Energy Auditing 101
2 likes724 views
An energy audit training covers energy concepts like the building as a system, power vs energy, and energy efficiency. The trainer will demonstrate how to conduct an energy audit using various diagnostic tools and discuss recommendations. Trainees can ask questions and share their expectations for the training. Key areas of focus for an energy audit include HVAC, water heating, plug loads, lighting, and the building envelope.
Energy Auditing 101
- 1. Energy Auditing 101 Morgan King Campus Lead: HSU, Chico, UCSC Morgan@seiinc.org
- 2. Introduction Who am I? Training Goal: Leave today with the motivation and know-how to conduct energy audits on your campus. What’s on tap for today? Energy Concepts and the Building as a System Energy Audit Practice and tool demo Recommendations Strategic Planning Session What are your expectations?
- 3. Energy True or False When my appliance is turned off, it’s off. Every unit of energy that goes into a power plant gets converted into electricity. Buying an efficient air conditioner or furnace will reduce my energy bill.
- 4. Energy Water Environ What is an energy - mental audit? Protect ion Health Cost & •Systems Approach Waste Fuels Savings Comfor t •Inter-relationships Outputs •Comprehensive or Inputs specific Energy Useful Work •Variety of diagnostic tools Water By- Materials Product/Was te Image Credit: Florida Public Service Commission, http://www.psc.state.fl.us/consumers/house/
- 5. Power vs. Energy Power – Rate of applied Refrigerator Example work or energy Energy • Units: Watt, BTU/hr 1000 900 800 700 Energy – Applied power X Watts 600 500 time 400 300 • kW X hr = kWh 200 100 • BTU/hr X hr = BTU 0 Time BTU –British Thermal Unit - the amount of energy required to raise 1 pound of water by 1 °F ~ 1 wooden kitchen match Natural Gas – Therm – 100,000 BTU Electricity – kWh ~ 3414 BTU
- 6. What is Energy Efficiency? To provide the desired amount of ‘work’ for as little energy input as possible η = Energy In – Losses Energy In How efficient is a 100W incandescent light bulb?
- 7. Questions A 100 watt light bulb has a lifetime of 1,000 hours. How much energy will it consume in its lifetime? (100 W) X (1,000 hr) X (1kW/1,000 W) = 100 kWh A 85,000 BTU/hr furnace is operated for 12 hours per day, for one full year. How much energy has it used in BTU and in therms? (85,000 BTU/hr) X (12 hr/day) X (365 day/yr) = 372,300,000 BTU/yr (372,300,000 BTU/yr) X (1 therm/100,000 BTU) = 3,723 therm/yr
- 8. Energy Costs Electricity $0.12-$0.14 per kWh 0.514 lbs CO2 per kWh (PG&E) 1.3 lbs CO2 per kWh (US) Natural Gas $1.20 per therm 13.4 lbs CO2 per therm
- 9. Questions How much money will it cost to operate the 100 watt light bulb over it’s lifetime of 1,000 hours, assuming energy costs $0.125 per kWh? (100 kWh) X ($0.125/kWh) = $12.50 How many pounds of CO2 will be emitted from using 3,723 therms/yr to operate the furnace for a year (assuming 1 therm = 13.4 lbs CO2)? (3,723 therms/yr) X (13.4 lbs CO2/therm) = 49,888 lbs CO2
- 10. Residential Building Energy Consumption Core Areas of Concern: HVAC/ Building Envelope Water Heating Commercial Plug Loads Lighting Source: EIA, Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey, Table E-5A, 2008
- 11. Energy Audit Focus Areas Focus Area Assessment Tools EE Measures Inspect heating/cooling Air sealing, insulation improvements, equipment, distribution IR thermometer, thermostat settings, window system, system balance, Heating/Cooling Thermal Leak treatments,reduce internal heat gains thermostats, leaks in Detector (cooling), smaller/more efficient envelope, building envelope equipment upgrades Inspect water heating Lower temperature set-point, Water Heating and equipment (e.g. boilers), Thermometer insulate, pipe wrap, heat trap, low Cooling pipes, fixtures, controls, usage flow fixtures behaviors Inspect plug-in equipment, Energy Star upgrade, remove Plug Loads phantom loads, usage Watt meter redundancy, unplugging, (smart) behaviors power strips, plug miser controls Inspect age/type of lighting, Flicker Checker, Lighting Retrofit, task Lighting, Lighting light intensity, lighting Ballast Checker, lighting Controls, de-lamping controls, usage behavior Light meter
- 12. Building Shell and its implications on heating and cooling Building Envelope – separates outside from inside environment Thermal Boundary – limits heat flow inside and outside of conditioned space Air Barrier – limits air flow between inside and outside of structure For maximum efficiency and comfort, the thermal boundary and air barrier must be continuous and in contact with each other!
