Roles of perceived fit and perceived individual learning support in students’ weblogs continuance usage intention

RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access
Roles of perceived fit and perceived
individual learning support in students’
weblogs continuance usage intention
Princely Ifinedo
Correspondence:
pifinedo@gmail.com
Department of Financial and
Information Management, Shannon
School of Business, Cape Breton
University, P. O. Box 5300, Sydney,
NS B1P 6L2, Canada
Abstract
Weblogs (or blogs) are increasingly being used in higher educational contexts. Not
much is known about the factors that influence students’ continued usage intention
of weblogs. This study uses the expectation-confirmation model (ECM) as its background
theoretical framework, and explores the roles of antecedent factors of perceived fit and
perceived individual learning support in the research model. A cross-sectional survey was
used to collect data from 108 undergraduate students taking a management information
systems (MIS) course in a small university in Canada. Relevant hypotheses on the subject
matter were formulated and tested. The partial least squares (PLS) technique was used for
data analysis. The results strongly support the proposed hypotheses, indicating that
perceived fit, perceived individual learning support, perceived usefulness, confirmation,
and satisfaction have positive effects on students’ continued usage intentions of Weblogs.
The findings of this study have practical and theoretical implications, which are succinctly
discussed, and suggestions for future research outlined.
Keywords: Perceived fit, Perceived individual learning support, Continuance usage
intention, Weblogs, Students
Introduction
Information and communication technologies (ICT) in general, and collaborative tech-
nologies in particular, are useful resources for improving teaching and learning in the
higher education sector (Ifinedo, 2007; Wagner, Hassanein, & Head, 2008; Lai & Chen,
2011; Bennett, Bishop, Dalgarno, Waycott, & Kennedy, 2012; Mansouria & Piki, 2016).
Among emerging ICT used for collaborating and knowledge sharing are Web 2.0 tech-
nologies, including wikis, social networking sites, and weblogs (often shortened to
“blogs”) (Castaneda, Ahern, & Díaz, 2011; Arquero & Romero-Frías, 2013). Across the
world, Web 2.0 technologies have become popular tools for the student population
(Lenhart, Purcell, Smith, & Zickuhr, 2010; Halic, Lee, Paulus, & Spence, 2010; Bennett
et al., 2012; Costa, Alvelos, & Teixeira, 2015). A recent study reported that many
students expect their instructors to use a variety of innovative ICT, including Web 2.0
tools within the learning environment (Buzzard, Crittenden, Crittenden, & McCarty,
2011).
This study focusses attention on weblogs, which are websites that allows a user
(blogger) to publish or ‘post’ their thoughts online or make comments on the posts of
© The Author(s). 2018 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,
provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and
indicate if changes were made.
Ifinedo International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education
(2018) 15:7
DOI 10.1186/s41239-018-0092-3

others (Hain & Back, 2008; Cakir, 2013). Like traditional websites, weblogs have
optional links to other blogs and online resources (Hain & Back, 2008; Ifinedo & Usoro,
2016). Unlike traditional websites, weblogs’ posts appear in reverse chronological order.
Additionally, weblogs have archival capabilities, i.e., new posts are created and old ones
preserved (Hain & Back, 2008; Halic et al., 2010). In order to blog, a user needs to use
a blogging platform which is usually provided by a host site (e.g., Blog.com and
WordPress.com).
Blogging in higher educational contexts offers several benefits. For example, studies
have shown that students can improve their reflective learning and thinking through
blog use (Williams & Jacobs, 2004; Yang, 2009; Sun, 2010; Mansouria & Piki, 2016).
Robertson (2011, p. 1643) found that “the blogs enabled students to express their emo-
tional experiences of learning and to exchange social and cognitive support with their
peers.” In general, students’ use of blogs encourages interaction (Deng & Yuen, 2013),
collaboration (Ellison & Wu, 2008; Shim & Guo, 2009; Mansouria & Piki, 2016; Zhang,
Song, Shen, & Huang, 2014) and cooperation (Zhang et al., 2014). A study showed that
instructors have been able to improve learning environments by taking note of issues
raised in students’ blog conversations (Paulus, Payne, & Jahns, 2009). In short, teaching
effectiveness is improved by blog use (Lai & Chen, 2011; Ifinedo & Usoro, 2016).
In spite of the advantages of blog use in teaching and learning, there are barriers to
the adoption and continued usage intention of such technologies in the higher educa-
tion sector. For example, some individuals may be afraid of using new ICT for learning
(Black, 2007; Luik & Taimalu, 2016). Personal and individual characteristics have been
found to be critically important in encouraging student engagement in blogging (Deng
& Yuen, 2013). Some researchers have noted that bloggers’ desire to continue blogging
may be short-lived. In citing Gurzick and Lutters (2006), Lu and Lee (2012, p. 1081)
commented that “although many blogs survive more than one year, there are still lots
of blogs discarded within a few days of being established.” In higher education contexts,
Luik and Taimalu (2016) noted debate among researchers as to whether blog use for
learning “should be voluntary or compulsory, and whether learners are more motivated
when the tasks on the blog are assessed or not.” Chen, Lai, and Ho’s (2015) study was
designed to uncover “why some teachers have stopped using teaching blogs over time,
while others continue to do so (p. 237)”.
Little research has been done on students’ continuance intention weblogs use for
learning purposes. Studies focusing on initial adoption of such tools abound (e.g.,
Kaplan, Piskin, & Bol, 2010; Deng & Yuen, 2011; Mansouria & Piki, 2016). It is worth
stressing that initial adoption or acceptance of ICT products and the continued use of
such systems are two separate issues requiring disparate attention and emphasis (Davis,
1989; Bhattacherjee, 2001). In light of the growing popularity of weblogs as supportive
learning tools in higher education, it would seem pertinent to explore potential factors
impacting continued usage of such technologies by students. A research effort dedi-
cated to such an issue merits commendation.
The main purpose of this study is to investigate influences of salient factors on
undergraduate students’ continued intention to use weblogs for learning in a manage-
ment information systems (MIS) course. Although research has examined students’
adoption of weblogs in a variety of undergraduate level courses, including chemistry
(Benedict & Pence, 2012), education (Coutinho, 2007; Mansouria & Piki, 2016),
Ifinedo International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education (2018) 15:7 Page 2 of 18

