN
Haruhiko Siomi • Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
Mikiko C. Siomi • Institute for Genome Research, University of Tokushima,
JST, CREST, Tokushima, Japan
Carlos F. Solis • Unité de Biologie Cellulaire du Parasitisme, Institut
Pasteur, Paris, France
Esther T. Stoeckli • Institute of Zoology, University of Zürich, Zürich,
Switzerland
Yoshikazu Tanaka • Institute for Advanced Core Technology, Suntory Ltd.,
Osaka, Japan
Qingquan Tang • OriGene Technologies, Inc., Rockville, MD
Junichi Togami • Institute for Advanced Core Technology, Suntory Ltd.,
Osaka, Japan
Hiroshi Uejima • Institute for Genome Research, University of Tokushima,
Tokushima, Japan
Toshiaki Watanabe • Division of Human Genetics, Department of
Integrated Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Research Organization
of Information and Systems; and Department of Genetics, School of Life
Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI),
Mishima, Japan
Doreen E. Wesche-Soldato • Division of Surgical Research, Department
of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University School of Medicine,
Providence, RI
Martin Woodle • Nanotides Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Rockville, MD
Xuecheng Ye • Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas
Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
19. xiv Contributors
Pumin Zhang • Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor
College of Medicine, Houston, TX
Xuguo Zhou • Molecular and Applied Insect Toxicology, Entomology and
Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
22. Jahreßeit auf das Nerven- und Seelenleben,” without the date or
place of publication.
Note: Since the foregoing pages went to press, the following publications have
appeared; being too late for inclusion or comment in the text, they are added here
for reference:
Douglas W. Johnson, Topography and Strategy in the War, N. Y., Henry Holt & Co.,
1917, 221 pp. (Thorough and very illuminating; points out how the surface
features of the country influenced military operations in the most important
theaters of the war.)
James Fairgrieve, Geography and World Power, N. Y., E. P. Dutton & Co., 1917, 356
pp. (Shows how History has been controlled by Geography.)
Robert De C. Ward, “Weather Controls Over the Fighting in the Italian War Zone,”
The Scientific Monthly, Vol. 6, No. 2 (February, 1918), pp. 97–105. And “Weather
Controls Over the Fighting in Mesopotamia, in Palestine, and near the Suez Canal,”
ibidem, Vol. 6, No. 4 (April, 1918), pp. 289–304.
1. For brief but valuable sketches of one phase or another of the
history of the theory of milieu, cf. Friedrich Ratzel,
Anthropogeographie. 1. Teil: Grundzüge der Anwendung der
Erdkunde auf die Geschichte (2. Aufl., Stuttgart, 1899, 604
pp.), pp. 13–23, 25–30, 31–40; Gustav Schmoller, Grundriß der
Allgemeinen Volkswirtschaftslehre. Erster Teil (Vierte bis
sechste Aufl., Leipzig, 1901), p. 127, pp. 137 f., 144 ff., Zweiter
Teil (Erste bis sechste Aufl., Leipzig, 1904), pp. 656 ff.;
Ferdinand v. Richthofen’s Vorlesungen über Allgemeine
Siedlungs- und Verkehrsgeographie, bearb. und
herausgegeben von O. Schlüter (Berlin, 1908, 351 pp.—A
course of lectures delivered in the summer semester of 1891 in
Berlin, repeated in the winter semester in 1897/8), pp. 6–13;
Jean Brunhes, La Géographie Humaine (Deuxième édition,
Paris: Alcan, 1912, 801 pp.), pp. 36 ff.; A. C. Haddon and A. H.
Quiggin, History of Anthropology (London, 1910, 158 pp.), pp.
131 f., 150–52; William Z. Ripley, “Geography and Sociology,”
23. Political Science Quarterly, X (1895), pp. 636–54; also the
same author’s The Races of Europe (New York: D. Appleton &
Co., 1899), pp. 2–5. Cf. also O. Schlüter, “Die leitenden
Gesichtspunkte der Anthropogeographie, insbesondere der
Lehre Friedrich Ratzels,” Arch. f. Sozialwissenschaft, Bd. IV
(1906), S. 581–630, and Rudolf Goldscheid, Höherentwicklung
und Menschenökonomie, I [Philosophisch-soziologische
Bücherei, Band VIII], (Leipzig: W. Klinkhardt, 1911, 664 pp.),
p. 52. For bibliographies, in addition to those yet to be
mentioned, see also Ratzel, l.c., pp. 579–85; Brunhes, l.c., nn.;
Ellen C. Semple, Influences of Geographic Environment, On the
Basis of Ratzel’s System of Anthropo-geography (New York: H.
