Sambar Deer
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The sambar deer is a large deer native to South and Southeast Asia. It has a small mane and relatively long tail. Males grow antlers starting at age 2. Sambar have lived up to 28 years in captivity, though likely not more than 12 years in the wild. They are found in forests and grasslands near water sources. Sambar are nocturnal and form small herds. Males become territorial during breeding season from November to December and engage in fights with other males over territory. Females give birth after 8 months of gestation. Major threats to sambar include habitat loss and hunting.
Sambar Deer
- 2. The sambar (Rusa unicolor) is a large deer native to the Indian Subcontinent, Sambar have a small but dense mane, which tends to be more prominent in males The tail is relatively long for deer, and is generally black above with a whitish underside Sambar have lived for up to 28 years in captivity, although it is unlikely that they often survive more than twelve years in the wild Young male grows antlers at age 2
- 3. TAXONOMY Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Order : Artiodactyla Family : Cervidae Subfamily: Cervinae Genus : Cervus Species : Unicolor Scientific name : Rusa unicolor (Kerr, 1792) New : Cervus unicolor
- 4. DISTRIBUTION India, Sri Lanka, Nepal , South east Asia Africa Introduced to Australia, New Zealand , USA
- 5. HABITAT Open jungles and Grasslands Prefer forested hill-sides near cultivation Adapt itself to wide variety of environmental condition In India mainly temperate forests Prefer water source nearby
- 6. FOREST TYPES Sambar are found in habitats ranging from tropical seasonal forests (tropical dry forests and seasonal moist evergreen forests), subtropical mixed forests (conifers, broadleaf deciduous, and broadleaf evergreen tree species) to tropical rainforests
- 7. FACTS Coat color : brown with chestnut marks Shoulder height : 130-170 cms Weight : 225-320 kg Life span : 20-25 years(captivity) Age at maturity-male : 4 yrs -female : 2-3 yrs Gestation period : 240 days Litter size : 1 Breeding season : Nov-Dec
- 8. Delicious food to Tiger , Asiatic lion IUCN red data list : Vulnerable The major threats are Habitat encroachment and Hunting Body temp : 102 F Pulse : 60-80/minute Respiratory rate : 12-20/minute
- 9. BEHAVIOR Nocturnal or crepuscular Form small herd of up to 6 individuals Amazing sense of hearing and smell When alarmed all adults screams a high pitched sound- “pooking” or “belling” Common communication- Scent making, Foot stamping Marking by antlers and spraying urine directly in his own face with a highly mobile penis
- 10. REPRODUCTION Male becomes solitary ,aggressive and establishes a territory Polygynous in nature Females moving around breeding territories seeking male to court Courtship based on tending bonds Gestation probably lasts around eight months Fawn stays with the mother 1 year
- 11. SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR Sambar mate and reproduce year-round, sambar calving peaks seasonally. Estrus lasts around eighteen days. The male establishes a territory from which he attracts nearby females, but he does not establish a harem. The male stomps the ground, creating a bare patch, and often wallows in the mud, perhaps to accentuate the colour of his hair Large dominant stags will defend non- exclusive territories surrounded by several smaller males
- 12. STAG SAMBAR DEER
- 13. When sparring with rival males, sambar lock antlers and push, like other deer, but, uniquely, they also sometimes stand on their hind legs and clash downward into each other Courtship is based more on tending bonds rather than males vocally advertising themselves. Females moving widely among breeding territories seeking males to court. When mounting, males do not clasp females. The front legs of the male hang loosely and intromission takes the form of a "copulatory jump". The young begin to take solid food at 5 to 14 days, and begin to ruminate after one month.
- 14. MALE SAMBAR DEER FIGHTING
- 15. COURTING
- 16. FOOD HABITS Feeding habit depends on season, habitat and location Browse leaves,grasses,herbs Fruits and bamboo buds
- 17. DISEASES Rabies,FMD,HS Tuberculosis,Anthrax,Tetanus,CBPP Salmonellosis,colibacillosis,leptospirosis Dermatophytosis,candidiasis Trypanosomiasis,Sarcocystitis,filariasis Major causes of death-Traumatic injury, respiratory infection, GIT infection, dystocia
- 18. MANAGEMENT IN ZOO Feeding - Grass,cattle feed,concentrate,bengal gram,green gram,cotton seed,MM,Salt Deworming- Fenbendazole 5-7.5mg/kg Levamisole 8-10 mg/kg oxyclozanide 10-15 mg/kg
- 19. VACCINATION Vaccination -FMD -HS+BQ 4ml SC To minimize birth in capacity chemical contraceptive Melongestrol acetate (feed additive) and porcine zona pellucida vaccine are succesfully applied
- 20. RESTRAINING PHYSICAL – squeeze guage ,trap ,crate CHEMICAL – succinylcholine chloride 0.07-0.14 mg/kg - Xylazine &ketamine combination @ 0.75,1 mg/kg respectively -Xylazine 0.7 ml & Etorphine 0.8 ml (250kg)
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