marketing (Kaplan et al., 2010), foreign languages (Castaneda et al., 2011; Al Waely &
Aburezeq, 2013; Zhang et al., 2014), and so forth (Deng & Yuen, 2011), not much is
known about the undergraduate students’ adoption and continued intention to use blogs
in MIS classes. MIS was chosen for this study mainly for illustrative purposes and to
complement and diversify insights on students’ use of weblogs at the undergraduate level.
Empirical findings from this study will contribute to the growing body of knowledge
on students’ continued reuse of technologies in higher learning environments. To guide
this research effort, this study will draw from Bhattacherjee’s (2001) expectation–con-
firmation model (ECM), which is augmented with two intrinsic motivational anteced-
ents: perceived fit and perceived individual learning support. Intrinsic motivation refers
to motivation that comes from inside an individual rather than from external or outside
factors (Brown, 2007). Previous studies showed that ECM and the two intrinsic factors
are relevant in explaining students’ acceptance of ICT-supported learning environ-
ments, including where weblogs are in use (Cho, Cheng, & Lai, 2009; Cheng, Wang,
Yang, Kinshuk, & Peng, 2011; Lin, 2012; Chen et al., 2015).
Background information and theoretical foundations
Weblogs use in higher educational settings
The literature (e.g., Coutinho, 2007) indicates that blog use in learning spaces was inspired
by Vygotsky’s (1978) social constructivist learning theory. Social constructivism empha-
sizes a balance between a learner’s autonomy and learning in a social context, community
or space. Notably, an individual learning in such an environment has the opportunity to
discuss their thoughts, ideas, and opinions, and at the same time, acquire and accumulate
knowledge through self-reflection and interaction, collaboration, and cooperation with
others (Castaneda et al., 2011; Arquero & Romero-Frías, 2013; Mansouria & Piki, 2016).
Suffice it to say that active learning ensues where such ideals are enabled.
In citing Chickering and Gamson (1987), Cakir (2013) contended that active learning,
interaction, collaboration between students, and feedback are among the key principles
used to engage students in higher education. Cakir commented that implementing these
ideals in educational learning environments without proper tools to support faculty and
learners is a major challenge. He argued that weblogs are tools to mitigate such a
challenge. Weblogs are open systems that use simple user interfaces which include a
variety of features (e.g., text, graphics, audio, and video clips) (Lai & Chen, 2011). Perhaps
due to their simplicity, students and instructors have come to accept weblogs as essential
and innovative tool in the learning environment (Ellison & Wu, 2008; Paulus et al., 2009;
Lai & Chen, 2011; Zhang et al., 2014; Mansouria & Piki, 2016).
In the context of higher education, Herrington and Oliver (2000) asserted that
weblogs can improve and support highly effective types of learner-to-learner interac-
tions. Likewise, weblogs have been used to enhance communication between students
and instructors (Kim, 2008). This researcher noted that weblogs are often employed by
educators to overcome the inadequacies (e.g., lack of sense of ownership and archival
capabilities) that exist in other ICT, such as computer-mediated communication appli-
cations used in learning spaces. It is worth noting that weblogs facilitate student learn-
ing by enhancing a space “where a greater understanding of student meaning making
can be gained” (Paulus et al., 2009, p. 13).

The student learning experience and the ability they have to communicate and
express thoughts with instructors and peers are enhanced by course blogs (Halic et al.,
2010). Mansouria and Piki (2016) noted that university students who use weblogs “have
the autonomy to create and express themselves (online) and share their views with
their peers and lecturers in efficient and meaningful ways” (p. 262). Chen et al. (2015,
p. 237) provided evidence indicating that weblogs in education have been used “to
explain a concept more clearly with a combination of words and pictures or videos”,
broadcast and manage class activities, and communicate and interact effectively with
students. In sum, there is growing literature discussing self-reflection, interaction,
collaboration, and cooperation as main benefits derived from weblog usage in higher
educational settings; some examples were mentioned earlier.
The expectation–confirmation model (ECM)
Oliver (1980) proposed the expectation–confirmation theory (ECT) in marketing litera-
ture to study consumer satisfaction and repurchase intention behaviors. ECT assumes
that satisfaction has a central role in explaining repurchasing behavior. In adapting
ECT, Bhattacherjee (2001) proposed the expectation-confirmation model (ECM) of
information systems (IS) continuance to explain users’ intention to reuse an IS. He in-
corporated the construct of perceived usefulness of IS from the technology acceptance
model (Davis, 1989). His model posits that user satisfaction with IS is positively influ-
enced by confirmation of expectations, which impacts perceived usefulness of IS.
Perceived usefulness is an antecedent of both satisfaction and IS continuance intention,
and user satisfaction has a positive effect on IS continuance intention.
In this study, user satisfaction refers to the extent to which a student learning MIS is
pleased with the use of weblogs in the course (Liao, Huang, & Wang, 2015). Perceived
usefulness refers to extent to which a student learning MIS believes that using weblogs
would enhance his or her learning performance in the course (Davis, 1989; Lin, 2012).
Confirmation refers to the extent to which a student’s initial expectations about the
performance of using weblogs to learn MIS is being confirmed after having an experi-
ence with such tools (Bhattacherjee, 2001; Lee, 2010). Continuance usage intention
refers to a student’s subjective likelihood of continuing to use weblogs to learn MIS
(Bhattacherjee, 2001).
Fundamentally, ECM is based on extrinsic motivations (e.g., perceived usefulness and
user satisfaction). The roles of intrinsic motivation and person-technology fit are
ignored in ECM (Hung, Chang, & Hwang, 2011). This shortcoming explains why
researchers who used ECM to study the continued usage intention of IS, ICT-enabled
learning technologies, and weblogs often augment the model with relevant motivational
variables, including perceived self-efficacy, habit, perceived performance, perceived fit,
and so forth (Wu, Tsai, Chen, & Wu, 2006; Limayem & Cheung, 2008; Sørebø, Halvari,
Gulli, & Kristiansen, 2009; Lee, 2010; Lin, 2012; Lin, & Wang, CH., 2012; Tang, Tang,
& Chiang, 2014; Chen et al., 2015; Liao et al., 2015).
Perceived fit
In organizational literature, person-environment (P-E) fit is used to describe the extent
to which individual and environmental characteristics match (Kristof-Brown,