Holt & Co., 1911, 637 pp.), to each chapter of which an
extensive bibliography is added; William J. Thomas, Source
Book for Social Origins (Chicago and London, 1909) pp. 134–
39: Bibliography to Part I: The Relation of Society to
Geographic and Economic Environment (pp. 29–129, Comment
on Part I, pp. 130–33); Ripley, “Geography and Sociology,” Pol.
Sc. Quar., X (1895), pp. 654–5.
2. Dictionnaire de l’Académie Françoise. Quatrième Édition. Tome
Second (Paris, 1762), p. 143.
3. Encyclopédie, ou Dictionnaire Raisonné des Sciences, etc.
Nouvelle Éd. 1778, ed. by Diderot and D’Alembert, 21st vol., p.
853.
4. Cours de Philosophie Positive (6 vols., 1830–42, 5e
édition,
Paris, 1892–94), see vol. 3, p. 235 n.
5. Cp. esp. the Introduction to his Histoire de la Littérature
Anglaise, 5 Tomes (8e
Édition, Paris: Hachette, 1892); the first
edition appeared in 1863, after Taine had been at work on it
for well-nigh a decade.
24. 6. For Zola as the disciple of Taine, cf. H. Wiegler, Geschichte und
Kritik der Theorie des Milieus bei Émile Zola (Diss., Rostock,
1905), esp. pp. 19–36.
7. Vide Émile Waxweiler, Esquisse d’une Sociologie (Bruxelles,
1906), p. 65.
8. Dictionnaire de la Langue Française, vol. 3 (1885), pp. 559 f.
9. Verdeutschungen, Wörterbuch fürs tägliche Leben
(Braunschweig, Verlag von George Westermann, 1915, 176
pp.), p. 93.
10. Verdeutschungsbücher des Allgemeinen Deutschen
Sprachvereins, III (Zweite Aufl., neu bearb. v. Edward
Lohmeyer, Berlin, Verlag des Allgemeinen Deutschen
Sprachvereins, 1915, 182 pp.), pp. 91 f.
11. Phénomènes de la vie (2e
éd., Paris, 1885), t. I, p. 112. See
Waxweiler, l.c., p. 36.
12. Race Prejudice, transl. by Florence Wade-Evans (London,
1906), p. 130.
13. “The Services of Naturalism to Life and Literature. Reprinted,
with Additions, from The Sewanee Review, October, 1903,” p.
2.
14. See Murray’s NED., vol. III, Part II, (1897), p. 231.
15. Wörterbuch d. d. Sprache (1811), Bd. 5, S. 113.
16. See the article by I. Stosch on “Umwelt-milieu,” Zeitschrift für
Deutsche Wortforschung, g. v. Fr. Kluge, 7. Bd. (1905), pp. 58–
9.
17. 2. Bd., 2. Hälfte (Leipzig: Otto Wigand, 1865), p. 1556b
.
25. 18. A. Gombert cites the passage in question in his article
“Umwelt,” Z. f. D. Wf., 7. Bd. (1905), pp. 150–52.
19. The Belgian sociologist De Greef, in his Introduction à la
Sociologie (1886–89), raised “Mésologie” (denoting “Erkenntnis
der milieux”) to a special introductory branch of sociology for
the purpose of discussing, according to Ratzel superficially, the
external factors of history; cf. Paul Barth, Die Philosophie der
Geschichte als Soziologie, I (Leipzig: Reisland, 1897), p. 70 and
Ratzel, l.c. p. 29. The term “Mésologie” was in use in France at
an earlier date than that. See for example the title of an article
written at the close of the Franco-German war by Dr. Bertillon,
“De l´Influence du milieu ou Mésologie,” La Philosophie
Positive, Revue dirigée par É. Littré & G. Wyrouboff, Tome IX
(Paris, 1872), pp. 309–20. Or see M. E. Jourdy, “De l´Influence
du milieu ou Mésologie,” ibid., Tome X (1873), pp. 154–60.
20. Fr. de Rougemont, in his important work Les deux cités; la
philosophie de l´histoire aux différents âges de l´humanité
(1874) treats this question exhaustively. See Robert
Poehlmann, Hellenische Anschauungen über den
Zusammenhang zwischen Natur und Geschichte (Leipzig: S.
Hirzel, 1879, 93 pp.), pp. 8 f.
21. Vide Eugénie Dutoit, Die Theorie des Milieu (Diss., Bern, 1899,
136 pp.), pp. 52–5.
22. “Hippocrate fut le premier à observer quelques-uns des effets
du milieu sur l’individu. Ses observations sont nécessairement
nébuleuses et chaotiques, plutôt descriptives et qualitatives,
étant donnée l’imperfection des connaissances de son
temps.”—Auguste Matteuzzi, Les Facteurs de l’Évolution des
Peuples (Paris, 1900), p. 6 (Avant-Propos).
