![Age X 1
Experience X 2
Demographic
1
Work Injury X 3
Work Injury
2
Impulsivity X 4
Negative affectivity X 5
Depression X 6
Risk Taking X 7
Negative Personality
3
Job Stress X 11
Co-Worker Support X 12
Supervisory Support X 13
Management Worker Interaction X
14
Safety Training X8
Safety Practice X 9
Safety equipment Availability
and Maintenance X 10
Safety Environment
4
Job Stress
5
Job Dissatisfaction X 15
Physical Hazards X 16
Production Pressure X17
Safe Work Behavior X 18
Social Support
6
Job Dissatisfaction
7
Work Hazards
8
Safe Work Behavior 9
0.99*
0.82*
1.00
0.70*
0.72*
0.40*
0.78*
0.61*
0.85*
0.70*
1.00
0.48*
0.88*
0.90*
1.00
0.71*
0.65*
1.00
[* indicates 0.01 probability level of significance]
Path Diagram of Measurement Model](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/0safetyclassnotelatest-240506111441-ad29394e/85/Safety-and-systems-engineering-in-bachelor-of-technology-91-320.jpg)
![Job Dissatisfaction 4
Work Injury
6
Safety Environment 1
Safe Work Behavior
5
Negative Personality
3
Job Stress 2
Work Hazards 1
Social Support
2
Demographic 3
-0.24*
0.69*
-0.39*
-0.65*
-0.06
0.05
-0.02
-0.03
0.38*
-0.25*
-0.37*
0.37*
-0.40*
0.08
-0.01
0.26*
0.29*
-0.14*
0.08*
0.76*
0.87*
0.40*
0.22*
0.37*
[* indicates 0.05 probability level of significance]
Accident Model Path Diagram](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/0safetyclassnotelatest-240506111441-ad29394e/85/Safety-and-systems-engineering-in-bachelor-of-technology-93-320.jpg)
Safety and systems engineering in bachelor of technology
- 2. Mining is a hazardous profession associated with high level of accidents and injuries According to the Directorate General of Mine Safety report of accident statistics, there were 117 & 101 fatalities and 509 & 52 serious injuries in the year of 2010 in coal & metalliferous mines On an average, there are 83 & 49 fatal and 729 & 94 serious accidents in coal & Metalliferous mines, respectively over last Ten Years (2002-2011). The average death rate per 1000 persons employed per year is around 0.26 & 0.42 and that of serious injury rate is around 1.95 & 0.74 in coal & Metalliferous mines, respectively. Several causes starting from personal to sociotechnical factors are responsible for such high injury experience rates in mines
- 3. Year-Wise Fatality and Serious Injury Rates per 1000 Persons Employed in Indian Coal Mines
- 4. year coal oil coppe r Gold Iron Ore Lime Ston e Mang . ore Galen a & Sphl Total Metal All Minera ls 2002 0.23 0.09 0.30 0.00 0.30 0.52 0.29 0.22 0.45 0.28 2003 0.27 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.39 0.33 0.08 0.00 0.45 0.31 2004 0.24 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.34 0.52 0.21 0.79 0.43 0.28 2005 0.29 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.43 0.27 0.00 0.31 0.36 0.30 2006 0.36 0.29 0.00 0.32 0.51 0.59 0.15 0.31 0.47 0.38 2007 0.21 0.16 0.00 0.33 0.34 0.47 0.07 0.30 0.40 0.26 2008 0.25 0.25 0.38 0.00 0.25 0.32 0.30 1.22 0.43 0.30 2009 0.26 0.17 0.38 0.33 0.18 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.31 0.27 2010 0.32 0.17 0.00 0.00 0.27 0.25 0.15 0.31 0.65 0.40 2011 0.19 0.42 0.38 0.00 0.07 0.21 0.22 1.22 0.26 0.22 Trend in Death rate per thousand persons employed in Indian Mines for the Period 2002-2011
- 6. Safety terms and definitions
- 9. Unsafe Condition This is any condition, under the right set of condition, may create accident. Unsafe Behavior Unsafe This is the manner in which an individual conducts himself/herself that is unsafe to himself/herself or others.
- 10. Hazards This is the source of energy and physiological and behavioral factors which, when uncontrolled effectively, results in harmful occurrences. Safe This is protected against any possible hazards.