Zimmerman, & Johnson, 2005). In organizational studies, an individual’s perception of
P-E fit has been found to be related to job commitment and satisfaction (Edwards,
2008). In the IS domain, Goodhue and Thompson (1995) proposed the task-technology
fit (TTF) theory, which suggests that IS is more likely to have a positive impact on indi-
vidual performance and the use of IS if the capabilities of the IS match the tasks that
the user must perform with the IS. TTF has been shown to be relevant to e-learning
environments (Akkoyunlu & Soylu, 2008; Lai, Wang, & Lei, 2012). Some researchers
(e.g., Lin, 2012; Lin, & Wang, CH., 2012) who drew from TTF used “perceived fit” to
denote person-technology fit. These researchers found that perceived fit motivates
learners to continue utilizing e-learning systems. In this study, perceived fit refers to
the extent to which a student learning MIS believes that weblog use matches his or her
learning characteristics and requirements.
Perceived individual learning support
Competency-based learning (or competency-based education and training) is an
approach to teaching and learning that is used in many fields and learning environ-
ments (Draganidis & Mentzas, 2006; Cheng et al., 2011). The CBL approach focuses on
the development of specific competencies for the learner (Horton, 2000). It allows indi-
viduals working at their own pace to learn skills they consider challenging (Draganidis
& Mentzas, 2006). Related to CBL is learner control (LC), which emphasizes the
individualization of instruction and facilitates active learning (Merrill, 1975).
According to Cheng et al. (2011, p. 1318), e-learning design literature “suggests that
learner control of learning and customization of learning experiences will meet
learners’ needs and preferences and improve learners’ satisfaction and motivation [to
continuing using such platforms].” Thus, using both approaches, a learner can con-
struct or build new knowledge and identify learning needs deserving of attention.
Cheng et al. (2011) asserted that lack of consideration for learners’ perceptions and atti-
tudes toward e-learning systems have led to unsuccessful design and implementation of
such initiatives. These researchers based their research study on CBL and LC and used
the term “perceived individual learning support”, which they showed had a significant
effect on intention to use e-learning applications. Accordingly, perceived individual
learning support is considered pertinent to this study; it refers to the extent to which a
student learning MIS believes weblogs would improve his or her learning performance
and outcome.
Research model and hypotheses
Based on the foregoing discussion, the study’s research conceptualization or model,
which fuses perceived fit and perceived individual learning support with ECM, is
proposed (Figure 1). The proposed research model is in accordance with past efforts
that integrated TTF, ECM, and individual learning support (e.g., McGill & Hobbs,
2008; Lin, & Wang, CH., 2012; Cheng, 2014). The study’s hypotheses are highlighted in
the research model.
Students may not accept a newly introduced technology in their learning environ-
ment if they perceived the tool to be inconsistent with the way they learn (McGill &
Hobbs, 2008; Lai et al., 2012). The existence of a positive relationship between learning

styles and students’ preference for and confidence in technology use has been demon-
strated (Ames, 2003; Akkoyunlu & Soylu, 2008). It is expected that students will appre-
ciate the usefulness of weblogs for learning MIS, if they believe the technology fits with
the way they learn the subject. A number of previous studies have shown that perceived
fit (sometimes represented as perceived compatibility or educational compatibility)
positively impacts perceived usefulness of learning applications (Chen, 2011; Lai &
Chen, 2011; Lin, & Wang, CH., 2012). Therefore, for students using weblogs to learn in
an MIS course, the following hypothesis is proposed:
H1: Perceived fit has a positive effect on perceived usefulness of weblogs.
With regard to learning goals and outcomes, perceived fit between technology and
tasks carried out by students and instructors in learning environments has been shown
to be positively related (McGill & Hobbs, 2008; Terzis, Moridis, & Economides, 2013).
User compatibility with learning systems and confirmed expectations of such tools has
been shown to be positively associated (McGill & Klobas, 2009; Lin, & Wang, CH.,
2012). Past studies revealed the existence of a positive relationship between perceived
fit and confirmation of the expected consequences of technology use in learning envi-
ronments (e.g., McGill & Hobbs, 2008; McGill & Klobas, 2009; Lin, & Wang, CH.,
2012; Terzis et al., 2013) Therefore, for students using weblogs to learn in a MIS
course, the following hypothesis is proposed:
H2: Perceived fit has a positive effect on confirmation of expectations of using
weblogs.
Individuals accept new technologies if the relative advantages of such are known or
appreciated (Davis, 1989). It is expected that students’ willingness to use weblogs in
learning environments will increase if the usefulness of such tools in enhancing learn-
ing performance and effectiveness is tangible. Evidence exists to support the view indi-
cating that perceived usefulness of learning systems is high where perceived individual
support systems are available (Cheng et al., 2011). Support systems in learning environ-
ments manifest in various forms, including perceived competence with technologies,
quality user-interface design features, and affinity with computing devices (Sørebø et
al., 2009; Cho et al., 2009; Liu, Chen, Sun, Wible, & Kuo, 2010; Cheng et al., 2011). Re-
cently, Lowe, D’alessandro, Winzar, Laffey, and Collier (2013) provided evidence to
Perceived fit
Perceived individual
learning support
Perceived usefulness
Confirmation
Satisfaction
Continuance
usage intention
ECM
H10
H1
H2
H3
H4
H6
H7
H8
H9
H5
Intrinsic motivational factors
Fig. 1 The research model