23. “Wir sahen, daß sich das Buch des Hippokrates durchaus
darauf beschränkte, die Wechselbeziehungen zwischen
26. Landesnatur und Volkscharakter zu erörtern.”—Poehlmann, l.c.,
p. 51.
24. “Hippokrates von Kos, ‘der Vater der Heilkunde’ (ca. 460 bis ca.
370), ist der Begründer der Anthropogeographie. Er schrieb ein
Buch über Klima, Wasser und Bodenbeschaffenheit und ihren
Einfluß auf die Bewohner eines Landes in physischer und
geistiger Beziehung. Der philosophische Gedanke war damit
angeregt, fand aber keine weitere Entwicklung.”—F. v.
Richthofen’s Vorlesungen, etc. (Berlin, 1908), p. 7.
25. System of Positive Polity (4 vols., London: Longmans, Green &
Co., 1875–77—the original was published in 1851–54), vol. II,
p. 364: “... a study [of the aggregate of material influences:
Astronomical, Physical, Chemical] which was commenced by
the great Hippocrates in his admirable and unequalled Treatise
upon Climate.”
26. Haddon and Quiggin, Hist. of Anthropology (1910), p. 150.—
Poehlmann discusses Hippocrates in Hellenische
Anschauungen, etc., pp. 12–37.—Ludwig Stein, in his book Die
soziale Frage im Lichte der Philosophie (2. verb. Aufl.,
Stuttgart, 1903), p. 403, n., says that “Aless. Chiapelli, Le
promesse filosofiche del Socialismo (Napoli, 1897), p. 41, hebt
die interessante Tatsache hervor, daß die Lehre vom ‘Milieu’
ihrem Keime nach auf Hippokrates zurückgeht.” But a little over
three decades earlier, Peschel in his Geschichte der Erdkunde
(1. Aufl., 1865) surveyed on two pages some important phases
of Hippocrates and Strabo on milieu. And earlier still, a half
century before Peschel, Ukert in his Geographie der Griechen
und Römer (1816), I, 1, 79, noted Hippocrates as carefully
observing the effect of climate on the body and mind of man.
(Vide Poehlmann, l.c., pp. 7 f.)—And to Herder, Hippocrates
was the principal author on climate: “... Hippocrat. de aere,
locis et aquis, ... Für mich der Hauptschriftsteller über das
27. Klima.”—Herders Sämmtliche Werke, hg. v. B. Suphan, 13, 269
n.
27. See Dutoit, Die Theorie des Milieu, pp. 55–8.
28. Poehlmann, l.c., p. 68.—Aristotle neglects to give credit to
Hippocrates in connection with his ideas on environment,
although indebted to Hippocrates whom he mentions
elsewhere. See Dutoit, l.c., p. 57.
29. “Varron, De re rustica, 1, cite une oeuvre d’Eratosthènes où
celui-ci cherchait à démontrer que le caractère de l’homme et
la forme du gouvernement sont subordonnés au voisinage ou à
l’éloignement du soleil. Tentative sublime mais prématurée,
pour ramener les phénomènes sociaux à des lois uniques et
générales.”—Auguste Matteuzzi, Les Facteurs de l’Évolution des
Peuples (Paris, 1900), p. 6.
30. “Die vollständigste Beschreibung [of the earth] gab erst Strabo
in seinem Werk γεογραφικά. Hier begegnen wir zum
zweitenmal der philosophischen Idee, Mensch und Natur in
Kausalzusammenhang miteinander zu bringen. Strabos
Geographie ist als ‘Länder- und Völkerkunde’ das größte Werk
des Altertums. Die Anschauung eines kausalen
Zusammenhanges des Menschen mit der Natur ging darauf
unter [according to him, until the middle of the eighteenth
century, until Montesquieu].”—Richthofen’s Vorlesungen, etc.
(1908), p. 8.
31. Buckle and his Critics (London, 1895, 548 pp.), p. 7 n.
32. See Poehlmann, l.c., p. 7.—For a brief statement of the theory
of milieu in Greek writers (Thucydides, Xenophon, Plato,
Aristotle, Theophrastus), cf. Curtius, Boden und Clima von
Athen (1877), p. 4 f. For Aristotle, compare also Dondorff, Das
hellenische Land als Schauplatz der althellenischen Geschichte
(Hamburg, 1899, 42 pp.), pp. 11 f. Poehlmann, l.c., discusses
28. the views on environment of Herodotus (pp. 37–47), of
Thucydides (pp. 52–4), of Xenophon (pp. 55 f.), of Ephoros
[only fragments of his great work, A Universal History, are
extant; cited by Strabo] (pp. 56–9), of Plato (pp. 59–64), of
Aristotle (pp. 64–74), of Polybios (pp. 75–7), of Posidonios [in
Strabo and in Galen] (pp. 78–80), of Strabo (pp. 80–90), of
Galen (pp. 91 f.).