- 12. Conveyors Hazards in Underground Coal Mine Geological disturbance Inadequate ventilation Explosives and fires Occupational hazards Inrushes of water Transport systems Deficiency of management commitment Personal and social hazards Strata and roof control Dyke Fold Fault Temperatur e Irrespirable atmosphere Respirable dust Humid atmosphere Explosive atmosphe re Flammable dust Explosives Spontaneous combustion Haulage or locomotive Shafts Free-steered vehicles Lifting Machines Noise Contact with electricity Slip and fall A Inadequate training Inadequate supply and maintenance of equipment Inadequate supervision of work place before and during work Absenteeism of supervisor(s) at night shift work
- 13. A Personal attitude Demographic Societal characteristics Age Experience Occupation Sex Management worker interaction Supervisor worker interaction Co-workers relationships Risk taking Negative affectivity Depression Impulsiveness Unsafe work behavior Job dissatisfaction Job stress
- 16. Fatal: Which results in death of one or more person Serious: Which results in serious bodily injury to one or more person. Serious bodily injury is defined as an injury which involve the permanent loss of any part of the body or permanent loss of or injury to the sight or hearing or any permanent in capacity or fractures of any bone or joints. Reportable: Which results in reportable injury to one or more person. Reportable injury is defined as any injury other than a serious bodily injury which involves the enforced absence of the injured person from work for a period of 72 hours or more.
- 17. Minor: Which results in minor injury to one or more person. Minor injury is defined as any injury other than a serious bodily injury which involves the enforced absence of the injured person from work for a period exceeding 24 hours but, less than 72 hours.
- 20. Sl. No Dates of Accident Name of Mines Fatalities Cause 1 12/07/1952 Dhemomain 12 Roof fall 2 05/08/1953 Majri 11 Inundation 3 14/03/1954 Damra 10 Explosion of fire damp. 4 10/12/1954 Newton Chikli 63 Inundation 5 05/02/1955 Amlabad 52 Explosion of fire damp. 6 26/09/1956 Burra Dhemo 28 Inundation 7 19/02/1958 Chinakuri 175 Explosion of fire damp. 8 20/02/1958 Central Bhowra 23 Inundation 9 05/01/1960 Damua 16 Inundation 10 28/05/1965 Dhori 268 Coal dust explosion 11 11/04/1968 West Chirmiri 14 Premature collapse of workings 12 18/03/1973 Jitpur 48 Explosion of fire damp. 13 08/08/1975 Kessurgarh 11 Roof fall 14 18/11/1975 Silewara 10 Inundation 15 27/12/1975 Chasnala 375 Inundation Major Accidents in the Indian Coal Mines (Post Independence period)
- 21. 16 16/09/1976 Central Saunda 10 Inundation 17 04/10/1976 Sudamdih 43 Explosion of fire damp. 18 22/01/1979 Baragolai 16 Ignition of fire damp 19 24/08/1981 Jagannath 10 Water gas explosion 20 16/07/1982 Topa 16 Roof fall 21 14/09/1983 Hurriladih 19 Inundation 22 13/11/1989 Mahabir 6 Inundation 23 25/01/1994 New Kenda 55 Fire/suffocation by gases 24 26/09/1995 Gaslitand 64 Inundation 25 06/07/1999 Prascole 6 Fall of roof/collapse of workings 26 24/06/2000 Kawadi 10 Failure of OC bench 27 02/02/2001 Bagdigi 29 Inundation 28 05/03/2001 Durgapur Rayatwari 6 Collapse of partings/workings 29 16/06/2003 Godavari Khani-7LEP 17 Inundation 30 16/10/2003 GDK-8A 10 Roof fall 31 15/6/2005 Central Saunda 14 Inundation Major Accidents in the Indian Coal Mines (Post Independence period)
- 22. Trends of Fatal and Serious Accidents in Coal Mines in India Year Fatal accidents Serious accidents Accidents Fatalities Accidents Injuries 1995 137 219 757 813 1996 131 146 677 723 1997 143 165 677 725 1998 128 146 523 560 1999 127 138 595 650 2000 117 144 661 707 2001 106 141 667 720 2002 81 97 629 650 2003 83 113 563 578 2004 90 99 599 608 Average per year 114 141 635 673 Note: (i) Lignite is included in coal.