show that affinity with computing devices positively impacted students’ perceived
usefulness of using Web 2.0 technologies to learn in marketing classes. Therefore, for
students using weblogs to learn in a MIS course, the following hypothesis is proposed:
H3: Perceived individual learning support has a positive effect on perceived usefulness
of weblogs.
ICT, with capabilities to leverage tenets of LC and CBL (e.g., the creation of new
insights and identification of learning needs for a learner) either through self-reflection
or collaboration, can increase learners’ motivation to use such technologies (Cheng et
al., 2011). Perceived individual learning support encompasses user-interface design, sys-
tems support, and functionality (Cho et al., 2009; Liu et al., 2010; Cheng et al., 2011).
In general, easy to use technologies with quality supportive design features (like the
ones available in blogging tools) enhance interaction between users and such systems
(Halic et al., 2010; Liu et al., 2010; Cheng et al., 2011). Perceptions of value, quality,
functionality, and usability of e-learning technologies were found to have positive effect
on students’ confirmation of the benefits of such tools (Chiu, Hsu, Sun, Lin, & Sun,
2005; Tao, Cheng, & Sun, 2009; Ifinedo, 2016). Therefore, for students using weblogs to
learn in a MIS course, the following hypothesis is proposed:
H4: Perceived individual learning support has a positive effect on confirmation of
expectations of using weblogs.
As noted, students’ perceived fit with technology and tasks carried out on such
systems are positively related (McGill & Hobbs, 2008; Lin, & Wang, CH., 2012; Terzis
et al., 2013). Likewise, students’ attitudes toward the use of technology impact their
usage behaviors of such tools in learning environments (Au & Enderwick, 2000). Previ-
ous research has indicated that students’ learning styles and confidence in using tech-
nologies as well as their perceptions of value, quality, and usability of e-learning
technologies are positively linked (Ames, 2003; Chiu et al., 2005; Ifinedo, 2016;
Akkoyunlu & Soylu, 2008; McGill & Hobbs, 2008; Terzis et al., 2013; Cheng et al.,
2011). Thus, it is expected that there will be a positive relationship between a good
person-technology fit and favourability with perceptions of the value, quality, function-
ality, and usability of technologies. Therefore, for students using weblogs to learn in a
MIS course, the following hypothesis is proposed:
H5: Perceived fit has a positive effect on perceived individual learning support in the
context of weblog usage.
After interacting with a technology, an individual is better placed to determine if the
tool has met their initial expectations (Bhattacherjee, 2001). ECM posits that perceived
usefulness of IS increases with confirmation of the existence of the expected benefits of
using such systems. Previously, several researchers have affirmed that confirmation has
a positive effect on the perceived usefulness of a wide range of ICT, including those
used in learning contexts (e.g., Chiu et al., 2005; Limayem & Cheung, 2008; Sørebø et
al., 2009; Lee, 2010; Terzis et al., 2013). With respect to weblogs, Tang et al. (2014)
found that confirmation has a strong influence on the perceived usefulness of blog use
for learning. Chen et al. (2015) also revealed that perceived usefulness of teaching blogs

was positively impacted by confirmation of the expected benefits derived from using
such tools. Therefore, for students using weblogs to learn in a MIS course, the follow-
ing hypothesis is proposed:
H6: Confirmation has a positive effect on perceived usefulness of weblogs.
Consistent with the postulates of ECM, students’ satisfaction with IS use is high if
they appreciate the perceived advantages of such tools. By the same token, satisfaction
with a technology is high if students are able to confirm their initial expectations of the
benefits of using the technology. Prior studies of ICT-enabled learning environments
provided strong support of importance of perceived usefulness of ICT and users’ satis-
faction with such technologies (e.g., Limayem & Cheung, 2008; Sørebø et al., 2009; Lee,
2010; Stone & Baker-Eveleth, 2013). In fact, confirmation was reported to be a key
determinant of students’ satisfaction with ICT-enabled learning systems (e.g., Limayem
& Cheung, 2008; Sørebø et al., 2009; Lee, 2010; Stone & Baker-Eveleth, 2013; Cheng,
2014; Liao et al., 2015). Previous studies of blog learning and teaching also showed that
perceived usefulness and confirmation are important predictors of satisfaction with
weblog use (e.g., Tang et al., 2014; Chen et al., 2015). Therefore, for students using
weblogs to learn in a MIS course, the following hypotheses are proposed:
H7: Perceived usefulness has a positive effect on satisfaction with weblogs.
H8: Confirmation has a positive effect on satisfaction with weblogs.
ECM research showed that continuance usage intention of IS was determined
primarily by satisfaction with previous experience with IS and secondarily by perceived
usefulness of IS (Bhattacherjee, 2001; Sørebø et al., 2009; Cheng, 2014; Chen et al.,
2015). Broadly, satisfaction with IS influences users’ attitudes and intentions to reuse a
technology (Bhattacherjee, 2001). Likewise, perceived usefulness of IS leads to initial
acceptance and continued usage behaviors (Davis, 1989; Bhattacherjee, 2001). Prior
studies have found that both satisfaction with, and perceived usefulness of IS, strongly
influence on students’ continued intention to use learning technologies in higher edu-
cational contexts (e.g., Ifinedo, 2007; Limayem & Cheung, 2008; Stone & Baker-Eveleth,
2013; Cheng, 2014; Liao et al., 2015). Similar results were reported for weblog use for
teaching and learning purposes (e.g., Tang et al., 2014; Chen et al., 2015; Ifinedo, 2016).
Therefore, for students using weblogs to learn in a MIS course, the following hypotheses
are proposed:
H9: Satisfaction has a positive effect on weblogs’ continuance usage intention.
H10: Perceived usefulness has a positive effect on weblogs’ continuance usage
intention.
Research method
Procedure and participants
A survey research design was used to investigate students’ perceptions of and experi-
ences with weblog use in a MIS course at a small university (i.e., with an average class