33. Vide Élisàr v. Kupffer, Klima und Dichtung, Ein Beitrag zur
Psychophysik [in Grenzfragen der Literatur und Medizin in
Einzeldarstellungen hg. v. S. Rahmer, Berlin, 4. Heft]
(München, 1907), p. 63.
34. Translated into French by Baron Meg. F. de Slane (3 vols.,
Paris, 1862–8).
35. See R. Flint, History of the Philosophy of History, Historical
Philosophy in France and French Belgium and Switzerland
(New York: Scribner, 1894, 706 pp.), pp. 159 f.—“His
[Mohammed Ibn Khaldūn’s] fame rests securely ... on his
magnum opus, the ‘Universal History,’ and especially on the
first part of it, the ‘Prolegomena’ (p. 162).... They [the
Prolegomena] may fairly be regarded as forming a distinct and
complete work.... It consists of a preface, an introduction, and
six sections or divisions (p. 163).”
36. Flint, l.c., pp. 164 f.
37. Vide infra, p. 27.
38. Flint, l.c., p. 164.—Cf. also pp. 158–72, for Ibn Khaldūn in
general.
39. Cf. Kupffer, Klima and Dichtung, p. 63.
40. “Da Bodin hauptsächlich an die Anschauungen des Aristoteles
anknüpft, ...—Auch an Strabo, der dem Einfluß des Klimas und
29. der Landesnatur schon die schöpferischen Kräfte des
Volksgeistes gegenübergestellt hat, lehnt sich Bodin an.”—Fritz
Renz, Jean Bodin, Ein Beitrag z. Geschichte d. hist. Methode im
16. Jahrhundert [Geschichtliche Untersuchungen hg. v. Karl
Lamprecht, III. Bd., I. Heft], (Gotha, 1905, 84 pp.), p. 48 n.
41. Methodus ad facilem historiarum cognitionem, published in
1566.
42. Flint, l.c., 198.—The ‘Republic’ was first published in 1576 in
French under the title De la République. Eight years later
(1584) Bodin himself translated it into Latin as De Republica
Libri Sex. See Ludwig Stein, Die soziale Frage im Lichte der
Philosophie (2. verb. Aufl., Stuttgart, 1902), p. 217 n.
43. Compare Dutoit, Die Theorie des Milieu, pp. 58–62.
44. “Die physische Konstitution des Menschen hängt nach Bodin
eng mit den klimatischen Verhältnissen seiner Heimat
zusammen und entspricht dem Verhalten der Erde, die er
bewohnt ...”—Renz, Jean Bodin (1905), p. 50.—“... Da der
animalische Körper wie alle Körper aus einer Mischung der
Elemente besteht, so ergibt sich eine direkte Abhängigkeit der
physischen Konstitution von der umgebenden Natur, ja sogar
eine Übereinstimmung mit dem Verhalten der Erde in dem
betreffenden Himmelsstrich. Der menschliche Körper reagiert
auf die klimatischen Einflüsse genau so wie die Erde, die er
bewohnt, ...”—Ibidem, p. 44.
45. Discussed by Renz, l.c., pp. 47–61, in the chapter “Die Theorie
des Klimas.”—“Behandelt wird die Theorie des Klimas nach
dem 5. Kapitel des ‘Methodus,’ in dem sich Bodin zum ersten
Male mit dieser Doktrin befaßte; zur Erläuterung wird auch das
1. Kapitel des V. Buches der ‘République’ herangezogen, in
dem die Theorie des Klimas, aber in gedrängterer Form,
wiederholt wird.”—Ibid., p. 47 n. Cf. also p. 45.
30. 46. “Sogar das Temperament variiert nach dem Klima ...
“Wie das Temperament wird die Sprache von dem inneren
physischen Bau abhängig gedacht ...
“Ebenso wird die Fortpflanzungsfähigkeit in direkte
Abhängigkeit von der physischen Konstitution gebracht ...”—
Ibid., pp. 52 f.
47. “Wie das Äußere und die physische Konstitution hängen auch
die Anlagen und Fähigkeiten der Völker mit den klimatischen
Verschiedenheiten zusammen ...”—Ibid., p. 54.
48. “... Nach der Dreiteilung der seelischen Fähigkeiten bei dem
Einzelmenschen und den Bewohnern jedes Staates werden die
Völker auf der ganzen Erde gruppiert, indem durch das Klima
immer eine Anlage besonders zur Ausbildung kommt ...”—
Ibid., p. 46.