- 32. The usual practice is to calculate the death rates and injury rates on the basis of: i. 1000 persons employed ii. 3-lakh manshift worked iii. Million ton of coal produced
- 33. To calculate the frequency rates per 1000 persons employed, it is necessary to know the actual figures of average daily employment in mines. Frequency rate (FR) for fatal, serious and reportable injuries can be calculated as follows: No of fatal injuries FR/Fatal = ------------------------------------ 1000 Average daily employment No of serious injuries FR/Serious = ------------------------------------- 1000 Average daily employment No of Reportable injuries FR/Reportable = ------------------------------------- 1000 Average daily employment
- 34. Frequency Rate (FR) per 3 lakh manshift worked can be calculated as below: No of injuries FR/ 3 lakh Manshift worked = ------------------------------- 3,00,000 Total Manshift worked No of injuries FR/ Million ton per of coal produced =-------------------------- 106 Total coal produced
- 35. One basis of measurement of safety performance is the frequency of accidents, another is their severity. Severity rate can be calculated as follows: Mandays lost 1000 Severity = ------------------------------------ Average daily employment Mandays lost 300000 Or = ------------------------------------- Total Manshift worked Mandays lost 106 Or = ------------------------------------- Million ton of coal produced
- 36. Severity Index:----- Severity Index (SI) can be calculated based on following formula: (300F + 10S + R) 100,000 SI = --------------------------------------- Man-shift worked F = Number of deaths S = Number of serious injuries R = Number of Reportable injuries The weightage of 300:10:1 for fatal, serious, and reportable injuries was perhaps arrived at by estimating relative manshift lost by each type of accidents. A modified approach has been established by the DGMS and is as follows: (50F + S ) 105 SI = ---------------------------- Man-shift worked
- 37. Accident Proneness:----- Though FR and SI values can be taken to identify accident proneness of mines; however, it is preferable to compute Arithmetic mean (AM) and Geometric mean (GM) of SI usually for five years periods to identify accident prone mines. The DGMS uses the arithmetic mean for identifying the accident proneness. Accident proneness indices are defined as follows: n AM = SI/n i=1 n GM = ( SI )1/n i=1
- 38. Both frequency rate and severity rate indices are useful measures of safety performances of mines. These indices generally are used to identify the accident proneness of mines and based on these indices accident proneness of the same mine may vary. To incorporate both frequency and severity rate, a combined index (CI) has been proposed, where CI is defined as: FR SI CI = -------------------- 1000 where, CI = Combined Index FR = Frequency Rate Index SI = Severity Index
- 39. Average Yearly Fatal/Serious Injuries in Indian Mines Place of employment Average daily employment Average number persons killed per year Average number persons seriously injured per year Below ground 2,58,000 110 493 Opencast workings 75,000 18 71 Above ground 1,35,000 13 109 Total 4,68,000 141 673 Calculate the Frequency Rates, Severity Index as per DGMS, and Combine index of Coal Mine Accidents in India.
- 41. Basis Causes of Accident Occurrence
- 46. Statistical accident/Injury analysis Methods of Statistical accident/Injury Analysis Bivariate analysis Multivariate analysis
- 47. Statistical accident/Injury analysis Statistical accident/Injury analysis Place-wise Cause-wise Occupation-wise Body parts-wise Shift-wise
- 48. Statistical accident/Injury analysis Place-wise analysis based on Belowground Opencast aboveground Shift-wise analysis based on Morning Shift Evening Shift Night Shift
- 49. Statistical accident/Injury analysis Cause-wise analysis based on Fall-of-Object Fall-of-Roof Fall-of-Side Haulage Loading-of-Coal Slip-and-Fall Tools-and-Machines Transportation of Machine Others
- 50. Statistical accident/Injury analysis Body parts-wise analysis based on leg Finger Back Hand Knee Thumb Foot Head Others
- 51. Statistical accident/Injury analysis Occupation-wise analysis based on Fall-of-Object Fall-of-Roof Fall-of-Side Haulage Loading-of-Coal Slip-and-Fall Tools-and-Machines Transportation of Machine Others
- 52. Statistical Accident Analysis – A Case Study By Dr. P. S. Paul (Published in IM&E Journal, 2001)
- 53. Frequency of mandays lost due to accidents/injuries for the case study mine during 1993-’96. Mandays lost (day/days) Frequency Percent 1 2 3-5 5-15 >15 19 93 30 61 32 8.09 39.57 12.77 25.96 13.62 Mandays lost/injury Mininmum: 1 Maximum: 172 Average: 10.51 Total mandays lost: 2533
