Running head ASSIGNMENT 3-ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY .docx
- 1. Running head: ASSIGNMENT 3-ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 1 ASSIGNMENT 3-ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 9 Assignment 3-Annotated Bibliography Stephanie Rincon Professor Terri Klosek FP6525 | Psychology of the Victim December 26,2018 Assignment 3-Annotated Bibliography Introduction The problem looked into by the paper includes domestic violence victimization. Domestic violence victimization is a serious offense that has for a long time disturbed families, individuals, and the social sectors (Van der Kolk, 2017). Since it touches on family, the most affected individuals comprise of women and children who undergo physical and mental abuse. Most of the known perpetrators of the crime include men who assault their partners. Domestic violence victimization focuses on individuals who are embroiled in a conflict involving a romantic relationship (Anderberg, Rainer, Wadsworth, & Wilson, 2015). Despite having the above factor as a general definition of domestic violence, one has to know that there are several features of domestic violence which are still being
- 2. discovered while others remain unknown. The discussion looks into women and children as victims who are affected by the crime. It also looks at possible countermeasures to use in dealing with the problem. Presenting Domestic Violence Victimization and Population (Women and Children) The presentation occurs through the discussion of the following literature work: Van der Kolk, B. (2017). Developmental Trauma Disorder: Toward a rational diagnosis for children with complex trauma histories. Psychiatric annals, 35(5), 401-408. More than 85% of domestic violence victims are women (Van der Kolk, 2017). Those affected falls between the ages of 24 and 25 years. The population of victims includes intimate partners, people sharing a residence, and married couples. Domestic violence victimization affects individuals from diverse ethnicities, socioeconomic backgrounds, ethnicities, and sexual orientation. The connection for domestic violence victimization revolves around the magnitude of trauma it creates on the victims. Victims undergo psychological disturbance since they suffer from the shock that affects them for many years unless they receive the needed attention. Domestic violence victimization occurs on a physical level. It comprises of different abuses that may lead to injury, harm, and damage upon women. Sometimes women fall victims of aggravated physical abuses via deadly weapons used on them to injure them. García-Moreno, C., Hegarty, K., d'Oliveira, A., Koziol-McLain, J., Colombini, M., & Feder, G. (2015). The health-systems response to violence against women. The Lancet, 385(9977),, 1567-1579.
- 3. It is important to note that domestic violence occurs on emotional and psychological levels. Threats cause adverse effects, and many countries define and state them as being unlawful. The main focus of the issue surrounding domestic violence victimization is on the behavior of the recipient. Threats have an extortive nature which results into either rape, murder, or verbal/psychological abuse. Domestic violence victimization involves adverse speech and expressions which demean, damage and insult an individual (García-Moreno, et al., 2015). In the United States, one per every three women has lifetime violence victimization by their intimate partners. The mental health sector uses AAS and HITS as short screening instruments for the identification of intimate partner violence victimization. The instruments provide a possibility of dealing with domestic violence victimization in any given surrounding. It provides the possibility of counseling in the reduction victimization among intimate partners. Edwards, K., Sylaska, K., & Neal, A. (2015). Intimate partner violence among sexual minority populations: A critical review of the literature and agenda for future research. Psychology of Violence, 5(2), 112. Domestic violence victimization also affects same-sex marriages. Despite undergoing pressure from their surroundings, lesbians and a gay couple also experience battering from their partners. The feminist theories look at the trauma behind the issue. Despite the theory being significant in explaining domestic violence victimization, it becomes difficult to provide conclusive evidence on the rate of trauma caused by the situation. Gay/bisexual males are also known to experience domestic violence (Edwards, Sylaska, & Neal, 2015). However, limited studies have been made to the group, which means that it becomes hard to formulate countermeasures to deal with the issue affecting them. The theory fails to explain the difference between battered women and battered men due to their
- 4. differences in responding to violence. Women tend to be sensitive and may require more counseling compared to men in dealing with trauma. Reina, A., Lohman, B., & Maldonado, M. (2014). “He said they’d deport me” factors influencing domestic violence help- seeking practices among Latina immigrants. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 29(4), 593-615. Congress has always worked to ensure that it protects people against effects of domestic violence victimizations. The country propagates discrimination against individuals who are evicted from subsidized and public housing due to their victimization. It is a common occurrence in different parts of the country. Some citizens have undergone punishment by zero tolerance for crime policies despite them being victims of domestic violence victimization (Reina, Lohman, & Maldonado, 2014). They are punished for the mistakes and damages of their abusers. Women receive double victimization through the punishment they receive from the law enforcement department. The situation has seen unfair treatment of victims of domestic violence. Despite the above, the government is trying its best to ensure that it is on the forefront in fighting the vice from the society. Modi, M., Palmer, S., & Armstrong, A. (2014). The role of Violence Against Women Act in addressing intimate partner violence: a public health issue. Journal of Women's Health, 23(3), 253-259. Domestic violence does not exist as a single event. It becomes severe with time. Most batterers lack violent traits in their relationships with friends and loved ones. They live in denial with their acts and the severity of domestic violence. Such individuals when confronted due to their abusive behavior, they may defend themselves by claiming that they are traumatized by their partners (Modi, Palmer, & Armstrong, 2014). The situation
- 5. influences them to revenge by traumatizing them. Some of the batterers lack the capacity in controlling their actions and may require the ability to control their anger and actions. They may end up stressed and dissatisfied with their partners, and the situation leads to continuous abuse. Khalifeh, H., Moran, P., Borschmann, R., Dean, K., Hart, C., Hogg, J., & Howard, L. (2015). Domestic and sexual violence against patients with severe mental illness. Psychological medicine, 45(4), 875-886. There are several factors that lead to the development of abuse at any point in life. Some perpetrators of domestic violence victimization have a psychology of wanting to control their victims. They may come from an abusive family background. Some possess a feeling of inadequacy and suffer from stress. Some people choose to do so due to what they see being done in their social environments (Khalifeh, et al., 2015). Drugs such as alcohol and heroin do not cause domestic violence. Mental instability may server as significant factor that leads to domestic violence victimization. Their acts lead to the endangerment of their victims and dismissal from work due to poor performance. Walby, S., Towers, J., & Francis, B. (2015). Is violent crime increasing or decreasing? A new methodology to measure repeat attacks making visible the significance of gender and domestic relations. British Journal of Criminology, 56(6), 1203-1234. Despite many connections to substance abuse and anxiety, abusive behavior has its origin from social contexts and many other factors (Walby, Towers, & Francis, 2015). Domestic violence consists of injuries that have an adverse impact on health. It may lead to lifelong disabilities. Damages caused by domestic violence victimization may cause individuals to have poor relationships with those they love. It cause continuous
- 6. conflicts and may sometime break marriages and intimate relationships. It is important to note that as much as counselors may assist in dealing with trauma caused by domestic violence victimization, the situation becomes difficult because of individuals failing to appreciate the needed outcomes. Ellsberg, M., Arango, D., Morton, M., Gennari, F., Kiplesund, S., Contreras, M., & Watts, C. (2015). Prevention of violence against women and girls: what does the evidence say? The Lancet, 385(9977), 1555-1566. There are possible strategies to deal with the issue of domestic violence in society. It is important to note the immense work undertaken by counselors and psychologists in dealing with traumatized victims of domestic violence victimization. Victims need support from the society around them (Ellsberg, et al., 2015). They need advice and therapy regarding how to handle their partners who are continuous perpetrators of the vice. The situation means that they can deal with rehabilitation and at the same time focus on changing their lives positively. Conclusion In conclusion, the modern society should always be in preparation to deal with the issue of domestic violence victimization. It is the role of every stakeholders to ensure that there is reduction in the number of victimized individuals. References Anderberg, D., Rainer, H., Wadsworth, J., & Wilson, T. (2015). Unemployment and domestic violence: Theory and evidence. The Economic Journal, 126(597), 1947-1979. Cattaneo, L., & Goodman, L. (2015). What is empowerment anyway? A model for domestic violence practice, research, and
- 7. evaluation. Psychology of Violence, 5(1), 84. Edwards, K., Sylaska, K., & Neal, A. (2015). Intimate partner violence among sexual minority populations: A critical review of the literature and agenda for future research. Psychology of Violence, 5(2), 112. Ellsberg, M., Arango, D., Morton, M., Gennari, F., Kiplesund, S., Contreras, M., & Watts, C. (2015). Prevention of violence against women and girls: what does the evidence say? The Lancet, 385(9977), 1555-1566. García-Moreno, C., Hegarty, K., d'Oliveira, A., Koziol-McLain, J., Colombini, M., & Feder, G. (2015). The health-systems response to violence against women. The Lancet, 385(9977),, 1567-1579. Khalifeh, H., Moran, P., Borschmann, R., Dean, K., Hart, C., Hogg, J., & Howard, L. (2015). Domestic and sexual violence against patients with severe mental illness. Psychological medicine, 45(4), 875-886. Modi, M., Palmer, S., & Armstrong, A. (2014). The role of Violence Against Women Act in addressing intimate partner violence: a public health issue. Journal of Women's Health, 23(3), 253-259. Reina, A., Lohman, B., & Maldonado, M. (2014). “He said they’d deport me” factors influencing domestic violence help- seeking practices among Latina immigrants. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 29(4), 593-615. Van der Kolk, B. (2017). Developmental Trauma Disorder: Toward a rational diagnosis for children with complex trauma histories. Psychiatric annals, 35(5), 401-408.