49. “... Bodin nimmt zwei Teile des menschlichen Seelenlebens an,
erstens eine allen Menschen gemeinsame, unveränderliche
geistige Befähigung, die Vernunft, und zweitens Anlagen, die
von dem Klima und der physischen Natur des Menschen
abhängen. In der ‘République’ wird ausgeführt, daß diese
abhängigen Anlagen nur verschiedene von dem
geographischen Milieu abhängige Entwicklungsstufen des
Verstandes sind, während dieser an sich von den einzelnen
Gegenden unabhängig ist ...”—Ibid., p. 45.
50. “... Indem er [Bodin] als erster in der Neuzeit auf streng
wissenschaftlicher Grundlage versucht, die Wechselwirkung,
die zwischen dem historischen Verlauf und der Natur
stattfindet, festzustellen, gelangt er zu der Annahme von zwei
Teilen des geistig-seelischen Innenlebens, eines von den
umgebenden Verhältnissen abhängigen und eines absoluten,
gegen äußere Einflüsse sich passiv verhaltenden Teils.
Willensfreiheit neben der durch das Milieu bedingten
31. Ausbildung bestimmter Anlagen und Fähigkeiten ist der
mittlere Weg, den er zwischen der Annahme des zwingenden
Einflusses der äußeren Natur und der gänzlichen
Unabhängigkeit von ihr einschlägt ...”—Ibid., p. 77.
51. “Neben dem Horizontal- wendet Bodin den Vertikalmaßstab zur
Beurteilung der Völker an, indem er untersucht, wie die
verschiedene Erhebung des Bodens auf die Gestaltung des
Volkscharakters einwirkt ...
“Ebenso wird die Natur der Völker von der Qualität des
heimatlichen Bodens beeinflußt, ...”—Ibid., p. 58.—“Der
Einfluß, der sich aus der östlicheren oder westlicheren
Wohnlage auf den Volkscharakter geltend macht, ist, wo nicht
in der Richtung Süd-Nord sich erstreckende Gebirge eine
deutlichere Scheidelinie bilden, nach Bodin schwer zu
bestimmen ...”—Ibid. p. 57.
52. “Neben der Vorstellung von der geistig-sittlichen Einheit der
Menschen geht die Erkenntnis der Verschiedenartigkeit der
Nationen und ihres Bildungsgrades her, die aus den
partikularen Bedingungen des nationalen Einzeldaseins
resultiert. Zur Erklärung des Volkscharakters wird, wie schon
dargelegt, die Theorie des Klimas herangezogen ...”—Ibid., p.
62.
53. “Bodin hat sich deswegen mit der Theorie des Klimas
beschäftigt, weil er in der Geschichte und im Völkerleben
bestimmte regelmäßige Erscheinungen wahrnahm, die er sich
nur aus dem Einfluß des geographischen Milieus erklären
konnte. Bei dem strengen Festhalten an der menschlichen
Willensfreiheit konnte er sich diesen Einfluß nur durch die
Annahme einer von äußeren Verhältnissen abhängigen
Entwicklungsfähigkeit der geistigen Anlagen in bestimmter
Richtung erklären...”—Ibid., p. 60 f.—“Das unbedingte
Festhalten an der menschlichen Willensfreiheit mußte Bodin
vor der Annahme bewahren, daß der Einfluß des
32. geographischen Milieus auf die Menschen ein zwingender sei.
Nur die Entwicklung der Anlagen wird von der Umwelt
bestimmt, nicht aber das sittliche Wollen ...”—Ibid., p. 59.
54. “Wo die äußere Natur zur Entwicklung schlechter Anlagen
führt, besitzt nach Bodin die Menschheit in der Erziehung ein
Mittel, diesem Übelstand zu begegnen.”—Ibid., p. 77.—“... den
Menschen [wird] die Fähigkeit zugesprochen ..., die
schädlichen Einwirkungen des Klimas wenn auch schwer, zu
überwinden ...”—Ibid., p. 60.
55. L.c., p. 198.
56. “... Den Vergleich der drei Völkergruppen [südliche, mittlere,
nördliche] mit den menschlichen Lebensaltern hat Bodin von
Aristoteles entlehnt, was er Meth. V 140, 141 selbst zugibt.”—
Renz, l.c., p. 57.
57. L.c., p. 48.
58. Haddon and Quiggin, Hist. of Anthropology (London, 1910), p.
150.
59. L.c., p. 77.—For Bodin in general, cf. Renz, Jean Bodin; Flint,
l.c., pp. 190–200; Ludwig Stein, Die soziale Frage im Lichte der
Philosophie, pp. 217–19. H. Morf, Französische Literatur im
Zeitalter der Renaissance (2. verb. Aufl., Straßburg: Trübner,
1914), is brief on Bodin, vide esp. pp. 131 f.; cf. also p. 125.