- 54. Occupation/ job title Frequency Percent Mandays lost Mandays lost per injury Minimum mandays lost Maximum mandays lost Total mandays lost Miner/ Loader 100 41.49 1 172 1230 12.30 Haulage- Worker 28 11.61 1 79 243 8.67 Piece-rated- worker 27 11.20 2 114 298 11.04 Mech./elec.- fitter/helper 18 7.47 1 75 183 10.17 Support- personnel 17 7.05 2 150 180 10.59 Other-face- worker 10 4.15 1 33 99 9.90 Driller/exp. -carrier 5 2.07 1 2 12 2.40 Supervisory- staff 4 1.66 2 3 13 3.25 Other-worker 32 13.28 1 56 275 8.89 Frequency of injuries and mandays lost based on occupation/job title for the case study mine during 1993-‘96
- 55. Cause of injury/ accident type Frequency Percent Mandays lost Mandays lost per injury Minimum mandays lost Maximum mandays lost Total mandays lost Fall-of-object 24 9.96 1 150 386 16.08 Fall-of-roof 20 8.30 2 144 379 18.95 Fall-of-side 10 4.15 2 96 199 19.90 Haulage 26 10.79 1 23 166 6.38 Loading-of-coal 53 21.99 1 114 557 9.94 Slip-and-fall 41 17.01 1 172 406 9.90 Tool-and- machine 33 13.69 1 44 230 6.97 Transport-of- material 12 4.98 1 19 82 6.83 Other 22 9.13 1 25 127 5.77 Frequency of injuries and mandays lost based on cause of injury/accident type for the case study mine during 1993-‘96
- 56. Frequency of injury based on occupation and cause of injury and their cross-tabulation for the case study mine during 1993-’96 Cause of Injury Occupation Group Fall of Fall of Fall of Haulage Loading Slip Tool Transport Other object roof side of coal and and of materials fall machine Miner/loader Haulage- worker Piece-rated-worker Mech./Eeec.- fitter/helper Support –personnel Other-face- worker Driller/exp.- carrier Supervisory-staff Other- worker 8 12 7 4 48 12 3 1 5 (8.00) (12.00) (7.0) (4.00) (48.00) (12.00) (3.00) (1.00) (5.00) 3 1 0 7 0 7 7 3 0 (10.71) (3.58) (0.00) (25.00) (0.00) (25.00) (25.00) (10.71) (0.00) 0 0 0 4 0 3 11 5 4 (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (14.82) (0.00) (11.11) (40.73) (18.52) (14.82) 2 0 0 5 0 4 6 0 1 (11.11) (0.00) (0.00) (27.78) (0.00) (22.22) (33.33) (0.00) (5.56) 6 1 0 3 3 3 0 1 0 (35.29) (5.88) (0.00) (17.65) (17.65) (17.65) (0.00) (5.88) (0.00) 2 3 0 0 0 2 2 0 1 (20.00) (30.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (20.00) (20.00) (0.00) (10.00) 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 (20.00) (0.00) (0.00) (20.00) (0.00) (20.00) (20.00) (0.00) (20.00) 0 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 (0.00) (25.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (75.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) 2 2 3 2 2 6 3 2 10 (6.25) (6.25) (9.38) (6.25) (6.25) (18.76) (9.38) (6.25) (31.25) Figures in the brackets indicate the percentage of injuries
- 57. Body part Frequency Percent Mandays lost Mandays lost per injury Minimum mandays lost Maximum mandays lost Total mandays lost Leg 83 34.44 1 172 1264 15.23 Finger 56 23.24 1 33 265 4.73 Hand 20 8.30 1 73 242 12.10 Back 17 7.05 1 114 282 16.59 Knee 14 5.81 1 13 61 4.36 Thumb 10 4.15 2 18 51 5.1 Foot 8 3.32 1 96 208 26 Head 7 2.91 2 3 15 2.14 All other 26 10.79 1 44 145 5.58 Frequency of injuries and mandays lost based on body parts injured for the case study mine during 1993-‘96
- 58. Frequency of injury based on body parts injured and cause of injury and their cross-tabulation for the case study mine during 1993- ’96 Cause of Injury Body part Fall of Fall of Fall of Haulage Loading Slip Tool Transport Other object roof side of coal and and of material fall machine Leg Finger Hand Back Knee Thumb Foot Head All other 8 8 5 7 27 14 5 3 6 (9.63) (9.63) (6.02) (8.54) (32.93) (17.07) (6.09) (3.66) (7.32) 3 2 1 8 13 1 16 7 5 (5.36) (3.57) (1.79) (14.29) (23.21) (1.79) (28.56) (12.50) (8.93) 0 2 0 6 1 6 3 0 2 (0.00) (10.00) (0.00) (30.00) (5.00) (30.00) (15.00) (0.00) (10.00) 4 2 1 1 3 2 1 0 3 (23.53) (11.77) (5.88) (5.88) (17.64) (11.76) (5.88) (0.00) (17.65) 2 0 1 3 0 4 1 0 3 (14.289) (0.00) (7.14) (21.43) (0.00) (28.57) (7.14) (0.00) (21.43) 3 0 0 1 3 2 1 0 0 (30.00) (0.00) (0.00) (10.00) (30.00) (20.00) (10.00) (0.00) (0.00) 1 3 2 0 0 1 1 0 0 (12.50) (37.50) (25.00) (0.00) (0.00) (12.50) (12.50) (0.00) (0.00) 0 2 0 0 1 2 0 1 1 (0.00) (33.33) (0.00) (0.00) (16.67) (33.33) (0.00) (16.67) (14.29) 3 1 0 0 5 9 5 1 2 (11.54) (3.85) (0.00) (0.00) (19.23) (34.62) (19.23) (3.84) (7.69) Figures in the brackets indicate the percentage of injuries
- 61. Chapter - 5 Investigations into Accident and Accident Report
- 62. Investigations into Accident (Part-I) The primary purpose of accident investigation is to identify the causes and circumstances leading to the accident so that suitable measures may be taken to further accident of similar type.