size of 25) in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. Each student in the course was
asked to create a blog on any concept taken from the course textbook. Uniqueness in
blog content was emphasized. Students were instructed to review the blogs of peers
and provide appropriate feedback or comments. The instructor read all blog posts and
provided feedback as well. To motivate students, the instructor informed them that the
multiple-choice section of the class tests will include items taken from student blogs.
Marks were also awarded for the following: (a) quality of created blogs and (b) quality
of comments and feedback provided to peers.
At the end of the course, the instructor applied for and received research ethics board
approval from their university to survey students’ perceptions on the issue. The ques-
tionnaire was self-administered and participation was voluntary. Students were
instructed to provide candid opinions on the issues covered in the questionnaires. The
average response rate for the MIS classes used for the study is 94%. Data was collected
from four classes taught by the researcher (instructor). The results of a Chi square test
(significant at p < 0.5) did not indicate differences in students’ opinions on the issues
under investigation across the four classes.
The study’s participants were all undergraduate students (n = 108). They were mainly
third and fourth year students. The participants were all Bachelor of Business Adminis-
tration (BBA) students. 81.5% of participants (88) have 8 or more years’ experience
using the Internet. 32.4%, 59.3%, and 8.3% of the students used Blog.com, WordPress.-
com and other blogging sites, respectively for the assignment. The rest of participants’
demographic profile is shown in Table 1.
Instrument development
To ensure content validity, items previously validated in the literature were used to
operationalize the study’s constructs. Items used to represent perceived fit were adapted
from McGill and Hobbs (2008) and Lin (2012). Perceived individual learning support
was represented by items obtained from Cheng et al. (2011). Measures were taken from
Table 1 The participant’s demographic profile
Measure Category Number Percent
Gender Male 51 47.2
Female 57 52.8
Age Less than 18 years 0 0
19–21 years 55 50.9
22–24 years 36 33.3
25–27 years 5 4.6
Above 27 years 12 11.1
Year of study Year 1 2 1.9
Year 2 13 12.0
Year 3 53 49.1
Year4 39 36.1
Missing 1 0.9
Familiar with blog use in learning before taking the course Yes 60 55.6
No 48 44.4

Davis (1989), Lee (2010), and Bhattacherjee (2001) for the items used to operationalize
the constructs of perceived usefulness, satisfaction, and confirmation. To measure
continuance usage intention, measuring items adapted from Cheng et al. (2011) and
Tang et al. (2014) were used. All the questionnaire items used a seven-point Likert-type
scale ranging from strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (7). Table 2 shows the items
used in the questionnaire and their descriptive statistics.
Table 2 The questionnaire’s items, their descriptive statistics and item loadings
Construct Item
no.
Item description Mean Standard
deviation
Item
loading
Perceived fit PIF_1 Using blogs fit well with learning MIS. 5.370 1.181 0.929
PIF_2 Using blogs fit well with helping me to be
efficient in learning MIS.
5.028 1.443 0.879
PIF_3 Using blogs is compatible with my learning MIS. 5.130 1.305 0.967
PIF_4 Using blogs has provided me with a good
opportunity to learn MIS well.
4.972 1.424 0.889
learning support
PID_1 Blogging would help me construct or build
knowledge needed for my MIS course.
5.046 1.423 0.992
PID_2 Using blogging would enhance my effectiveness
in learning MIS.
5.102 1.387 0.986
PID_3 Blogging would help me identify knowledge
gaps or learning needs in my MIS course.
4.991 1.411 0.982
Perceived
usefulness
PUS_1 Using blogs for my MIS course improved my
learning performance in that subject.
5.139 1.363 0.951
PUS_2 Using blogs for my MIS course increased my
learning effectiveness in that subject.
5.148 1.338 0.956
PUS_3 Using blogs helped me learn MIS better. 5.009 1.469 0.932
PUS_4 Using blogs in my MIS course are helpful in
preparing for quizzes/tests.
5.084 1.591 0.92
Confirmation COF_1 My experience with using blogs was better
than what I expected.
5.028 1.463 0.911
COF_2 Using blogs for learning in my MIS class was
better than I expected.
5.111 1.543 0.899
COF_3 The service provided by blog sites was better
than what I expected.
4.718 1.599 0.82
COF_4 Overall, most of my expectations regarding
using blogs in my MIS course were confirmed.
5.140 1.232 0.789
Satisfaction SAT_1 I am satisfied with blogs as learning tools. 5.176 1.359 0.981
SAT_2 I am satisfied with blogs as tools for creating
and sharing knowledge.
5.449 1.305 0.995
SAT_3 I feel satisfied using blogs for my MIS course. 5.352 1.396 0.992
SAT_4 I am happy I used blogs for learning in my
MIS class.
5.352 1.356 0.887
SAT_5 I am pleased with the experience of using blogs
for my MIS course.
5.528 1.322 0.957
Continuance usage
intention
CUI_1 If I could, I would like to continue using blogs
in my learning activities in the future.
4.639 1.579 0.995
CUI_2 If possible, I would prefer to continue using blogs
in my courses in the future
4.556 1.596 0.981
CUI_3 I will strongly recommend that others use blogs
for learning.
4.648 1.614 0.972
CUI_4 Given that I have access to blogs in my courses, I
intend to use them.
4.519 1.597 0.959
The item loadings in bold font indicate entries with significant results for that specific factor or construct