- 13. Examples of where the thermal boundary and air barrier are not intact
- 14. Building Envelope - Insulation Insulation – slows heat transmission, reduces temperature fluctuations, reduces size of heating For Cal: and cooling systems, and reduces wintertime Attic: R30 – 50 condensation by raising surface temperatures and Wall: R13-15 preventing cool interior temperatures. Floor: R19-25 R-Value – resistance to heat loss. Higher the R the better. R Values are additive! Example: What is the R-Value of the following wall system? Insulation: R-Value = 12 (approx 4 inches) Exterior Siding: R-Value = 3 Interior Siding: R-Value = 3
- 15. Conductance U-Factor – measure of thermal conductance of a building U = BTU/ft2 x ºF x hour material. Small U means poor conductor. U = 1/R What is the R Value of a double pane window in a vinyl frame? R = 1/U = 1/0.46 = 2.17
- 16. Quantifying Conductive Heat Loss • Second Law of Thermodynamics – over time systems move from an ordered state to a disordered state – hot to cold, moist to dry, high pressure to low pressure • Conductive Heat loss rate q (BTU/hr) = U (BTU/ft2 x ºF x hr) x A (ft2) x ΔT (°F) Example: U = 0.46 A = 4’ X 2’ To = 48º Ti = 68º q = 0.46 x 8 x 20 = 73.6 BTU/h Image Credit: Preservation Premium Windows and Siding http://www.preservationcollection.net/i/Windows/
- 17. Heating/Cooling Audit Focus Area Assessment Tools EE Measures Inspect heating/cooling Air sealing, insulation equipment, distribution IR improvements, thermostat system, system balance, thermometer, settings, window treatments, Heating/Cooling thermostats, leaks in Thermal Leak reduce internal heat gains envelope, building Detector (cooling), smaller/more efficient envelope upgrades equipment Let’s do a heating/cooling audit of this room!
- 18. Water Heating/Cooling • 120º max at the tap farthest from the boiler • Low flow fixtures • Shower heads ≤ 2.0 gpm • Faucet aerator ≤ 2.75 gpm • Refrigerated water fountains Inspect water heating/cooling equipment Lower temperature set-point, Water Heating (e.g. boilers), temp Thermometer insulate, pipe wrap, heat trap, and Cooling settings, pipes, fixtures, low flow fixtures, controls usage behaviors
- 19. Plug Loads • Watt meter, Energy Guide, name plate, online search
- 20. Plug Load Recommendations Behaviors Controls and Operations Upgrades and Retrofits Eliminate Redundancies
- 21. Plug Load Exercise Energy Consumption Energy Costs CO2 Emissions Phantom Phantom Phantom Phantom Phantom Run Load Total Plug Load Run Operating Run Load Total Run Load Total Load Load Load Load Load CO2 CO2 Name Watts Hours/yr kWh/yr kWh/yr $/yr $/yr CO2 Watts hrs/yr kWh/yr $/yr lbs/yr lbs/yr lbs/yr A B C D E F G H I J K L M #1: Printer 149 #2: 100 Phantom load on this printer is 2.8 watts. Run load is 250 watts. Printer is used 500 hrs a year. 1 pound of CO2 per kWh. $0.13 per kWh. Recommend 200 watt printer with no phantom load.
- 22. Lighting There are several factors to consider when comparing lamps: – Watt rating and kWh – Light output, in lumens – 100W incandescent = 1750 lumens – 40W fluorescent = 3150 lumens – How long lamp will last (lifetime) – Color Rendition (CRI) – Color Temperature – Illuminance (foot-candles): 1 footcandle = 1 lumen/square foot
- 23. Comparison of T8 and T1 2 Flu oresce nt Systems Lamp # Lamps/Watt/Le ngth Ballast Type Watts/Ft 2 CRI† Annual Lighting Type Operatin g Cost ² T1 2 3/4 0 W/ 4 8 ” T1 2 Magnetic 1.5 62 $4, 5 00 T8 3/3 2 W/ 4 8 ” T8 Electr onic 0.8 86 $2, 4 00 T12 Lamps T8 Lamps Lamp Type fixture watts Lamp Type fixture Watts 24" T12 1 lamp 28 24" T8 1 lamp 15 †CRI = Color Rendering Index. The 24" T12 2 lamp 56 24" T8 2 lamp 28 higher the CRI, the more natural objects will appear under a light source 24" T12 3 lamp 62 24" T8 3 lamp 41 24" T12 4 lamp 112 24" T8 4 lamp 57 ∆Based on $0.12/kWh at 3,000 36" T12 1 lamp 32 36" T8 1 lamp 23 hrs/year operation 36" T12 2 lamp 65 36" T8 2 lamp 42 36" T12 3 lamp 115 36" T8 3 lamp 62 36" T12 4 lamp 136 36" T8 4 lamp 84 48" T12 1 lamp 40 48" T8 1 lamp 25 48" T12 2 lamp 72 48" T8 2 lamp 54 48" T12 3 lamp 112 48" T8 3 lamp 73 48" T12 4 lamp 142 48" T8 4 lamp 94 T12/U-bend1 lamp 34 T8/U-bend 1 lamp 27 T12/U-bend2 lamp 66 T8/U-bend 2 lamp 52
- 25. Lighting Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) Guidelines for Illuminance Levels
- 26. Lighting Exercise Conduct a lighting audit of the room! What is total energy lighting consumption? What is total energy cost and pounds of CO2? Any recommendations to reduce energy consumption? Assume: $0.13/kWh and 1 lbs CO2/kWh
- 27. Economics of Energy Efficiency • The more energy a home uses, the greater the potential for savings! • Cost variables include purchase price (capital cost), installation, life- span of retrofit, savings, and payback period • Simple Payback (SP), Life-Cycle Savings (SLC), Savings to Investment Ratio (SIR) preferred SIR is greater than 1.1 SP = Initial Cost($) / Annual Savings($/yr) SLC = Annual Savings($/yr) X Life expectancy (yr) SIR = Life-Cycle Savings ($)/Initial Cost ($)
- 28. Cost Effectiveness of Retrofits Homeowner spends $2,000 on new dbl-pane windows and receives $12 per month reduction in energy cost, what are the SP and SIR if there is a 20 year life expectancy? SP = $2,000 ÷ $144/yr = 13.9 years SLC = $144/yr x 20yr = $2,880 SIR = $2,880 ÷ $2,000 = 1.44
- 29. Thank You! Questions? Morgan King Campus Lead: HSU, Chico, UCSC Morgan@seiinc.org