- 63. a successful accident investigation must answer three questions: 1. What happened? 2. How it happened? 3. Why it happened? and to serve as a basis of prevention, a fourth question: 4. How it can be prevented?
- 64. Procedure: Collection of basic information Inspection of the site of accident Preparation of accident site plan by the surveyor Examination of records, reports, plan etc. Examination of materials, equipments etc. and their testing, if required. Examination of Witness Analysis of evidence: Identification of the unsafe acts and condition
- 65. Date and time of accident Name, age, sex and nature of job of the victim Details of Vocational training undergone by the victim Place of accident Apparent cause of accident Details of the mine working and operations related to the accident System of supervision and name of the supervisors
- 66. Observation of the minutest details at the accident site All materials and objects found at the site should be noted The position of the victim(s) and the eye-witness should be recorded The enquiry officer should himself draw a sketch plan of the accident site showing all the details
- 67. They should prepare an accident plan (R.F. of 100:1) showing all the details of the accident site
- 68. A close examination relating to the accident is essential to ascertain: – The general system of work – Awareness of lurking dangers – Promptness in dealing with defects and dangers – Status of safety prevailing prior to the accident – Availability and effectiveness of supervision
- 69. These should be examined by experts, and if necessary, be tested at a reliable laboratory
- 70. The witness should be examined in a definite sequence The witness should be examined individually and separately All eye-witness should be examined at the site of the accident The inquiry officer should not disturb the emotional and verbose witness but allow them to speak If conflicting statements are made by different witness, the should be re-examined
- 71. The inquiry officer should analyze systematically all the recorded evidence in the light of his own observations at the accident site. He should point out the contraventions of the statutory provisions and should identify the unsafe acts and unsafe conditions that resulted in the accident
- 73. The report should be detailed under the following heads: Introduction Background information Events prior to accident Occurrence of the accident Rescue and recovery Inspection and enquiry Analysis of evidence Causes of the accident Responsibility Recommendations
- 74. As a safety officer, put up a report of enquiry and investigation into a fatal accident due to fall of roof in a depillaring area killing two loaders on spot. From : ---------------- , Safety Officer, ---------------- Colliery. Dated, 1st November, 2010 To The Manager, ----------------- Colliery, Sir, Ref. Your letter No. A/E – 235 dated 17.08.2008 I am submitting herewith a report on roof fall accident that occurred on 13th September, 2010 at about 8 p.m. in the depillaring district in ---------- seam at ------------ colliery and resulted in death of two loaders namely, -------------- and --------------. Encl. Inquiry Report. Yours faithfully, (Signed) ACCIDENT REPORT
- 75. ACCIDENT REPORT
- 76. Chapter - 6 In-depth Study of Accidents due to Multivariate Cause (with case study)
- 77. Work Injuries Demographics •Age •Experience Negative Personality •Impulsivity •Risk Taking •Negative Affectivity •Depression Social Support •Co-Worker Support •Supervisory Support •Management Worker Interaction Safety Environment •Safety Training •Safety practice •Safety Equipment Availability and Maintenance Work Hazards •Physical Hazards •Production Pressure Job Dissatisfaction Job Stress Safe Work Behavior Determinants of work injuries in mines
- 78. Identified factors No. of questions asked to the mine workers No. of questions retained after reliability and validity test Reliability Risk taking Negative affectivity Job Dissatisfaction Impulsivity Depression Job stress Safety training Safety practice Safety equipment availability and maintenance Co- worker’s support Supervisory Support Management worker interaction Production pressure Physical hazards Safe work behavior 11 15 13 12 5 12 8 27 9 7 7 14 4 15 8 9 11 12 8 5 8 6 19 8 5 7 10 4 11 8 0.82 0.83 0.83 0.71 0.65 0.67 0.66 0.80 0.72 0.64 0.71 0.84 0.79 0.65 0.67 Reliability and Validity Test of the Collected Data
- 79. Age 58 55 53 51 49 47 45 43 41 39 37 35 33 31 29 27 25 23 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Group NAG AG Miners’ Age (in Year) Number of AG Respondents in excess of NAG Number of NAG Respondents in excess of AG High-Low Plots between AG and NAG Workers
- 80. Negative Affectivity 31.00 29.00 27.00 25.00 23.00 21.00 19.00 17.00 15.00 13.00 11.00 30 20 10 0 Group NAG AG Respondents’ scores on Negative Affectivity High-Low Plots between AG and NAG Workers (Contd.)