Data analysis
The partial least squares (PLS) technique of structural equation model (SEM) (Hair,
Ringle, & Sarstedt, 2011) was used to test the study’s hypotheses. PLS is used because it
does not require a large sample size and is more suitable for hypothesis testing than
other SEM techniques (Hair, Black, Babin, & Anderson, 2010; Hair et al., 2011). PLS
provides information on the measurement and structural models.
In the measurement model, information about the reliability and validity of the
constructs and their measures, are provided. WarpPLS 5.0 software (Kock, 2015) was
used to conduct PLS analysis. The reliability of measures was evaluated with Cronbach’s
Alpha (α) and composite reliability values. Values of 0.7 or greater indicate a good reliabil-
ity of measures (Hair et al., 2011). Convergent validity and discriminant validity, which
show distinct nature of the models’ constructs was assessed. In assessing the validity of
the constructs, it is recommended that a construct’s Average Variance Extracted (AVE) be
higher than 0.5, and the AVE’s squared root of each construct exceed its correlation coeffi-
cient with the other constructs in the model (Fornell & Larcker, 1981). Standardized item
loadings exceeding 0.707 strengthen the validity of constructs (Hair et al., 2011). Notably,
measurement items should load highly (> 0.70) on their theoretically assigned construct
and lowly (≤ 0.30) on other constructs (cross loadings) (Gefen & Straub, 2005; Hair et al.,
2010). Tables 2, 3, and 4 indicate that the results obtained for the measurement model
have sufficient psychometric properties and meet required standards.
Information provided in structural models includes the regression coefficient, i.e.,
beta (β), path significance, and the squared-R (R2
) values, which shows the model’s abil-
ity in explaining the variation in the dependent variable. R2
values of 0.20 and higher
indicate substantive influence. The WarpPLS 5.0 results for the model are shown in
Fig. 2. All the ten (10) formulated hypotheses were significantly supported. The results
show that the amount of variance explained by the interaction of the independent
constructs in the model ranged from 52% to 76%. The main information indicates that
the amount of variance in the study’s dependent variable (i.e., continuance usage
intention) explained by perceived usefulness and satisfaction is 57%.
Discussion The goal of this study was to examine factors impacting undergraduate
students’ continuance intention to use weblogs for learning in a MIS course. The result
Table 3 Composite Reliability, Cronbach Alphas, AVEs, and inter-construct correlations
COM CRA AVE PFI PID PUS COF SAT CUI
PFI 0.949 0.928 0.823 0.907 0.764 0.838 0.674 0.797 0.588
PID 0.972 0.956 0.919 0.764 0.959 0.744 0.633 0.708 0.64
PUS 0.964 0.950 0.870 0.838 0.744 0.933 0.705 0.784 0.601
COF 0.869 0.794 0.628 0.674 0.633 0.705 0.793 0.751 0.687
SAT 0.969 0.959 0.860 0.797 0.708 0.784 0.751 0.927 0.722
CUI 0.965 0.952 0.873 0.588 0.64 0.601 0.687 0.722 0.934
Note:
a) COM = composite reliability; CRA = Cronbach’s alpha; AVE = average variance extracted; PFI = perceived fit; PID =
Perceived individual learning support; PUS = perceived usefulness; COF = confirmation; SAT = satisfaction; CUI =
continuance usage intention;
b) Off-diagonal elements are correlations among constructs;
c) The bold fonts in the leading diagonals are the square root of AVEs

shows that a student’s perceived fit with weblogs has a positive effect on his or her
perception of the usefulness of such tools in learning MIS; Thus H1 is supported. This
finding is in line with observations in the extant literature indicating that learners’ com-
patibility, styles, and fit are positively linked to their perceived usefulness of learning
technologies (Akkoyunlu & Soylu, 2008; Lai & Chen, 2011; Lin, & Wang, CH., 2012).
As predicted for H2, perceived fit was shown to have a significant effect on confirm-
ation. That is, students learning MIS with weblogs are able to confirm the benefits of
Table 4 Item loadings and cross-loadings
PIF PID PUS COF SAT CUI
PIF_1 0.929 0.112 −0.288 −0.12 0.13 −0.101
PIF_2 0.879 −0.062 0.402 0.203 −0.144 0.011
PIF_3 0.967 −0.001 −0.236 0.008 −0.086 0.049
PIF_4 0.889 −0.095 0.423 −0.063 0.129 0.045
PID_1 −0.021 0.992 0.089 −0.047 0.068 −0.021
PID_2 −0.049 0.986 −0.018 0.129 0.047 −0.073
PID_3 0.067 0.982 −0.065 −0.08 − 0.109 0.089
PUS_1 −0.148 −0.033 0.951 −0.097 0.245 −0.048
PUS_2 −0.141 −0.029 0.956 −0.186 0.167 0.049
PUS_3 0.218 0.079 0.932 0.249 −0.123 0.017
PUS_4 0.148 0.009 0.92 0.122 −0.342 −0.016
COF_1 0.052 −0.217 0.201 0.911 0.207 −0.19
COF_2 0.131 −0.009 −0.153 0.899 0.375 −0.1
COF_3 −0.231 −0.163 − 0.013 0.82 − 0.227 0.442
COF_4 0.036 0.431 −0.055 0.789 −0.413 −0.128
SAT_1 −0.142 −0.005 0.09 0.095 0.981 0.031
SAT_2 −0.053 0.023 0.047 −0.058 0.995 0.034
SAT_3 0.006 0.032 −0.095 0.056 0.992 −0.059
SAT_4 0.319 0.029 −0.138 0.285 0.887 −0.101
SAT_5 −0.059 −0.06 0.067 −0.26 0.957 0.068
CUI_1 0.005 −0.066 −0.015 − 0.074 0.009 0.995
CUI_2 −0.094 −0.031 − 0.038 −0.063 0.151 0.981
CUI_3 −0.116 0.149 0.12 0.067 −0.04 0.972
CUI_4 0.215 −0.03 −0.054 0.096 −0.147 0.959
Note:
** = significant at p < 0.01
* = significant at p < 0.05
Perceived fit
learning support
R2
= 0.59
Perceived usefulness
R2
= 0.76
Confirmation
R2
= 0.52
Satisfaction
R2
= 0.74
Continuance
usage intention
R2
= 0.57
0.56**
0.50**
0.70**
0.19*
0.26**
0.21*
0.50**
0.45**
0.22**
0.58**
Fig. 2 Results of PLS analysis for the proposed research model