- 8. Walby, S., Towers, J., & Francis, B. (2015). Is violent crime increasing or decreasing? A new methodology to measure repeat attacks making visible the significance of gender and domestic relations. British Journal of Criminology, 56(6), 1203-1234. Running head: ELECTED AND APPOINTED LEADERSHIP 1 ELECTED AND APPOINTED LEADERSHIP 5 Elected and Appointed Enforcement Officers Kimberly Lewis LEA 439 Politics & Law Enforcement Instructor: Luther Lamar 01/07/2019 Elected and Appointed Law Enforcement Officers Numbers of states have both elected and appointed leaders. Those who are elected by the citizens and placed in the office are known as elected leaders, whereas those who are given jobs by the elected leaders are termed as appointed leaders (Meany‐Walen et al., 2013). This report will discuss the following issues; the difference between appointed and elected leaders, how the type of government is different when it comes to influence, and issues that have to be tackled by the leadership for the period of the labor-management negotiation process. An employee of the government is any person who serves as a public official. Even though there is no specific definition of the word public officer or public official, although it is said that any person who exercises an important influence to the laws of the public is a public officer. This comprises of officers who
- 9. enforce or administer the laws of the public, whether the person is appointed or elected by the public. The techniques used to elect officers of the public can significantly have effects on the policy objectives they trail, their environment and the kind of demands they face. In most cases, officials who are elected are more likely than officials who are appointed to trail policies that are related to the supposed penchant of the electorate. Officials who are elected are more in errand of strategies that are considered to support numbers than officials who are appointed; their metropolis are connected with higher voter numbers, and that their metropolis have lesser voter wash out rates (Ackers, & Wilkinson, 2003). When an official membership varies from the membership of the electorate there are lower numbers, but this outcome attained for appointed officials only. The outcome supports the idea that officials that are elected are more likely to convey altitudes and create outcomes that replicate their direct experience to the strategy penchant of voters, dissimilarity to the more snubbed position of officials who are appointed. Labor management affairs have, all through history been illustrated by power politics. Usually, the objective of management has always been getting profit after service and manufacturing of goods, but the objective of labor has always been to advance working conditions, benefits, wages and hours. So as to make debates fruitful, there are some targets the two sides look at. Although matters like pension benefits, budget cuts, health care, recruitment as well as civilization and privatization affect every person in the departments since others seem significant at the times of meetings. Leaders who are elected take labor affairs in terms of rights. Meaning, the management has the mandate to manage and workers have the right to quit if they are not satisfied with the
- 10. administration. The administration has the supreme mandate to manage and any diminution in this mandate not only detracts from the administrator's capacity to administer, but also decreases the capability of the department to guard property and life. The principle of the Americans that brushed away the remnants of the government by an influential group also freed pay employees of possessions credentials for appointment, and of court controls on their freedom of association. The alike self- governing actions that shaped the methods and ideas of coming up with a state as the government by the public and the government for the public also lead to the growth of trade unionism as means where staff independence and involvement in the management of places of work may be attained. Amalgamation in monetary pressure and with deteriorating relationship spins have often widely extended their actions politically, increasing the amount of money to be used during campaigns and arranging their associates more efficiently for political activities. Reorganizations in the presidential and congress process of nomination have formed new paths for the detection of political authority that a number of amalgamation have enthusiastically trailed. In fact, there is no standardized labor policy in the United States, but rather a hodgepodge of policies, inclusive but reliable. For instance, there is the consistency of handling among the federal level and even in the states, airline and railway employers and workers who are under the Railway Labor Act have duties and rights dissimilar from that of employers and workers who are under the National Labor Relations act (Ackers, & Wilkinson, 2003).
- 11. Hodgepodges of policies have developed not only bearing in mind enactment of labor laws in the comeback of public views pressure as well as authority applied by different demands crowd. In different stages of labor history of the American, dissimilar features of labor policy have turned into the subject of public worry and hence it has achieved congress concern (National Labor Relations Board, 2008). For instance, in the thirties supporting communal bargaining through defending labor rights to arrange was very significant. This is for the reason that the public appeared to the intensification of the situations of planned labor will lead to increase in employment, wages and income, and background for revival from misery. Labor unions and workforce trends matters are also forcing for a reconsideration of traditional police administration practice. The current law enforcement civilian and officer’s workers are well-informed and sophisticated than the past. Definitely, the standard of training and education have gone higher, generational dissimilarity is forming new confronts, and unions of police are affirming themselves in fresh ways. References Ackers, P. & Wilkinson. (2003) Understanding Work and Employment:Industrial relations in transition. Oxford University Press. National Labor Relations Board, official website, available at http://www.nlrb.gov, date accessed August 25, 2008 Meany‐Walen, K. K., Carnes‐Holt, K., Minton, B., Casey, A., Purswell, K., & Pronchenko‐Jain, Y. (2013). An exploration of counselors' professional leadership development. Journal of Counseling & Development, 91(2), 206-215.