- 81. Job Dissatiafaction 36.00 34.00 32.00 30.00 28.00 26.00 24.00 22.00 20.00 18.00 16.00 14.00 12.00 20 10 0 Group NAG AG Respondents’ scores on Job Dissatisfaction High-Low Plots between AG and NAG Workers (Contd.)
- 82. Physical Hazards 37.00 32.00 30.00 28.00 26.00 24.00 22.00 20.00 18.00 16.00 13.00 11.00 30 20 10 0 Group NAG AG Respondents’ scores on Physical Hazards High-Low Plots between AG and NAG Workers (Contd.)
- 83. Management Worker Interaction 30.00 28.00 26.00 24.00 22.00 20.00 18.00 16.00 14.00 12.00 10.00 30 20 10 0 Group NAG AG Respondents’ scores on Management Worker Interaction High-Low Plots between AG and NAG Workers (Contd.)
- 85. Characteristic Variables Categories Coefficient β (estimate) P-Value (Significance) Crude OR e β (95% CI) Demographic Age AGE0RC -- 0.557 -- 0.019 1 1.74 (1.10-2.78) AGE1 Experience EXP0RC -- 0.51 -- 0.033 1 1.67 (1.04-2.67) EXP1 Negative Personality Impulsivity IMP0RC -- 0.956 -- <0.001 1 2.60 (1.63-4.15) IMP1 Negative Affectivity N_A0RC -- 1.24 -- <0.001 1 3.45 (2.15-5.55) N_A1 Risk Taking RISK_TK0RC -- 0.99 -- <0.001 1 2.70 (1.69-4.31) RISK_TK1 Depression DEPR0RC -- 0.48 -- 0.038 1 1.62 (1.03-2.56) DEPR1 Safe Work Behavior Safe Work Behavior SA_W_BEH0RC -- -0.65 -- 0.006 1 0.52 (0.33-0.83) SA_W_BEH1 Job Stress Job Stress JOB_STR0RC -- 0.76 -- 0.001 1 2.14 (1.35-3.41) JOB_STR1 Bivariate Odds of Injury to Workers for the Variables with Categories
- 86. Characteristics Variables Categories Coefficient β (estimate) P-Value (Significance) Crude OR (e β) (95% CI) Job Dissatisfaction Job Dissatisfaction JOB_DIS0RC -- 0.95 -- <0.001 1 2.59 (1.63-4.12) JOB_DIS1 Work Hazards Production Pressure PROD_PR0RC -- 0.13 -- 0.56 1 1.14 (0.73-1.80) PROD_PR1 Physical Hazards PHY_HRZ0RC -- 0.87 -- <0.001 1 2.39 (1.50-3.79) PHYHRZ1 Safety Environment Safety Training SAF_TR0RC -- -0.52 -- 0.028 1 0.60 (0.38-0.95) SAF_TR1 Safety Practice SAF_PRC0RC -- -1.34 -- <0.001 1 0.32 (0.20-0.52) SAF_PRC1 Safety Equipment Availability and Maintenance SA_EQUP0RC -- -0.72 -- 0.002 1 0.49 (0.31-0.78) SA_EQUP1 Social Support Co-Worker Support CO_SPRT0RC -- -0.31 -- 0.195 1 0.74 (0.46-1.17) CO_SPRT1 Supervisory Support SUP_SPRT0RC -- -0.87 -- <0.001 1 0.42 (0.26-0.67) SUP_SPRT1 Management Worker Interaction M_W_INT0RC -- -0.95 -- <0.001 1 0.39 (0.24-0.62) M_W_INT1 Bivariate Odds of Injury to Workers for the Variables with Categories (Contd.)