using weblogs to learn the course material when their fit with such technologies is
correspondingly high. This result supports previous studies which demonstrated that a
significant positive relationship exists between perceived fit and confirmation of the
expected consequences of technology use in learning environments (e.g., McGill &
Klobas, 2009; Lin, & Wang, CH., 2012; Terzis et al., 2013). With regard to students
using weblogs to learn MIS, their perceived individual learning support was found to
have a significant effect on perceptions of the usefulness of the technology (H3). This
result is analogous to those reported by others investigating similar phenomena (e.g.,
Sørebø et al., 2009; Cho et al., 2009; Liu et al., 2010; Cheng et al., 2011; Lowe et al., 2013).
H4, which predicted that the factor of perceived individual learning support would have
a positive effect on confirmation of expectations of using weblogs to learn MIS, was
supported by the data. Previous research has suggested that individual learning support
(e.g., perceptions of user-interface design, system support, functionality, and learning
motivation) can be the key antecedents of confirmation of expected benefits of using such
tools (e.g., Chiu et al., 2005; Tao et al., 2009; Liu et al., 2010; Cheng et al., 2011).
With respect to students using weblogs to learn MIS, perceived fit was found to have
a positive effect on their perceived individual learning support (H5). This finding is
consistent with espoused views by other researchers who investigated comparable rela-
tionships (e.g., Akkoyunlu & Soylu, 2008; McGill & Hobbs, 2008; Lin, & Wang, CH.,
2012; Terzis et al., 2013). Confirmation of the expected benefits of using weblogs to
learn MIS is an important predictor of perceived usefulness of such tools by students
(H6). Studies by Tang et al. (2014) and Chen et al. (2015), who examined the effect of
confirmation on perceived usefulness in the context of weblog learning, offered a view
comparable to the one being presented herein.
The data confirms H7 to show that perceived usefulness has a positive effect on
satisfaction with weblogs usage. That is, students using weblogs to learn in a MIS
course were more satisfied when their perceptions of the usefulness of such tools
were equally high. In other words, perceived usefulness of weblogs is a strong pre-
dictor of satisfaction with usage of such tools for learning courses such as MIS.
Several prior studies of ICT-enabled learning environments and weblog usage by
students have provided strong evidence to support the foregoing claim (Limayem
& Cheung, 2008; Sørebø et al., 2009; Lee, 2010; Liao et al., 2015; Tang et al., 2014;
Chen et al., 2015). H8 was confirmed to show that students using weblogs to learn
MIS were satisfied when their expectations of the benefits of using such tools were
confirmed. This result is in agreement with the findings reported in other studies
(Sørebø et al., 2009; Stone & Baker-Eveleth, 2013; Liao et al., 2015; Tang et al.,
2014; Chen et al., 2015).
The result for H9 clearly indicates that students who are satisfied with the use of
weblogs for learning in the MIS class are more likely to continue using the technology
for such purposes in the future. As per H10, the data shows that when students’ per-
ceptions of the usefulness of weblogs are high, their continued intent to use such tech-
nologies will correspondingly be high. These findings are consistent with the
observations in previous comparable studies confirming the positive effects of perceived
usefulness and satisfaction on students’ continued intention to use ICT-enabled learn-
ing technologies (Limayem & Cheung, 2008; Stone & Baker-Eveleth, 2013; Liao et al.,
2015; Tang et al., 2014; Chen et al., 2015).

Theoretical implications
This study has contributed to research on continuance usage intention of weblogs in
higher educational contexts. Perspectives of students’ intention to continue using blog-
ging to learn MIS enriches and diversifies knowledge in the area. This study demon-
strates that ECM is a valuable framework for explaining students’ continued intention
to use weblogs for learning purposes. This study offers further support for the suitabil-
ity of ECM in predicting continued usage intention of ICT products. In this study,
ECM was infused with two relevant antecedents, i.e., perceived fit and perceived indi-
vidual learning support, which were shown to be pertinent antecedents to continued
intention to use weblogs, at least, in the context of students’ use of such tools to learn
in a MIS course.
This study lends credence to previous work that showed that factors such as
perceived fit, perceived individual learning support, perceived usefulness, confirmation,
and satisfaction have positive effects on students’ continuance usage intention in ICT-
supported learning environments. This current endeavor opens up an opportunity for
theory development in the area of continuance usage intention of technologies in
higher educational contexts. Other researchers can expand this study’s research model
by incorporating other intrinsic motivational and affective factors (e.g., perceived self-
efficacy, perceived playfulness, affect, and anxiety) to deepen understanding.
It is worth pointing out that this study found students’ satisfaction with weblog use to
be the strongest predictor of continuance usage intention followed by perceived useful-
ness. Other weblog studies revealed a similar result (e.g., Chen et al., 2015; Tang et al.,
2014); however, studies of other ICT-enabled learning technologies found perceived
usefulness to be strongest predictor of students’ intention to continue using this technol-
ogy (e.g., Limayem & Cheung, 2008). Furthermore, some other studies revealed that stu-
dent satisfaction was unrelated to their intention to continue using e-learning technology.
Information similar to that noted herein can be beneficial for future inquires in the area.
Practical implications
Regarding encouraging students’ continuance intention to use weblogs for learning
MIS, the results of this study provide useful directions for instructors and other practi-
tioners. One key practical implication from this research is that students’ satisfaction
with weblogs use for learning MIS is the most important proximal antecedent of future
usage intentions. Thus, MIS instructors should find ways to ensure that students are
generally pleased with using weblogs to learn the course content. For instance, incen-
tives similar to those offered to student participants taking the MIS course used in this
study could be considered. Namely, blogging tasks as part of course work could be
made quasi-mandatory and instructors should endeavor to grade or mark such assign-
ments (Luik & Taimalu, 2016).
In an attempt to ensure students continue using weblogs to learn MIS or related
courses, instructors could promote the tangible usefulness or benefits of weblog usage
for learning. Practical information on how such tools help students enhance learning
effectiveness should be communicated (Lowe et al., 2013). For instance, several com-
ments received from students in the study showed that through the MIS blogging task,
they were able to gain deeper understanding of the various MIS concepts through both