60. Vide E. Bernheim, Lehrbuch der historischen Methode (5. u. 6.
Aufl, Leipzig, 1908), p. 230.
61. Montesquieu, The Spirit of Laws (translated from the French by
Th. Nugent, new ed., revised by J. V. Prichard, 2 vols., London:
Geo. Bell and Sons, 1906), I, 238–314.
33. 62. “Seine [Montesquieu’s] Hervorkehrung des Einflusses, den
Klima und Bodenbeschaffenheit auf die Soziabilität der
Menschennatur ausüben, geht ebenfalls auf Locke, weiterhin
auf Bodin zurück.”—L. Stein, Die soziale Frage, etc., p. 364.—
According to Dutoit (Die Theorie des Milieu, p. 62),
Montesquieu concealed his obligation to Bodin.
63. L.c., pp. 238–53.
64. L.c., pp. 253–69.
65. L.c., pp. 270–83.
66. L.c., pp. 284–91.
67. L.c., pp. 291–314.
68. Flint, l.c., pp. 279 f.
69. Flint, l.c., p. 286.—(Turgot died in 1781.)
70. Ripley, The Races of Europe (1899), p. 4.—Cuvier was twenty
years younger than Goethe; both died in the same year.
71. E. G. Conklin, Heredity and Environment in the Development of
Men (Princeton Univ. Press, 1915, 533 pp.), p. 303.
72. Eckermanns Gespräche mit Goethe, neu herausgegeben v. H.
H. Houben (Leipzig: Brockhaus, 1909), p. 264.
73. Ibid., p. 265.—These two passages are also cited by Kupffer,
Klima and Dichtung, p. 64.
74. Eckermanns Gespräche mit Goethe, p. 542.
75. Ibid., p. 546.
34. 76. Karl Lamprecht, “Neue Kulturgeschichte” (pp. 449–64 in Das
Jahr 1913, Ein Gesamtbild der Kulturentwicklung, hg. v. D.
Sarason, Leipzig-Berlin: B. G. Teubner, 1913), p. 453.
77. Albert Poetzsch, Studien zur frühromantischen Politik und
Geschichtsauffassung (Leipzig: Voigtländer, 1907, 111 pp.), p.
89.
78. “Die Einwirkung der äußeren Natur auf die Geschichte tritt
zurück [in der romantischen Geschichtsphilosophie]”; and in a
note is added: “Wenn auch der Zusammenhang von Boden
und Geschichte, namentlich von natürl. Grenzen u. Staat, der
Betrachtung nicht verloren geht. Vgl. A. W. Schlegel, Enz. 216.
697.”—Ibid., p. 94.
79. Bernheim, Lehrb. d. hist. Methode, p. 650.
80. Ibid., p. 515.
81. See Ludwig Gumplowicz, Der Rassenkampf (2.... Aufl.,
Innsbruck, 1909), p. 9 n.
82. Vide the quotation from Hegel by Gumplowicz, l.c., p. 13 n.
83. This paper will carry the discussion through anthropo-
geography.
84. The whole question, including Herder’s own idea thereof and
his indebtedness to preceding authors, both German and
foreign, as well as his influence upon succeeding writers at
home and abroad, his relation to his contemporaries, etc., will
be essayed more fully in a series of papers, to be published
soon, dealing with “Herder’s Conception of Milieu,” “Herder’s
Relations to France,” “Herder’s Relations to England,” and
“Herder in His Own Milieu.”
35. 85. The term “anthropo-geography” derives from the title of Fr.
Ratzel’s main work.—“... le domaine si intéressant, mais à
peine défriché, de l’anthropogéographie, semble avoir acquis à
ce mot le droit de cité dans le langage scientifique.”—L.
Metchnikoff, La Civilisation et Les Grands Fleuves Historiques
(Paris, 1889), p. 70 and n.—In England, and in America, it is
commonly called human geography, after the French “la
géographie humaine.” Various names have been proposed for
this subject. See also W. Z. Ripley, “Geography and Sociology.”
The Viennese Erwin Hanslick, I believe, denominates it
“Kulturgeographie.”
86. Walther May, “Herders Anschauung der organischen Natur,”
Archiv f. d. Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften u. d. Technik,
etc., Leipzig, Bd. 4 (1913, S. 8–39, 89–113), p. 91.
87. Ferd. v. Richthofen’s Vorlesungen üb. Allgem. Siedlungs- u.
Verkehrsgeographie, bearb. u. hg. v. O. Schlüter (Berlin, 1908),
p. 11.