- 87. Predictor categoricala variables r Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Model 5 Model 6 Demographics Age Experience Negative personality Impulsivity Negative affectivity Depression Risk taking Safe work behavior Safe work behavior Job stress Job stress Job dissatisfaction Job dissatisfaction Work hazards Production pressure Physical hazards Safety environment Safety training Safety practice Safety equipment availability and maintenance Social support Co-worker support Supervisory support Management worker interaction Predictive accuracy (%) Total R2 R2 0.27*** 0.25*** 0.21*** 0.37*** 0.08 0.35*** -0.22*** 0.17*** 0.31*** 0.17*** 0.24*** -0.25*** -0.36*** -0.30*** -0.08 -0.27*** -0.29*** 0.41 0.19 56.7 0.026*** 0.026*** 0.75* 0.15 0.41 1.03*** -0.14 0.59** 67.3 0.189*** 0.163*** 0.77* 0.13 0.35 1.11*** -0.29 0.39 -0.34 -0.22 0.48* 69.3 0.206*** 0.017** 0.70* 0.22 0.40 0.92*** -0.09 0.41 -0.42 -0.25 0.48* 0.41 0.57** 69.3 0.228*** 0.022** 0.75* 0.15 0.50 0.90*** -0.16 0.38 -0.30 -0.12 0.55* 0.40 0.53* 0.46 -0.52 -0.24 68.3 0.241*** 0.013 0.76* 0.15 0.55 0.93*** -0.18 0.36 -0.26 -0.12 0.53* 0.39 0.52* 0.47 -0.48 0.27 0.19 0.14 -0.34 68.7 0.244*** 0.003 Note. For Models 1 – 6, standardized regression coefficients (β) are reported. * P < 0.10, ** P 0.05, *** P 0.01. a category (0) represents the reference group. For example, AGE (0) is the reference group of age variable. The parameter (β) for AGE (1) is estimated with reference to AGE (0). Multivariate Logistic Regression Results Predicting Work Injury
- 88. Characteristic Variables Categories Coefficient β (estimate) P-Value (Significance Adjusted OR (e β) (95% CI) Demographic Age AGE0RC -- 0.76 -- 0.078 1 2.14 (0.91-4.10) AGE1 Experience EXP0RC -- 0.14 -- 0.732 1 1.16 (0.50-2.69) EXP1 Negative Personality Impulsivity IMP0RC -- 0.55 -- 0.168 1 1.73 (0.79-3.76) IMP1 Negative Affectivity N_A0RC -- 0.933 -- 0.014 1 2.54 (1.21-5.35) N_A1 Risk Taking RISK_TK0RC -- 0.36 -- 0.279 1 1.44 (0.75-2.76) RISK_TK1 Depression DEPR0RC -- -0.18 -- 0.566 1 0.83 (0.44-1.56) DEPR1 Safe Work Behavior Safe Work Behavior SA_W_BEH0RC -- -0.26 -- 0.428 1 0.78 (0.41-1.46) SA_W_BEH1 Job Stress Job Stress JOB_STR0RC -- -0.12 -- 0.772 1 0.89 (0.40-1.97) JOB_STR1 Multivariate Odds of Injury to Workers for the Variables with Categories
- 89. Characteristics Variables Categories Coefficient β (estimate) P-Value (Significance) Adjusted OR (e β) (95% CI) Job Dissatisfaction Job Dissatisfaction JOB_DIS0RC -- 0.53 -- 0.092 1 1.71 (0.92-3.17) JOB_DIS1 Work Hazards Production Pressure PROD_PR0RC -- 0.39 -- 0.192 1 1.49 (0.83-2.68) PROD_PR1 Physical Hazards PHY_HRZ0RC -- 0.52 -- 0.073 1 1.69 (0.95-3.00) PHY_HRZ1 Safety Environment Safety Training SAF_TR0RC -- 0.47 -- 0.188 1 1.60 (0.80-3.22) SAF_TR1 Safety Practice SAF_PRC0RC -- -0.48 -- 0.239 1 0.62 (0.28-1.38) SAF_PRC1 Safety Equipment Availability & Maintenance SA_EQUP0RC -- 0.27 -- 0.483 1 1.30 (0.62-2.73) SA_EQUP1 Social Support Co-Worker Support CO_SPRT0RC -- 0.19 -- 0.545 1 1.21 (0.66-2.22) CO_SPRT1 Supervisory Support SUP_SPRT0RC -- 0.14 -- 0.729 1 1.15 (0.53-2.49) SUP_SPRT1 Management Worker Interaction M_W_INT0RC -- -0.34 -- 0.433 1 0.72 (0.31-1.65) M_W_INT1 Multivariate Odds of Injury to Workers for the Variables with Categories (Contd.)