the self-reflection on their own postings and interaction with peer postings. Admittedly,
the instructor’s knowledge of certain topics was enhanced by students’ postings on
emerging concepts and advances in MIS not currently captured or reflected in the
course textbook. Furthermore, the instructor observed an improvement in students’
performance in the course. Namely, the class average score in the preceding four MIS
classes was 69.7%; the mean score for the four classes in which weblogs were used was
72.3%. Even though, the increase may appear marginal, it still shows an upward trend
in student performance in the course. It is important to stress that the conditions (e.g.,
similar class size, same textbook, same instructor, similar student attributes) were
constant in both cohorts. Sharing information about the potential benefits of blogging
for learning will enhance their perceptions of the usefulness of such tools for learning,
which in turn leads to continued use of such technologies.
Confirmation of expected benefits of using weblogs to learn MIS or related courses
lead to higher satisfaction levels with such technologies. To that end, an instructor may
provide initial training opportunities or orientation classes on what to expect with
regard to using weblogs for learning purposes; such exposure ultimately facilitates
intentions to continue using these technologies. Given that weblog use leverages a
learner’s autonomy in the learning space, instructors using such technologies while
teaching ever-evolving subjects such as MIS must not adopt a rigid mindset on what
they deem ‘known facts’. As indicated, students using weblogs in this study uncovered
and posted new information not yet included their course text.
Perceived fit and perceived individual learning support are important antecedents to
the core constructs of ECM. To that end, it is recommended that instructors of MIS
and similar courses could provide basic training to students on how to align beliefs,
learning needs, and approaches with weblogs used in learning spaces. Lai et al. (2012)
noted that it is only when students feel that the use of a particular technology is
compatible with their learning styles, expectations, and beliefs, will they be inclined to
initially adopt the technology for learning and continue using such. Administrators in
the higher education sector who wish to introduce weblogs in their institutions could
create supportive environments by encouraging efforts which seek to align such tools
with students’ and teachers’ styles and needs. Blog service providers should continue to
develop tools that can leverage the learning styles and needs of users such as students.
Such an alignment, if achievable, can foster positive attitudes toward weblogs, which is
promising for sustained use of such tools by students.
Limitations and future research directions
There are limitations in this study. The study’s sample size is small; however, as noted,
PLS places minimal requirements on sample sizes. This study used a convenience
sample, which was constrained by extraneous factors in the research location. As a con-
sequence, selection bias might exist for the study. A random sampling method removes
selection bias. Similarly, non-response bias cannot be ruled out as the views of students
who did not use weblogs to learn in the MIS classes were not sampled. As the research
participants were undergraduate students, the findings reported in the study cannot be
applied to all contexts, including post graduate students and working professionals.
Data was collected from one location; thus, the generalizability of the results to all

locations and settings is not advised. A cross-sectional survey was used to collect data.
Empirical data from a longitudinal survey offers a more robust capability for predicting
behavior over time. The sampled students’ views of blogging were presented from the
viewpoint of a single course: MIS. It is not certain if the same results would be uncov-
ered for other academic courses.
Future research on the topic can expand this current effort by considering the following
areas. First, the noted limitations in the research project should be addressed. Second,
follow-up studies could compare students’ continued usage intention of weblogs use for
learning MIS and related courses. Third, improving the generalizability of the results,
other settings (e.g., larger universities and other countries) could be considered. Fourth,
the research model used for the study did not include all possible factors that could serve
as potential antecedents to continued usage intention. Future research should incorporate
the effects of factors such as computer habits, perceived competence, perceived enjoy-
ment, techno-phobia, and so on to increase knowledge in the area.
Conclusion
Based on ECM, which was fused with the intrinsic motivational factors related to
perceived fit and perceived individual learning support, this study investigated under-
graduate students’ continuance usage intention of weblogs in a MIS course. The results
confirmed that perceived fit, perceived individual learning support, perceived useful-
ness, confirmation, and satisfaction are key predictors of students’ intention to continue
using weblogs for learning in a MIS class. Notably, perceived fit and perceived individ-
ual learning support are important antecedents to continued usage of weblogs for the
sampled students. Research on students’ adoption and continued use of blogging tools
for learning in higher education contexts, is enriched by this effort.
Acknowledgements
The study was conducted solely by the author of the paper.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The Research Ethics Board of Cape Breton University, Canada approved the study.
Competing interests
The study was supported by an internal funding grant received from Cape Breton University, Canada.
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Received: 27 July 2017 Accepted: 10 January 2018
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