88. “... Ritter selbst hat keine methodische Darstellung, kein
Lehrgebäude gegeben; sondern nur Andeutungen, die
anregend sind. Daher blieb Ritters Grundidee fast ohne Einfluß
auf die Geographie; nur die Historiker haben sie sich
angeeignet und haben seitdem größeres Gewicht auf die
Landesnatur gelegt.”—Ibid., p. 11.
89. Cosmos, a Sketch of a Physical Description of the Universe,
translated by E. C. Otté (5 vols., New York: Harper, 1875–77),
p. 48.
90. Die Erdkunde im Verhältnis zur Natur und zur Geschichte des
Menschen oder eine allgemeine, vergleichende Geographie was
published in two volumes at Berlin in 1817–18; the second
edition, completely revised, appeared in nineteen volumes
from 1822 to 1859, the year of his death. Neither edition is
36. finished; the second deals only with Africa (vol. 1) and Asia
(vols. 2–19).
91. Die Naturkunde, etc.—See Th. Achelis, Moderne Völkerkunde
(Stuttgart, 1896), p. 71.
92. Ibid., see Achelis, l.c., pp. 72 f.
93. In Felix Lampe’s book, Große Geographen, Bilder aus der
Geschichte der Erdkunde (Leipzig u. Berlin: B. G. Teubner,
1915, 288 S. [Band 28 der v. B. Schmid in Zwickau
herausgegebenen “Naturwissenschaftlichen Bibliothek”]),
neither the chapter on Ritter (pp. 227–33), nor that on “Die
wissenschaftliche Geographie der Gegenwart” (pp. 281–87) is
very full.
94. Stuttgart & Tübingen, 1808.
95. Views of Nature (London, 1850), Author’s Preface, p. X.
96. p. 382. See Achelis, Moderne Völkerkunde, pp. 88 f.—The
relation of man to environment is also referred to in Cosmos
(English translation by Otté), I, pp. 351–9.—Kosmos was
originally published as follows: vols. 1 and 2 in 1845–7; vols. 3
and 4 in 1850–8; vol. 5 in 1862.
97. Leipzig, 1841.
98. Kohl, Der Verkehr, etc., p. 111. See Achelis, l.c., pp. 80 f.
99. Ibid.
100.
Kohl, l.c., p. 537. See Achelis, l.c., pp. 81 f.
37. 101.
Kohl, Ibid.,—See Achelis, l.c., pp. 82 f.—The manifold
influences of nature are also exemplified in Kohl’s Die
geographische Lage der Hauptstädte Europas, 1874, and L.
Felix, Der Einfluß der Natur auf die Entwicklung des Eigentums,
1893.
102.
Über den Einfluß der äußeren Natur auf die sozialen
Verhältnisse der einzelnen Völker und die Geschichte der
Menschheit überhaupt, 1848; later published in Studien aus
dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaft, I, 1876.
103.
Deutschlands Boden, sein geologischer Bau und dessen
Einwirkungen auf das Leben der Menschen, 2 Bde., Leipzig,
1854.
104.
501 pp., Breslau: F. Hirt, 1855.
105.
Kutzen himself says in the Vorwort that he “leans on” Cotta; he
cites the latter, for instance, on p. 466.
106.
Die Naturgeschichte des Volkes als Grundlage einer deutschen
Sozialpolitik, vol. 1 (11th ed., Stuttgart: Cotta, 1908): Land und
Leute.
107. Vide the first Preface, written in 1853, to volume one, pp. VI-
VII.
108.
Die Naturgeschichte, etc., I, p. 42.
38. 109.
Ibid., Vorwort zur achten Auflage, 1883, p. X.
110.
Die Naturgeschichte, etc., Vierter Band, “Wanderbuch,” als
zweiter Teil zu “Land und Leute.” Vierte Aufl., 1903, p. 32.
111.
G. P. Gooch, History and Historians in the Nineteenth Century
(London & N. Y.; Longmans, Green & Co., 1913), p. 576.
112.
Gooch, ibid., p. 575.
113.
For Riehl’s view of milieu in a scheme of sciences, cf. Die
Naturgeschichte, etc., I, pp. 40–2.
114.
164 pp., Meyers Volksbücher, Leipzig u. Wien:
Bibliographisches Institut, s.a.—This essay forms the second
chapter in Hans Meyer’s Das deutsche Volkstum (2. Aufl.,
1903), pp. 41–122.
115.
Moderne Völkerkunde, p. 81, n.
116.
2. Aufl., 1905 (Aus Natur und Geisteswelt, 31. Bändchen,
Leipzig: B. G. Teubner), 127 pp.—It has been translated into
English under the title Man and Earth (London & N. Y., 1906.