- 90. Age 1.000 Exp 0.816 1.000 Work injury 0.271 0.249 1.000 Impulsivity -0.143 -0.085 0.214 1.000 Negative affectivity -0.114 -0.078 0.373 0.600 1.000 Depression -0.046 -0.059 0.084 0.183 0.409 1.000 Risk taking -0.001 0.033 0.349 0.467 0.586 0.224 1.000 Safety training 0.074 0.060 -0.251 -0.577 -0.444 -0.112 -0.464 1.000 Safety practice 0.052 0.040 -0.358 -0.607 -0.521 -0.251 -0.668 0.523 1.000 SEAM* -0.024 -0.056 -0.296 -0.350 -0.404 -0.277 -0.557 0.344 0.653 1.000 Job stress -0.103 -0.054 0.169 0.630 0.672 0.375 0.568 -0.543 -0.600 -0.460 1.000 Co-worker support 0.118 0.087 -0.078 -0.456 -0.315 -0.084 -0.349 0.300 0.501 0.368 -0.375 1.000 Supervisory support 0.042 -0.001 -0.269 -0.600 -0.547 -0.285 -0.660 0.631 0.716 0.560 -0.660 0.357 1.000 M_W_INT** 0.053 0.012 -0.292 -0.588 -0.515 -0.295 -0.627 0.543 0.799 0.673 -0.659 0.451 0.817 1.000 Job dissatisfaction 0.001 0.026 0.306 0.386 0.475 0.347 0.524 -0.436 -0.573 -0.625 0.617 -0.215 -0.653 -0.665 1.000 Physical hazards 0.094 0.107 0.238 0.301 0.329 0.211 0.424 -0.200 -0.497 -0.514 0.455 -0.251 -0.465 -0.511 0.482 1.000 Production pressure 0.113 0.124 0.169 0.119 0.240 0.413 0.424 -0.293 -0.362 -0.385 0.398 -0.099 -0.542 -0.466 0.507 0.459 1.000 Safe work behaviour 0.055 0.010 -0.217 -0.368 -0.303 -0.362 -0.370 0.166 0.539 0.307 -0.258 0.361 0.396 0.387 -0.288 -0.172 -0.181 1.000 Mean 37.34 14.58 0.50 16.02 20.88 8.707 18.58 13.22 39.67 15.73 16.82 12.86 14.91 20.36 23.54 24.10 8.78 20.27 Standard deviation 9.01 9.25 0.50 4.12 5.95 2.55 5.41 3.27 7.53 3.93 3.99 2.18 3.68 5.44 6.16 4.36 2.82 2.99 * Safety Equipment availability and maintenance ** Management workers interaction Correlation coefficient 0.113 indicates 0.05 probability level of significance Correlations amongst the Major Variables for Accident Path Model
- 91. Age X 1 Experience X 2 Demographic 1 Work Injury X 3 Work Injury 2 Impulsivity X 4 Negative affectivity X 5 Depression X 6 Risk Taking X 7 Negative Personality 3 Job Stress X 11 Co-Worker Support X 12 Supervisory Support X 13 Management Worker Interaction X 14 Safety Training X8 Safety Practice X 9 Safety equipment Availability and Maintenance X 10 Safety Environment 4 Job Stress 5 Job Dissatisfaction X 15 Physical Hazards X 16 Production Pressure X17 Safe Work Behavior X 18 Social Support 6 Job Dissatisfaction 7 Work Hazards 8 Safe Work Behavior 9 0.99* 0.82* 1.00 0.70* 0.72* 0.40* 0.78* 0.61* 0.85* 0.70* 1.00 0.48* 0.88* 0.90* 1.00 0.71* 0.65* 1.00 [* indicates 0.01 probability level of significance] Path Diagram of Measurement Model
- 92. Demographic 1.00 Work injury 0.29* 1.00 Negative personality -0.10* 0.41* 1.00 Safety environment 0.04 -0.42* -0.94* 1.00 Job stress -0.09 0.17* 0.86* -0.73* 1.00 Social support 0.06 -0.30* -0.91* 0.83* -0.75* 1.00 Job dissatisfaction 0.01 0.31* 0.65* -0.75* 0.62* -0.70* 1.00 Work hazards 0.17* 0.30* 0.67* -0.77 * 0.63* -0.78* 0.73* 1.00 Safe work behavior 0.04 -0.22* -0.51* 0.49* -0.26* 0.48* -0.29* -0.26* 1.00 * indicates 0.01 probability level of significance Structural Correlations among Latent Variables Presented in the Measurement Model for Injury/Accident Causation
- 93. Job Dissatisfaction 4 Work Injury 6 Safety Environment 1 Safe Work Behavior 5 Negative Personality 3 Job Stress 2 Work Hazards 1 Social Support 2 Demographic 3 -0.24* 0.69* -0.39* -0.65* -0.06 0.05 -0.02 -0.03 0.38* -0.25* -0.37* 0.37* -0.40* 0.08 -0.01 0.26* 0.29* -0.14* 0.08* 0.76* 0.87* 0.40* 0.22* 0.37* [* indicates 0.05 probability level of significance] Accident Model Path Diagram
- 94. Chapter - 7 Measures for Improving Safety
- 95. Chapter - 8 Cost of Accidents
- 98. Risk This is a measure of the likelihood and severity of a negative effect to environment, equipment/property, or the health. The phase of evaluation is realized by estimating the probability of an unwanted event occurring (P) and the consequences of that event (D). Mathematically, Risk (R) = P x D The sign x expresses the function according to the kind of evaluation. It can be a matrix or product. The risk index, particularly when estimating human risk to safety and health may vary according to human exposure to specific sites or sources.