Ruthenium
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Ruthenium is a rare, hard, silvery-white metal that is unaffected by air, water and acids but reacts with molten alkalis and halogens. It has many industrial uses including in turbine blades, as an electrical catalyst, and for data storage. Ruthenium is obtained commercially as a byproduct of nickel and copper mining, and can also be extracted from spent nuclear fuel. It has several oxidation states with the most common being II, III, and IV.
![Name
Symbol
Etymology
Atomic Number
Standard Atomic Weight
Metallic Category
Group
Period
Block
Electron Configuration
Ruthenium
Ru
From “Ruthenia”
meaning Russia
44
101.07
Transition Metal
8
5
d
[Kr] 4d7 5s1](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ruthenium-140124013803-phpapp01/85/Ruthenium-2-320.jpg)
Ruthenium
- 2. Name Symbol Etymology Atomic Number Standard Atomic Weight Metallic Category Group Period Block Electron Configuration Ruthenium Ru From “Ruthenia” meaning Russia 44 101.07 Transition Metal 8 5 d [Kr] 4d7 5s1
- 3. Ruthenium is a very rare, hard, lustrous, brittle, silvery-white metal that does not tarnish at room temperature. It can exist in many oxidation states, its most common being the oxidation states II, III and IV. The metal is unaffected by air, water and acids. It reacts with molten alkali and halogens and can oxidize explosively. No. of Protons (p+) No. of Electrons (e-) No. of Neutrons (n0) 44 44 57
- 4. The initial discovery of ruthenium was thought to have occurred in 1828, by Swedish chemist Jons Jacob Berzelius and Russian chemist Gottfried W. Osann. Later, in 1844, in Kazan, Russia, Karl K. Klaus repeated Osann’s work to clarify the results. He was recognized as the discoverer of Ruthenium.
- 5. Color Density Silvery White Metallic 12.45 g/cm3 2607 K, 4233 °F 2334 °C 7502 °F 4150 °C, 4423 K 38.59 kJ·mol−1 Melting Point Boiling Point Heat of Fusion Heat of Vaporization 591.6 kJ·mol−1 Molar Heat Capacity 24.06 J·mol−1·K−1 Vapor Pressure P (Pa) 1 at T (K) 2588 10 2811 100 3087 1k 3424 10 k 3845 100 k 4388
- 6. Electronegativity 2.2 (Pauling scale) 1st: 710.2 kJ·mol−1 Ionization Energies 2nd: 1620 kJ·mol−1 3rd: 2747 kJ·mol−1 Atomic Radius 134 pm Covalent Radius 146±7 pm
- 7. Magnetic Type Paramagnetic Mass Magnetic Susceptibility 5.42×10-9 Molar Magnetic Susceptibility 5.48×10-10 Volume Magnetic Susceptibility 0.000067
- 8. Half-Life Lifetime Stable Stable Quantum Numbers Neutron Cross Section Neutron Mass Absorption 5F Known Isotopes Stable Isotopes Some Isotopic Abundances 5 2.6 0.0009 87Ru, 88Ru, 89Ru, …, 118Ru, 119Ru, 120Ru 100Ru, 101Ru, 102Ru, 104Ru, 96Ru, 98Ru, 99Ru 100Ru 12.6%, 101Ru 17.06% 102Ru 31.55%, 104Ru 18.62%
- 9. Abundance earth’s crust: 1 part per billion by weight, 0.2 parts per billion by moles Abundance solar system: 5 parts per billion by weight, 0.06 parts per billion by moles Ruthenium is found free in nature often with the other platinum group metals. Commercially, it is obtained from pentlandite (a sulfide of iron and nickel) which contains small quantities of ruthenium. Ruthenium can also be extracted from spent nuclear fuel.
- 10. Mining 12 tonnes of Ruthenium is mined each year Obtained commercially as a by-product from nickel and copper mining From Used Nuclear Fuels Fission products of uranium-235 contain significant amounts of ruthenium and the lighter platinum group metals and therefore used nuclear fuel might be a possible source of ruthenium.
- 11. Turbine Blades Electrical Catalyst Hardener for Palladium and Platinum Used in some Parker pen nibs Used for light absorption in dye-sensitized solar cells Data Storage (Chemical vapor deposition of ruthenium is used as a method to produce thin films of pure ruthenium on substrates.)
- 12. Ruthenium is a suspected carcinogen and its compounds strongly stain the skin. Ruthenium tetroxide (RuO4) is highly toxic.