Reprinted 1914, 223 pp.) by A. S. “from the second amended
German edition,” in which are intercalated two chapters:
Chapter V, on The British Isles and Britons, by the author; and
Chapter VI, on America and the Americans, by the translator.—
The first four chapters of a general nature—features of the
globe, sea, steppes and deserts, in their influence on
39. civilization, the influence of man on landscape—are followed by
four chapters on The British Isles and Britons, America and the
Americans, Germany and the Germans, China and the Chinese.
117. Vorlesungen, etc., delivered at Berlin in 1891 and 1897/8.
118.
“... Es ist mehr unsere Aufgabe gewesen, in dem großen
Getriebe der Siedlung und des Verkehrs der allmählichen
Entwicklung nachzugehen, das steigende Maß der
Überwindung von Widerständen durch den Menschen zu
zeigen, die Kräfte zu untersuchen, welche in der Entwicklung
wirksam sind,—als bei der großen Fülle des Tatsächlichen der
heutigen Zeit zu verweilen.” Vorlesungen, p. 351.
119.
It will be noted that Herder is not mentioned here.
120.
Ellen C. Semple, Influences of Geographic Environment (N. Y.,
1911), p. V.
121.
“In Germany the exponents of these theories [of
environmental influence] were Cotta and Kohl, and later
Peschel, Kirchhof, Bastian, and Gerland; but the greatest name
of all is that of Fr. Ratzel, who has written the standard work
on Anthropogeographie.”—Haddon and Quiggin, Hist. of
Anthropology (London, 1910), p. 152.—The first vol. of Ratzel’s
Anthropogeographie was published in 1882, 2nd ed. in 1899,
the second vol. in 1897.
122.
As further illustration, it might be instructive to compare here
the chapter headings of Semple’s Influences of Geographic
Environment, which book was written “On the Basis of Ratzel’s
System of Anthropo-geography.” They are as follows: I—
40. Operation of Geographic Factors in History (1–31); II—Classes
of Geographic Influences (22–50); III—Society and State in
Relation to the Land (51–73); IV—Movements of Peoples in
Their Geographical Significance (74–128); V—Geographical
Location (129–67); VI—Geographical Area (168–203); VII—
Geographical Boundaries (204–41); VIII—Coast Peoples (242–
91); IX—Oceans and Enclosed Seas (292–317); X—Man’s
Relation to the Water (318–35); XI—The Anthropo-geography
of Rivers (336–80); XII—Continents and Their Peninsulas
(380–408); XIII—Island Peoples (409–72); XIV—Plains,
Steppes and Deserts (473–523); XV—Mountain Barriers and
Their Passes (524–56); XVI—Influences of a Mountain
Environment (557–606); XVII—The Influences of Climate upon
Man (607–37).
123.
Richthofen’s Vorlesungen, p. 13.
124.
1897; 2. Aufl. 1903.
125.
“Diese [die enge Erdgebundenheit] in ihrer ganzen
tiefgreifenden Bedeutung für das staatliche Leben erkannt und
dargelegt zu haben, bleibt freilich für immer ein großes
Verdienst der ‘Politischen Geographie’ ...”—O. Schlüter, “Die
leitenden Gesichtspunkte d. Anthropogeogr.,” Arch. f.
Sozialwiss., Bd. IV, p. 620.
126.
Vide Richthofen, l.c., p. 12.
127. 2 vols., München, 1893; see vol. 2, 2nd ed.: Politische
Geographie der Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika, unter
besonderer Berücksichtigung der natürlichen Bedingungen u.
wirtschaftlichen Verhältnisse (763 pp.), esp. pp. 1–176.
41. 128.
London, 1896 (this is a translation of his Völkerkunde, 1887/8),
cf. the opening pp. of vol. 1.
129.
In Helmolt, The History of the World (N. Y., 1902), vol. 1, pp.
62–103, where Ratzel discusses in turn The Coherence of
Countries, The Relation of Man to the Collective Life of the
Earth, Races and States as Organisms, Historical Movement,
Natural Regions, Climate and Location, Geographical Situation,
Area, Population, The Water-Oceans, Seas, and Rivers,
Conformation of the Earth’s Surface.
130.
London & N. Y.: Longmans, 1915.
131.
See The Nation, N. Y., March 18, 1915, p. 310.
132.
Paris, 1911, 420 pp.
133.
Semple, l.c., p. VI; cf. also Ratzel, Anthropogeogr., I,
2
p. XII.
134.
Archiv f. Sozialwissenschaft, Bd. IV (1906), pp. 581–630.
135.
For Ratzel, cf. also Paul Barth, Die Philosophie der Geschichte
als Soziologie, I (Leipzig: Reisland, 1897), pp. 227–30; Jean
Brunhes, La Géographie Humaine, 2e
éd. (Paris: Alcan, 1912),
pp. 39–47.
136.
Buckle, History of Civilization (1867), p. 32 n.
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